جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « cognitive semantics » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The present study aims to analyze the verb “bastan” (to close) using cognitive semantics. The meanings of “bastan” have been collected using library method, extracted from dictionaries including Sokhan, Dehkhoda, Sadri Afshar's Persian Dictionary, Persian Spoken Variety, and the Etymological Dictionary of the Persian Language. This data was used for comparative analysis. In this research, a qualitative research method has been used to describe the meanings and to determine if there is a relationship among them using the image schema theory in cognitive semantics, specifically the models proposed by Evans and Greene, Evans and Evans. The analysis of the schematic meanings of the verb “bastan” showed that out of 26 meanings, 11 are force schemas, indicating an obstacle of a physical or abstract nature, and 18 are link(age) schemas, either physical or abstract. In one case, in addition to the mentioned schema, a splitting schema was considered. Etymological considerations show that the verb “bastan” originates from a single root in its current form: -band in ancient Persian, bandh (badhnāti) in Sanskrit, and -band in Avesta. This matter does not allow the existence of two different unrelated schema, because the connection between meanings will be lost. This research argues that associative schemas show the relationship between the various meanings of the polysemic verb “bastan”.

The present study attempts to analyze and classify different types of conceptual metaphors and their method of conceptualization among Persian compound verbs based on cognitive semantics approach in metaphor analysis. The research method is descriptive-analytical and corpus-driven. Data collection was done through Sokhan's 8-volume dictionary as well as Persian language database. The research data consists of more than 1000 Persian compound verbs in the form of 20 common Persian language combinations, for each of which 50 current Persian language combinations were examined and analyzed. In fact, the objective of the authors is to analyze the types of conceptual metaphors and their frequency as well as to show their conceptualization among Persian compound verbs .The main objective of the current research is to answer the following questions: 1. How is metaphorical conceptualization formed in Persian compound verbs? 2. Which of the common conceptual metaphors has a higher frequency of occurrence? The results showed that in this corpus there are five domains of  source, object, container, human being and material, which all belong to ontological metaphors are with a big difference (especially  in comparison with the first two domains) the  most frequent source domains  in this corpus of Persian.

Human uses language as a tool to communicate with others and expresses his knowledge and requests with that. Every country or culture has its own special language. One of the most eloquent and conceptual ways of transferring language experience and communication is the proverb. This language phenomenon represents a clear vision of its society circumstances whether in cultural, political or historical terms and it is unique in its own kind, especially, if the proverbs be common, because their commonness shows that these wisdoms have been taken from society depths and they have been occasionally modified. Most of these proverbs have been received in visual schemes taken from the human imagination. In other words, human experience is an inseparable part in all of them. The present research has surveyed the visual schemes in Mosul common proverbs represented by George Lakoff and Johnson and it has shown that the represented volumetric schemes by the linguists have been conceived according to the human abstract behavior and attitude and their growth is obvious in Mosul and they have high frequency among the other visual, dynamic and communication schemes and also, in power scheme, the top-down scheme has the least frequency. Most of the focus of Mosul people is on the details of affairs and the scheme of being inhibited which mostly  consists of coming to a dead end is considerably visible in Mosul proverbs. In all the schemes, human thought and its physical aspect has a major impact on its metaphysical aspect

Metaphor has a long history and a high position in Persian literature. Literature is a social phenomenon and the connection between literature and society is undeniable. The present research has tried to investigate the difference in the use of upper and lower spatial metaphors in four different works by male and female authors in four decades. In order to show how spatial metaphors are used in these works and whether the influence of society's conditions in the emergence and the application of spatial metaphors is concrete. For this purpose, novels from the 60s Nakhlhaye Bisar, 70s Roye Mahe Khodavand ra Bebos, 80s Cheraghha ra Man Khamosh Mikonam and 90s Paeiz Fasle Akhare sal Ast were selected and were analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way according to Lakoff & Johnson (1980) and in the framework of cognitive semantics. The body of the research is the sentences from all four novels, which were analyzed. The findings showed that the amount of high metaphors is used more in the works of female authors, lived experiences play a role in the use of metaphors and high metaphors do not always have a happy meaning and low metaphors do not always have a sad meaning.

Cognitive semantics examines meaning by relying on the human mind's information processing and categorizing linguistic concepts. In this method, words and especially letters carry the main meaning. Each main meaning is connected with secondary meanings and creates a radial network. Therefore, the letters in the texts, especially in the Qur'an, gain meaning according to the context. The primary meaning of the letter "ba" in the Holy Quran is attachment, from which other meanings of causation, help, emphasis, confrontation, modification and swearing can be derived. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present study evaluates the uses and meanings of the letter "ba" in Surah Ma'idah in the Persian translations by Makarem Shirazi, Foladvand, and Elahi-Qomshei. According to the findings of the present research, these translators have focused mostly on the original and common meaning of the letter in the semantic network, i.e., attachment and superiority. The reason for this claim is that, for example, they did not convey the exact meaning regarding emphasis, and in most cases, instead conveying the emphatic meaning, they chose the traditional equivalent of "to", conveying the concept of attachment.

