جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "گروه اسمی" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Nominal groups in Persian are very important because of the number and type of modifiers that come before and after the head of the nominal groups. Identifying and investigating the nominal groups in the writings of Arabic speakers significantly contributes to the scientific process of teaching Persian language to non-Persian speakers from different aspects. The purpose of this study was actually to take a step to become more familiar with the grammatical features of Persian learners' writing. The main question of the study was what the grammatical structure of nominal groups is and to determine the most and the least used modifiers of the nominal groups in the writing of post-middle-level Arab Persian learners. This study was carried out using the language corpus taken from 32 writing tests held at the end of the supplementary course of Arab Persian learners of the Persian Language Education Center of Imam Khomeini International University based on the book entitled description of the structure of the inner Persian language. The findings confirmed the hypothesis of the study related to the first question that there are more nominal groups without modifiers and also the second hypothesis that in single dependent nominal groups, the "noun" post-modifiers, "adjective" post-modifiers, and "indicative" pre-modifiers have the highest frequency. With the explanation that the "nominal group" post-modifiers has almost as much frequency as the "adjective" post-modifiers. Another point was that the nominal groups and prepositional groups are significantly used as modifiers of the head of nominal groups. It seems that the use of structures such as nominal groups, prepositional groups, and relative clauses within the structure of nominal groups can be considered as one of the signs of language level progress.

In the present study Azeri Turkish noun phrase construction is investigated in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar and Van Valin's (2005) theoretical pattern. In this descriptive analytical study, the data was selected from written resources and by listening to the conversations of the Azeri-speaking inhabitants of eastern Azerbaijan and only sentences containing complex and compound nominal phrases were selected by purposive sampling.Data analyses revealed that complex nominal phrase consists of restrictive clauses, nonrestrictive clauses and nominal complements.Relationship in restrictive relative group is of subordinative type and the link is of nucleus type.Due to this point that nonrestrictive relative clauses don`t transfer essential information for recognizing noun to listener and haven`t semantically close relationship with nominal nucleus, relationship in this type of noun phrase is subordinative and the link is of nominal core type.Constructions that have nominal complement have a clause as an argument of nominal nucleus core.The type of relationship in this noun phrase is of subordinative type and the link is of nominal nucleus core type.Compound nominal phrase consists of conjunctive nominal phrases,endocentric,exocentric and appositive.And also, Studying of noun phrase construction based on Role and Reference Grammar,we can refer to points that are specific to this ....

Narrative is a collection of interconnected utterances that create a discourse. According to Levinsohn (2015) one of the essential components of narrative discourse analysis is participant reference. Participants in a narrative may be human and non-human major participants, also human and non-human minor participants such as animals. Languages use different reference devices such as: zero anaphora, noun pronouns and phrases which refer to participants in narrative discourse. This research attempts to describe and examine different ways of participant reference, methods of introducing major and minor participants in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh based on Levinsohn (2015) model. The data examined in this study consists of eight chapters which include twenty stories. In each story, this reference devices were examined in subject and non-subject context and analyzed with SPSS software and Chi-squer test. The results indicated that the examined stories of Kelile and Demne used different reference devices such as: zero anaphora, pronouns and noun phrases which refer to major and minor participants in narrative discourse. Furthermore, the results showed that the reference devices and types of participants had a meaningful relationship. Also, among participant reference devices; zero anaphora had the highest use, noun phrases and pronouns were at the next range. 

