جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پیکره » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Multiple meanings are among the issues that, according to the tradition of linguistic studies, can be proposed in the semantic section of grammar and as a topic in semantic studies. In the situation where a linguistic unit finds multiple meanings, one of the important areas of investigating multiple meanings in the cognitive approach is the study of sensory verbs that are related to the functioning of the five senses.The current study presents the cognitive semantics approach with descriptive-analytical method, an analysis on the polysemy of the verb "smell" as one of the sensory verbs in Persian based on the data of the bodies and site of Ganjur based on the model of Likaf (1987).At this stage, 202 sentences were used from the Persian language database, which were categorized based on expanded meanings. Since sensory verbs are the result of physical and social experiences, they become the basis for our understanding of abstract concepts.For this reason, we see the broad concepts of the verb "smell" and this semantic network can be used in teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers

This study explains how to develop the corpus of “ATU Papers, Theses and Dissertations Abstracts” and introduces the different characteristics and features of the corpus. The corpus contains ten thousand thesis abstracts and 9538 article abstracts from the scientific journals of Allameh Tabatabai University with a volume of more than three and a half million tokens. Academic abstracts as brief authored texts with scientific content can depict special linguistic features and therefore, they are valuable documents. In this article, to express the importance of access to such data and to examine some features of the corpus, the word content of a part of the data has been examined and presented according to the concept of keyness and n-grams. The results showed that the lexical content of this corpus could lead researchers to propose some hypotheses. Also, the exploring n-grams of this corpus showed that the language of science has specific word clusters that can depict a particular type of language.

Discourse markers are language elements that linguists do not have a consensus about their nature as well as their role and function. The present study aimed to investigate the function of Persian discourse markers as reference elements, based on Fraser's (1999, 2006) approach. For this purpose, a corpus of two types of political and economic texts was selected. Taking print run and history into consideration, 16 editorials of Kayhan newspaper for political texts and 15 editorials of Donya-e-Eqtesad newspaper for economic texts were analyzed, and the discourse markers were classified into four categories: contrastive, elaborative, inferential and temporal. Data analysis showed that the formula presented by Fraser (1999, 2006), for the sequence of sentences connected by discourse markers, is slightly different in Persian and should be rewritten as S2+DM.S1 /S1.S2 + DM. Furthermore, based on the importance of the information contained in the sentences preceding and succeeding the markers, they can be divided into cataphoric marking (markers placed after the main message), anaphoric marking (markers placed before the main message), and joint marking (markers placed between two main messages). Data analysis indicated that contrastive and elaborative markers are considered as joint marking, and inferential and temporal markers are anaphoric marking in Persian. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that discourse markers can have a referencing function in information structure.

Lexical bundle research has recently come to the forefront of corpus-driven studies. Previous corpus studies have documented conflicting results regarding the frequency and function of lexical bundles (LBs) in academic prose. To date, however, no study has exclusively investigated LBs in the "discussion" sections of research articles generated by professional native English authors. The current study addressed this gap by examining the frequency, structure, and function of the most frequent four-word LBs. The corpus was composed of the discussions of published research papers authored by native (L1) writers. The data were extracted from five reputable international journals in the field of applied linguistics, consisting of over 300,000 words. Using AntConc, all the lexical sequences were retrieved with a frequency of 10 and a range of 5. The results revealed that LBs were predominantly used by English writers. Structurally, it was found that phrasal bundles were the most frequent in our corpus. Findings also demonstrated that functionally, referential bundles were extensively employed. In addition, stance bundles and discourse organizing bundles were the most prevalent after referential bundles. Finally, the findings are discussed in terms of the implications for non-native writers regarding the use of LBs in academic prose.

Vocabulary differences between languages indicate differences in the cultures associated with each language. Polysemous words in any culture can be an expression of such lexical differences in a language. In cognitive semantics, there are different approaches to the polysemous phenomenon in language; The theory of Frame semantics is one of these approaches in cognitive semantics that has looked at the issue of polysemy from the perspective of semantic frames. The revised form of this theory has been realized in FrameNet . Semantic frames are semantic packages and each frame is composed of semantic components called frame elements. Semantic relationships in this network are presented as relationships between semantic frames. In this article, an attempt is made to provide a semantic and corpus-based analysis of the polysemy of the conceptual domain of the verb "Listening" in Persian based on the principles of the FrameNet network in English. Accordingly, the keywords "šeno", " šenid" and "guš" have been studied in the Persian database . Among the concepts found in sentences extracted from the corpus, six semantic frames of Perception_active, Perception_experience, Awareness, Compliance, Seeking and Attention and two "inheritance" Frame to frame relations between "Perception-Active" and "Perception-Experience" Frames and "use" Frame to frame relations between "Attention" and Perception-Active" Frames were extracted. The results of the analysis show that the current approach to the phenomenon of polysemy is an efficient approach to study the meaning of the verb "Listening" in Persian and can provide a picture of Persian language culture in this conceptual area.