As far as the approach of narrative discourse analysis is concerned, Levinsohn (2015) is among the linguists who has presented narrative discourse components in narrative studies. On Levinsohn’s opinion, discourse is a connected series of utterances and narrative is a series of connected events in the form of either spoken or written. Sometimes, the sequence of the occurrence of events is important because it indicates the temporal and spatial distance of each event which, in turn, is a signal of cohesion in a text. Consequently, he deals with the explanation of essential components of the narrative discourse analysis that may exist in a text.  According to Levinsohn’s (2015) model, the narrative discourse components comprise the number of speakers in a text, text genre, text style and text register, being oral or written text, cohesion, coherence, participant reference, thematic grouping, discontinuities, text charting, the main concept of reference, reference strategies, the methodology for analyzing reference patterns and types of speech reporting. So, one of the narrative discourse components is participant reference which refers to types of the participant (major, VIP (very important), minor, human, and animal) and the ways of giving reference to each participant. As Levinsohn (2015) states, languages typically have a fairly extensive range of forms of giving reference to participants in a story which extend from complete ellipsis (in the form of zero anaphora) to an implicit reference conveyed only by the inflection of the verb, to two or more sets of independent pronouns, to a full noun phrase. In addition, he maintains that, in many cultures, the easiest narratives to obtain are traditional folktales such as animal stories; they can be very valuable for text analysis. As he believes, animals are symbolic of humans in folktales stories. They behave and talk like humans. In this regard, the translation of Kelileh and Demneh is one of the examples of animal’s stories in Persian literature in which allegorical stories are narrated from the language of animals appearing in a social link. Therefore, recognizing narrative discourse characteristics of this book will be very effective in its analyzing and understanding. Thus, this research is going to identify, study and describe types of participants and the use of different discourse devices employed to refer to the participants in eight chapters of Kelileh and Demneh stories based on levinsohn’s (2015) model as well as to answer the following questions:The major research question:Can we study and describe types of participant reference components in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh based on Levinsohn’s (2015) model?
The minor research questions:1-1- How are types of participant reference components proposed in Levinsohn’s (2015) model represented in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh?
1-2- What kind of relationship is there between the usage frequency of types of participants in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh?
1-3- What kind of relationship is there between the usage frequency of types of giving reference ways to participants in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh?
1.1. Detailed Research

The method of doing this research has been library research. In this regard, first, the related theses, articles and books were studied to describe the theoretical concepts of the research, as well as all the previous research having commonalities whit the present research either in the use of Levinsohn’s (2015) model or in the analysis of Kelileh and Demneh text were reviewed. In this research, eight out of total number of fifteen chapters of Kelileh and Demneh including “Borzoye-y-e Tabib”, “Shir va Gav”,” Bazjoste kar Demneh”, “Kabootar-e motavvagheh” Boom va Gharab”,” Moosh va Gorbeh”, “Shir va Ebne Avi” and “Ebne Malek va Ashab” were selected. Then different types of participant reference used in these chapters were identified and examined. The data analysis method is descriptive-qualitative because the purpose is to describe and compare the usage frequency of types of participants and the ways of referring to each participant. The results were analyzed by using SPSS software which is a statistical package for social sciences. In this analysis, Chi-Square test was used.

As above-mentioned, according to Levinsohn (2015), participant reference is one of the discourse components in the structure of a narrative which includes types of the participant and the ways of giving reference to the participants. As to the latter, in each language, there is a range of referential forms of participants in a story. These reference giving devices maybe noun phrases, pronouns or zero anaphora. Based on the data gathered, it was recognized that types of the participant were realized in the form of major, minor, human, and animal participants. In addition, it was specified that zero anaphora had the highest frequency in relation to the way of giving reference to participants where a personal ending refers to a participant that is the agent of the verb in narrative structure. In other words, the participant is syntactically and semantically present but without a phonetic representation. The use of zero anaphora or null subject pronouns in Persian language is one of its grammatical features which causes it to be regarded as a pro-drop language. Also, the use of pronouns and noun phrases were in the next ranges. That is to say, pronouns such as “man (I)”, “to (you)”, “u (she or he)” or noun phrases such as “Demneh” and “Shanzabe” were used to refer to participants in the story.
As a result, this study indicated that the types of participant reference components represented in the stories of Kelileh and Demneh under investigation were in agreement with those presented in Levinsohn’s (2015) model. So, the answer to the question (1-1) is positive. In addition, the analysis and description of different types of participants and also different types of giving reference ways in a number of Kelileh and Demneh stories showed that there was a significant relationship between the usage frequency of types of participants. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the usage frequency of types of giving reference ways to participants. Therefore, due to the frequency, percentage and mean of the usage of different types of participant reference components in the stories under study, the answer to the main question is positive as well.  This, in turn, means that we can study and describe types of participant reference components in some stories of Kelileh and Demneh based on Levinsohn’s (2015) model.
Therefore, due to the theoretical importance of this research and exploring different types of participants and also the ways of giving reference to each of the participants in a number of Kelileh and Demneh stories following Levinsohn’s (2015) model, the present study can be not only a model to the scientific studies of other Kelileh and Demneh stories, but also an outline for exploration and study of narrative discourse of other related literary works. In addition, the findings of this research show that the reference system of Kelileh and Demneh discloses the three functions or tasks suggested by Dooly and Levinsohn (2001): the semantic, discourse- pragmatic and processing functions, by employing different reference devices. In other words, the use of each participant reference devises or components aims at fulfilling the functions of the language reference system. Studying and recognizing these tasks and the reference devises can lead to a better understanding of the narrative discourse structure of the stories of Kelileh and Demneh.

In this research, the participant reference components were examined in the form of types of the participants and the ways of giving reference to the participants in subject and non-subject contexts in eight chapters of Kelileh and Demneh. The data surveyed in this study designated that different types of the participants were identified in Kelileh and Demneh stories, being major and minor participants including humans and animals. Likewise, in order to refer to each of the participants various reference devices such as noun phrases, zero anaphora and pronouns were used to introduce and refer to different types of the participants involved, among which zero anaphora had the highest usage frequency, the pronouns and noun phrases were in the next ranks of the usage.

The purpose to do the present research is the identification of the type and the number of noun modifiers in Persian students’ texts (students (10-12) in grades four, five and six) in which the number 9 area of Tehran was selected in purposive sampling and also 6 schools were selected by cluster random sampling. Then, the corpus of texts written by students in grades four, five and six was collected in these schools. In total, 9 classes in grade 4, 10 and 9 ones in grade 5 and 6 respectively were involved in this research and there were 889 students. According to Morgan table, 300 texts were randomly selected in which 2203 noun phrases were analyzed according to Dependency Grammar. Based on the findings, students (10-12) have produced noun postmodifiers (6/62%) by far more than noun premodifiers (2/45%) which indicates that the production of postmodifiers is much easier for the students in these grades and they have produced the genitive modifiers in eighth position (4/03%), attributive adjectives in seventh position (1/39%), in particular, numeral and superlative adjectives in third position (1/22%) respectively more than other positions. While the index in the sixth position (0/01%) has had the lowest average percentage. Students in grade 6 have had the highest average (12/44%), showing the older the students become, the more complex noun phrases they produce. The findings of this research along with identifying the amount of  syntactic complexity of the children’s noun phrases shows the view of their language enhancement.

The research's aim is to become more familiar with the grammatical features of writings of Chinese learners of Persian (CLP). The main question is how is the grammatical structure of noun groups (NG) in the writings of CLPs level B2. Determining the most used and least used dependencies of the NGs in CLP's writing and also measuring the effectiveness of Bateni's descriptive grammar are among the sub-question of the research. The research is descriptive-analytical and uses a corpus of the final writing test of the 36 CLPs in the Persian language teaching center of IKIU. According to the findings, most of the NGs (84%) had no dependents; in single-dependent NGs, which accounted for 15% of the total NGs, the following dependencies of "noun", "adjective" and the leading dependent "deixis & quantifier" had the highest frequency. In the two-dependent NGs, which had about 1% of the total NGs, and also in the few three and four-dependent NGs, the "noun" and "adjective" dependent had the highest frequency. In general, the findings indicate the ability or low willingness of Persian learners to expand the internal structure of NGs with ahead and follower dependents. At a more detailed level, the findings show the ability or willingness of CLPs to use follower dependencies than leading dependents. It seems that by teaching the grammatical structure of the NG to Persian learners, the quality of their writing can be increased. The research also confirms the effectiveness of Bateni's descriptive grammar in accurately describing the writings of CLPs.