With the advent of huge corpora in recent decades, there has appeared a tendency among researchers to utilize them in lexicography. According to Miller (2018), a major issue involved in Persian lexicography is the presence of light verbs. The present study sought to address the issue using corpora and methods of computational lexicography.A light verb is in fact a complex predicate composed of two or more predicate elements: a semantic light verb and a second component (including a noun, an adjective, or a prepositional phrase). In Persian, there are 150 to 200 full verbs, and other verb-related ideas are expressed by light verbs, which explains why they are of such great significance in the language. Light verbs have been investigated from different aspects including compoundability, separability, and syntactic structure. The present function-oriented research, however, was based exclusively on data extracted from a corpus.

The main function of discourse markers is to make connections between the discourse and the discourse situation, thus managing the interaction between speaker and listener, expressing the speaker's attitude, and organising the flow of discourse. In this research, different functions of the pragmatic marker diye in the Hamedani dialect were examined. To achieve this goal, around six hours of audio and video files of the Hamedani dialect corpus were used. Diye is a high-frequency pragmatic marker in the Hamedani dialect and has several functions. For example, our results show that this pragmatic marker is used for interpersonal functions such as expression of attitudes, emphasis, and confirmation-seeking, as well as for indirect responses (in order to evade the subject and appeal to shared knowledge between speaker and listener). In terms of textual function, it helps to keep or relinquish the floor, show a sequence of events, or end a topic, or to express an explanation, justification, contradiction, addition, or conclusion in relation to a previous or subsequent proposition. Examining the intonation of diye with Praat software shows that the intonation pattern of this pragmatic marker varies, depending on its particular function.

Numerous linguistic studies as well as language planning involves the use of corpus to analyze different aspects of language. In present study a corpus was built from published articles of the journal of information processing and management. The corpus include more than 600 articles and 4000000 words. The articles cover hot topics including information science, information technology,, linguistics, computational linguistics, terminology, ontology and the like; so, actually the corpus is the specialized one which could be considered as a prerequisite for specific language processing. After sampling, in present study, data as well as metadata was inserted to corpus, Then, normalization and POS tagging were done via available software and finally some files were randomly chosen for checking their POS tags which led to extracting some rules for correcting wrong tags. Then the rules were applied to corpus.

A corpus consists of natural continuous texts that are presented electronically and from which information about linguistic elements (both lexical and non-lexical) can be extracted; this can be done in the shortest possible time and with the highest degree of accuracy. The authors of this article have created Ferdowsi Annotated Academic Language Corpus and the purpose of this article is to introduce the corpus of faculty members of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and use it in analyzing and describing hedges in both fields of humanities and science. Hedges indicate the certainty of the author through words such as "maybe", "possibly" and "definitely". Research in this area has mainly focused on manual analysis of limited number of words. In this study, Salager Meyer’s (1997) classification has been used to identify, and categorize hedges. The data were extracted from Ferdowsi Annotated Academic Language Corpus which contains 1100 Persian language articles. Based on the results, the use of hedges in the field of humanities was about twice as much as in the field of science. Meanwhile, the use of conditionals and expressions of doubt in both fields had a high frequency. The results from this study have a better chance at being generalized to the fields under study due to the greater number of entries. The accuracy of the corpus labeling is 96% and it can be used as an excellent source for analysis and research on scientific texts.

Linguistic perspectives have provided new tools for the study of language. One of these approaches is corpus linguistics which studies language with utilizes enormous amount of linguistic data. Scrutinizing the collocation of words in a large body of natural language data provides a broader horizon for examining synonymy. In the present study, five categories of synonymous words have been selected, including: (کتم, ستر), (اعطی, منح), (ترک, غادر), (طرد, نبذ, دحر) and (شرب, ارتشف). The research approach was synchronic and synonymous words were searched in arTenTen2012 corpus using Sketch engine tool. Then, collocations with higher frequencies were extracted. Since all verbs were chosen from among several types with a focus on left-hand collocations which are considered as object verbs or quasi-verbs. Common and distinct levels of each synonym are presented in the form of statistical tables. Results of the study demonstrated that “طرد”, “نبذ” and “دحر” collocate with persons, reprehensible attributes and suppression of seditions and diseases, respectively. Verbs which mean “ترک” and “غادر” only have meaning in common with places. However, “غادر” has the highest frequency with places where the person doesn’t normally return to them. In contrast, “ترک” has been used exclusively for religious duties and signs. It is noteworthy that “غادر” is not used in these contexts. The verb “اعطی” deals with cases in which bestowal does not occur physically. But objects which collocate with “منح” are of physical type or items that are provided as evidence and permission.

The corpus is a collection of spoken and / or written texts that can be used for linguistic analysis. More precisely, it can be said that these texts are purposefully labeled and categorized based on specific rules and allow the user to do various studies. Corpus linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics that examines and compares different aspects of linguistic data, and, of course, corpora are integral tools of this branch of linguistics. Due to the increasing role and importance of corpus linguistics in development of various sciences in recent decades, the produce and development of various linguistic corpora has been one of the priorities of scientists and researchers in different languages ​​during these years. After the creation of speech processing systems since about two decades ago, the use of context-dependent methods has become particularly prominent  in an effort to increase the accuracy of these systems and some special studies  conduct in linguistics,. One of the best ways to achieve this, is to use corpora that, have special labels in addition to segmentation at the phoneme level, to indicate the differentiation of various allophones. These allophnescan only be achieved by obtaining the necessary phonological rules. In linguistics, this process can be called allophonic labeling of corpus. About 10 years after the introduction of allophonic corpora in the world, no allophonic labeling has been performed for any of Persian language corpora yet. The small Farsdat corpus is the main spoken corpus in Persian. Hence, the need to equip this corpus with allophonic labels to increase the accuracy, to improve the performance of speech processing systems , and to produce specific study, research programs, and tools in linguistic is obvious. In order to elucidate the method proposed in the present study for allophonic labeling of phonemic corpuses, and in parallel for equipping the Persian language with at least one allophonic corpus, the steps of the task are precisely performed on the small Farsdat phonemic corpus. The corpus is one of Persian-language corpora in the last two decades that consists of 6080 sentences spoken by 304 Persian speakers. The speakers of this corpus have indeed one of the most widely spoken dialects in Persian and all of sentences in this corpus, are segmented in to different levels. The segmentation of sentences in word and phoneme levels results in their efficiency in various speech processing systems, such as speech recognition systems, broad transcription systems, and text-to-speech systems. Moreover,  the small Farsdat corpus has the potential to be used in the systems. The suggested solution to prepare an allophonic corpus is to implement a program using the rule-based method and applying it on the phonemic corpus to add allophonic labels on it. The basis of the rule-based method in this research is access to rules for converting phonemes into allophones. After compiling these rules from the resources available in each language and preparing the appropriate settings (for implementation),  the program is implemented. Finally by applying this program to the phonemic corpus, an allophonic corpus is prepared. As noted, special phonological rules are required to convert phonemes into allophones in Persian and to add allophonic labels to the small Farsdat corpus. The purpose of this research is not to study phonemes based on acoustic and laboaratory approaches in order to obtain Persian allophones; but rather to formulate and synchronize phonemes identified in various studies and then to adapt them to the International Phonetic Alphabet System. This ultimately leads to provide a standard set of allophones as far as possible and to achieve the phonological rules necessary for converting phonemes into allophones in Persian (based on existing studies. Although one of the limitations of this study is its incompleteness regarding the extraction of different allophones in Persian, the implemented program has the capability to be updated. if  any studies are carried out in the field of allophones to supplement the existing theoretical resources in the future, it has the possibility to be  to modified or to be enhanced regarding the performance . The present study may also highlight the need for more recent linguistic experiments and the use of more accurate tools and facilities to identify Persian phonemes. This can increase the motivation of phonetics and phonology researchers to take more practical steps in this field as well. After providing the necessary preparations in the phonemic corpus (such as the syllable segmentation) and implementing the above rules, the allophonic labels can be added to the phonemic corpus by implementing this program on it.

This study is performed using a library-based method, in which a list of different meanings of hearing verbs was provided and later classified to meaning labels. The next step was to extract examples from Persian Language Data Base (PLDB), which is a 100 million word corpus of Persian texts. According to the contemporary corpus, there are 11 meanings for /ʃeniːdæn/, 6 meanings for /ʃenoftæn/, 3 meanings for /ɡuːʃ dadæn/, 4 meanings for /ɡuːʃ kærdæn/ and 5 meanings for /ni:juʃi:dæn/. Based on the historical corpus, there are 11 meanings for / ʃeniːdæn/, 1 for /ʃenoftæn/, 2 for /ɡuːʃ dadæn/, 2 for /ɡuːʃ kærdæn/ and 2 meanings for /ni:juʃi:dæn/.Using the meaning frequencies, resulting from the meanings in their context, made it possible to draw the semantic network for “to hear” and “to listen”. The results obtained from this study can make possible the cross-linguistic comparison of meanings of hearing verbs in similar research conducted on other languages and be used in lexicography and teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers.