Jami has composed Baharestan according to the characteristics of Golestan. Despite the greater tendency of both works to use the pole of "selection" instead of "combination", the problem arises that despite the fact that the two works that are close to each other in terms of style, what characteristics they have in terms of language and what are the linguistic similarities or differences between the two. In this research, the structure of the nominal group (NP) as one of the important structures of the language in a corpus taken from examples from Golestan and Baharestan has been investigated in a descriptive-analytical way. The findings of the research show that the frequency of NPs in Golestan is more than that of Baharestan. Also, the frequency and relative frequency of NPs without dependents is more in Golestan than that of Baharestan. Examining dependents in NPs shows two results that the constructions "head+noun", "head+adjective" and "head+noun group" are the dominant constructions of single dependent NPs and "relative clause" is as the dominant posterior dependent of NPs in Golestan and Baharestan. On the other hand, the constructions "quantifier + head", "head+ noun", "head + adjective" and "head + noun group" are the dominant constructions of single dependent NPs in Golestan and the constructions of "indefinite adjective + head", "head + noun", "head + adjective", "head + relative clause", "head + NP" and "head + prepositional group” are the dominant constructions in Baharestan.

The present study seeks to investigate noun phrase structures and the ordering of their constituents in German. In German, noun phrase dependents can be placed on both sides of the head. This feature adds to the complexity of the order of the noun phrase structure. One of the aims of this study, which is descriptive, is to find out whether the ordering of the constituents on both sides of a noun phrase follows any rules or that such ordering is arbitrary. The results indicate that the constituents which are placed on the left side of the head agree with it, while such agreement does not exist in the constituents on the right side of the head.  The paper also gives some examples of noun phrase structures that are in contrast with the existing categories and determines why these contrasts exist. Finally, we will argue that the reason for some inconsistencies in adjective inflection in a noun phrase is the syntactic order of constituents in the noun phrase.

Morphologic adverbs can be syntactically and semantically defined and classified in different ways. They have basically attributive functions. Having various meanings, their structural functions might be expressed via adverbial phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and adverbial clauses. In Persian, noun phrases or prepositional phrases, in most cases, perform this adverbial function. These phrases can have various dependents, including “clauses” starting with nominal or prepositional heads, such as “vaqt.ike” (the time that/when), “jā.ike” (the place that/where), “be mahz.e in ke” (in the instant that/as soon as), “darhāl.ike” (in the state that/whereas), "be xāter.e in ke" (for the reason that/because), “hamchenānke” (the same that/as), and “be goone.ike” (in the manner that). These phrases are usually regarded as “complex conjunctions”, “complex coordinators”, or "complex subordinators” in the grammar books and many other resources. Accordingly, relative or complement clauses inside noun phrases and prepositional phrases are considered to be adverb clauses. However, they are structurally part of noun phrases or prepositional phrases with an adverbial function. Therefore, such a construction cannot be regarded as a complex sentence. Anyway, we call them “strategies of constructing pseudo-complex clauses” when distinguishing between these cases and relativization in the subject and object. In this descriptive research, the adverbial concepts were classified into 19 groups (10 main groups and 9 subgroups). It seemed that there was also a direct relation between the overt expressions of “ke” (that) and the possibility of clause dislocation. Moreover, as the various examples showed, an “infinitive” in Persian could be a “deranked verb” though it was a noun without morphosyntactic properties of a verb. The research data were extracted from 3000 minutes of various television and radio programs of the Iranian National Media in the period of June 2021 to February 2022 with a focus on adverb clauses.

Study of the style of structure of the noun phrases and their evolutionIn the poems of Nasrallah MardanyOne of the important topics to be considered in stylistics and grammar is the recognition of the noun phrase. In order to understand the poets' personal style, along with other factors, the structure and style of the noun phrase used in their poetry must be well evaluated As Nasrollah Mardani is one of the few poets in the composition of images among the poets of the revolution, the importance of research in this topic becomes apparent. This article has been compiled in a descriptive way and statistical analysis. In order to examine the structure of the noun phrase of poems of Mardani , all noun phrase were Countinged and reviewed in three sections, pentamerous ,quadripartite, and triplex, and their number and variety are shown in the relevant tables. The findings of the study show that Mardani have used actual and potential Persian language abilities to construct noun phrase.His views have gradually changed over time and, as a result, the number of the noun phrase has declined in his later poems. Bringing the adjective at the beginning of the noun phrase with the extra fraction, making the noun phrase without the noun, use the Enlightening, Unlike the rule and Creating phonetic proportions are the most important Mardani anomalies in the construction of the noun phrase.