The high significance of Formulaic sequences (FSs) in each language has attracted the attention of scholars. This study aimed at comparing the use of FSs in English as a foreign language (EFL) and English as Native Language (ENL) lectures. Additionally, it attempted to discover the textual and structural functions of used FSs in two corpora of lectures. Finally, this study aimed at finding the position of FSs in sentences. To this end, two corpora, namely the transcribed corpus of spoken English of ELF and the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English were selected to be studied. The present study selected 100,000 words from the two corpora, approximately 50,000 from each The study employed Antconc software in order to accomplish its goal. Then, 638 FSs were extracted from previous studies and examined one by one. They were analyzed from different perspectives according to the objectives of the study. The results indicated non-native speakers used FSs more than native ones. Moreover, the most used textual function was saptio-temporal one both by non-native and native speakers. The most used structure by both groups was prepositional phrase. Furthermore, both groups used FSs in initial position more than other positions. The present study has implications for students, teachers, and material developers.

Idioms, commonly considered to be a figure of informal, colorful, and entertaining language, are supposed not to lend themselves to formal discourses. However, idioms have been recently found to be employed in formal communications and academic discourse. This study strives to identify idioms in a corpus of 409122 words of 50 randomly selected Applied Linguistics papers. Moreover, the study aims to analyze different aspects of English idiom usage along with the pragmatic functions they perform in Applied Linguistics research articles. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the employment of English idioms and their functions in the articles written by native English-speaking and those of native Persian-speaking authors. Results of descriptive statistics indicated that English –speaking writers significantly used more idiomatic expressions in their research articles. Six pragmatic functions fulfilled by idioms in research articles were also extracted. Two lists of the most frequently used idioms in research articles were compiled. The six pragmatic functions include evaluative, informational, modalizing, emphatic, organizational, and cross-functioning. By studying and providing the most frequent academic idioms in Applied Linguistics research articles, the findings of this study can be useful for the EFL writing instructors, Applied Linguistics graduate and post graduate students, and teaching materials developers.

The present study aims to identify and examine lexical groups in political news texts. Vocabulary groups are phrases that appear consistently due to high repetition in the text, and changes in these phrases make these phrases unnatural. In different language types, special lexical groups are used. For this reason, identifying and teaching these lexical groups specific to linguistic types can lead to the production of smooth and fluent texts. News texts are one of the linguistic types in Persian that have their own lexical groups. Failure to use specific lexical groups in linguistic variants will make the written texts unnatural. In this study, the lexical groups used in the linguistic body of political news texts have been identified and the role and application of each have been studied separately. A total of 44 vocabulary groups that were repeated more than 100 times in the text were extracted by language analysis software. Then, by examining the sample sentences in which lexical groups were used, we analyzed the application and how to use each of them, which can be used to teach writing news texts.

The current research is a corpus-based lexical study which aims to discover the presence of Coxhead’s (2000) academic word list (AWL) in a corpus of language teaching textbooks. The AWL, as the most well-known list of academic vocabulary available, is used to increase the knowledge of English vocabulary in students studying different disciplines across universities of the world. In the present study, after a series of steps, we developed a corpus of more than 11 million words, composed of language teaching textbooks. The corpus consists of 13 areas, which constitute almost equal number of words in the corpus. Then, using the Range software, the AWL coverage was analyzed across the corpus. The results reveal that the AWL items cover 11.13% of the entire corpus. This is higher than the figure obtained in similar studies conducted on many other disciplines. We also analyzed the AWL’s coverage in each sub-corpus, and found a significant difference among the coverage figures.

The aim of this paper is to take readers through the basic steps involved in building a corpus of language data for different purposes. This is done via gathering information about corpus construction from related sources. After a review of literature (regarding corpus construction and the use of corpus in different fields) , this article offers advice in a non-technical style to help the researchers to make sure that their corpus is well-designed and fit for the intended purpose. Key points to be considered in constructing any corpus (written or spoken language) include: Sampling, Size, Representativeness, Balance, General vs. Specialized corpus and Homogeneity. The steps involved in constructing a text corpus are: text selection, text normalization and different kinds of annotation. The steps to be followed in constructing a spoken language/speech-based corpus are: data gathering, transcription, representation, annotation and access. In this paper all the afore-mentioned steps have been explained with related details.