Tabibzadeh and Baradaran Hemmati (2015) argue that the Persian Genitive constructions can be divided into attributive genitives and nominal genitives based on six criteria including the possibility of displacing the nominal and attributive dependents, adding the plural suffix, and the possibility of scrambling or topicalization. Attributive genitives can both precede and follow adjectives. Nominal genitives, on the other hand, do not precede adjectives except for the cases that result in a meaning shift or ungrammaticality of noun phrases. They emphasize a peculiar characteristic of Persian Ezafe constructions, but they are not successful in providing a proper explanation of it. In this article, we attempt to provide a brief account of their position, show some mistakes in their syntactic arguments, and criticize the difference between attributive genitives and compound nouns.

Simile is one of the most important and useable fictional elements in prose and poem. This fictional element has been the poets’ and educators’ means to show their artistic skills in various ways. One of the ways of using similes is to include the simile elements in the structure of a noun category. Noun categories are the grammatical units, the core of which is a noun; and they are usually modified by a number of preceding or following modifiers. Noun categories, which comprise two different structures of genitive compounds (noun-noun) and attributive compounds (adjective-noun), can include the elements of simile. So far, the genitive similes with the structure of the genitive compound have been paid attention to. They have been made equivalents to the genitive eloquent simile in all of the recent rhetoric and eloquent works. However, this article puts forth reasons to show that it is not acceptable. Moreover, no word has been made in the early and recent books of eloquence about the similes with the attributive compounds. This study tries to investigate both noun categories of simile (compounds of genitive and attributive similes) with the help of new grammars and based on linguistics with a special emphasis on Hafez’s poems.

In this paper, the Mukriyani’s layered structure of NPs (one of the Surani’s Kurdish dialects) has been examined according to Van Valin’s (2005) framework. In this framework, NPs consist of two projections: a constituent projection consisting of a Nucleus and a Core plus one or more Peripheries for each of them, and a grammatical projection consisting of operators. This research is a descriptive-analytic one in which the data have been extracted from the written sources of Mukriyani dialect, and also from the intuition of one of the researchers who is a native Mukriyani speaker. These data have been analyzed according to the mono-layered pattern of RRG and finally the proposed Mukriyani’s NPs pattern has been offered. Among the results of this research, we can refer to the independence of NPs’ structure from the linier order of their elements; however, the enclitics attached to the NUCN reflecting the number or definiteness are among the Core or NP operators. Another result of the research shows that in Mukriyani, the post-Nucleus adjectives make the Nucleus peripheries and the pre-Nucleus adjectives are among the Core operators.

Discussion of complement types is among new grammatical issues, not addressed in all its aspects yet. Place of adverbial complement in the sentence is also worthy of attention and study, since it is categorized as types of adverbs and also types of complements. What is a complement? There are enormous differences in the definition of complement. So much that almost no two grammarians have the exact same views. This is because some define complement as “what completes the meaning of the noun before or the sentence in which it has been used”, and some consider “a special type which is prepositional complement”. Complements are noun phrases placed after the preposition in a sentence and are sometimes compulsory and sometimes optional in accordance with their role. Complement types: Complement categories are very diverse and different in books. Thus, perhaps Kamyar’s division in this respect is more complete since only prepositional complements are included and almost all types are expressed: 1) verb complements, 2) noun complements, 3) adjective complements, 4) adverb complements, 5) pseudo-sentence complements. Adverb types: Adverbs are classified based on type and structure: a) adverbs with no indicator: 1- specific adverb 2- adverbs in common with nouns 3- adverbs in common with adjectives. b) Adverbs with indicators: 1- Adverbs with nunation 2- prefix adverbs 3- adverbial complements Types of phrases: 1.The grammatical unit made of one or more related terms, where the main word or the nucleus is a noun is called a noun phrase. 2. The verb phrase appears in the location of the statement and includes one or more smaller units. The main element here is the verb. 3- Adverbial phrase is part of the sentence that the verb does not need, and thus can be removed. 4. A string of words used as a phrase with an adjective nucleus is called an adjective phrase. Before the adjective a qualitative preposition, or a grade preposition can be used, and it can be followed by noun phrases, prepositional phrase or adjective phrases in a complementary role. So the adjective phrase may also appear as only an adjective. 5. The prepositional phrase is made of “a preposition + noun phrase”. Prepositions are grammatical words that appear only in front of a noun phrase. Prepositional phrases are used with various grammatical relationships, especially prepositional complement in noun phrase, indirect object and complement in verb phrase and also complement or adverbial complement. Prepositional phrase is not used in direct object and subject’s grammatical relations. Place of the adverbial complement in the sentence: Since the complement is a noun phrase that comes after the preposition and the adverb is removable it is hard to determine the position of adverbial complement as a phrase. So instead of being limited to noun, verb and adverbial phrases, we had better also consider prepositional and adjectival phrases. Thus, all the complements are categorized as prepositional phrases. It is also more appropriate for nouns in common with adverbs to be called adverbial complements whose preposition is removed. Mainly, differences about complements is due to authors’ perceptions because some, especially older authors, consider the complement solely with the literal meaning of the word, i.e. something that completes, in their definitions, so in addition to prepositional complement they consider other components such as objects and predicate as complements. Some, on the other hand, consider the connotation of the term and only categorize nouns placed after prepositions as complements of different types. This difference in perception could solve many uncertainties regarding the complements. Adjective in common with adverbs are categorized as either adverbial phrase or the adjectival phrase according to their role in the sentence. Whenever they are perceived as an adjective, they will be categorized as adjectival phrase, and whenever they are perceived as an adverb, as adverbial phrase. Therefore, it is vital to consider a word’s meaning and use in different sentences to determine their place. Limiting phrases to verb, adverb, and noun in the subject of adverbial complement and adjectives that take the role of a predicate will lead to ambiguities that can be disambiguated solely through considering the other two types of phrases, i.e. adjectival phrases and prepositional phrases. It is better to separate the prepositional phrases and noun phrases and consider the prepositional phrase as a combination of the nucleus, as a preposition, and a noun phrase

The so-called indefiniteness morpheme or enclitic /i:/ in Persian has been substantially studied from morphological and semantic points of view, but rarely given full analysis in syntactic surveys. Mostly considered as an affix attached to the head noun in NP/DP, it is seldom considered as independent or significant in syntactic representations. In generative syntax, especially in the Minimalist Program, functional categories have been suggested as elements which regulate the grammatical relations among lexical categories. Formerly, the functional category Ezafe has been established above nominal heads in Persian NPs. The present study, introduces IndefP as a functional category in Persian for the first time, and seeks to give structures containing the /i:/ element the fullest analysis they have ever enjoyed. Evidence is provide as to depict a full minimalist projection for this category and analyze complex structures headed by this functional item. Indefinite Phrase is shown to be a head-last projection which selects NP/DPs as its complement and accepts various structures (CPs, PPs or APs) as its adjuncts. It is further shown that this analysis is not limited to nominal structures in A-positions and is also extendable to those appearing in A-bar positions as sentence adverbs attached to the (maximal or intermediate) projection of T.

This research seeks to find, which of NP and DP’s models may accurately describe the relationship between the head and its dependent(s), based on minimalism in Persian language. The method of study is descriptive-analytic. This study was performed by comparing English sources with Persian ones. The samples were selected by the intuition of the researcher in a way that aspects of differences between these two models can be shown. We contrasted the data based on two models, the traditional model which takes N as the head of the phrase and the new model in which the head of the phrase is a determiner and NP is a complement headed by “D”. By analyzing of NPs, tree diagrams were drawn by comparing the aforementioned models we concluded that DP model represent a better description of the head-dependent relations, and NP model can be replaced by the DP to draw structural relationships of sentences.