One of the topics raised in cognitive linguistics is the topic of radial network. The purpose of this study aimed to comparison of the learning process of prepositions (from, in, to and with) from the perspective of the radial network in children of age group A and B by the theory of stages of child development and language learning. In should be mentioned that the radial network has not been sufficiently focused on by cognitive linguistics. The results of this research can have a great impact on children's fiction literature and fiction writers in the field of children can use the results of this research. The present study was descriptive _analytical in the theoretical framework of cognitive semantics. The statistical population includes 40 children from 2 and 9 years. To collect the data, children's natural speech was used the field method (Instagram videos). The research results show that the preposition "to" with the meaning of addressing someone has the highest frequency in age groups A and B. From the point of view of Bruner's cognitive theory, children in age group A are in the stage of movement and image representation and in age group B are in the stage of symbolic representation. A radial network is a term used to describe a collection of words that are interconnected through their meanings, concepts, and expressions. These words possess multiple definitions and are categorically related radially. Within this framework, a single meaning is designated as the primary or archetypal meaning, while alternative meanings are situated around it, akin to rays radiating out from a central, exemplary core.

Researchers in cognitive science believe that language is of great importance and consider it a gateway to the mind. According to them, language is one of the highest manifestations of the mind, which is a product of knowledge and a cognitive process in itself. Therefore, cognitive linguistics, as the school that considers language style, learning, and use to be the best reference that can be used to explain human cognition, has a special place in cognitive science. Cognitive linguists such as Lakoff and Johnson consider the metaphor not as a literary craft but as a suitable tool for how to think and refer to it as the conceptual metaphor.One of the important types of conceptual metaphors is the directional metaphor, which is effective in conveying concepts, the author's attitude, and expressing mental and abstract themes in the form of sensations and material experiences. Metaphors are used in language beyond what we see in traditional rhetoric, and by looking at them and the indirect and symbolic meanings of linguistic expressions, a deeper understanding of texts can be achieved. The present study investigates the directional metaphor (up-down) in the novel Frankenstein in Baghdad using a descriptive-analytical method. Although the mapping (up-down) in the novel is mostly used to express natural physical states, the author in some cases also uses de-normization and de-familiarization manners, using metaphors from concept to concept. In this regard, the novel Frankenstein in Baghdad is full of cognitive metaphors, especially directional metaphors. In this study, we have discussed cases related to directional metaphors (up-down) and extracted diverse and broad meanings from them.In this novel, the up-direction metaphor is used with the theme of dominance, power, health, happiness, life, forcing, abundance, rationality, faith, understanding, openness, hope, good social position, wisdom, warmth, and pride. On the other hand, the author has implicitly mentioned the metaphors of the lower direction, which means being under control, weakness and incapacity, illness, sadness, etc. The author has imagined a physical state for them to induce them in the mind of the audience. He used words like ‘Tahta’, ‘Favgha’, and ‘Ala’ and also verbs in the past and present tenses. Through the topics that are mentioned in directional metaphors (up-down), we clearly understand that they are all abstract topics and the author has imagined a physical state for them. This cognitive transfer of metaphor made it a tool that reveals all these directional perceptions and their relationship to the author’s knowledge.The author used man's physical and physical locations in the world and his objective experiences in order to point out the cultural and intellectual features and connotations that these metaphors carry. In other words, by using these metaphors, he gave the words new meanings and gave his statement a force that distinguished it from other speech. The use of metaphorical speech has superior cognitive power if we compare it with ordinary speech, as the human experiences that Ahmed Saadawi’s mind treasures are linked to his culture and to the directional determinants that he formulates with directional metaphors that express that culture. In other words, the metaphor in the field of cognitive linguistics is not just a linguistic tool to beautify and decorate speech. Rather, it is a cognitive method that is the result of the interaction of the two mental-sensual fields, as it reflects much of the knowledge existing in the society, and the recipient relies on it in the process of interpretation and understanding. Metaphors in the cognitive field expand the field of interpretation, as they open up to multiple meanings and expand the space of connotations.

Taste is a complicated mechanism that relies on an intricate network of receptors and nerves (Sturtevant, 1964). The importance of taste and taste terms should not be underestimated in human cognition and language. Since ancient Greek philosophy, the linguistic study of taste terms has been downplayed due to lack of scientific understanding of taste and gustatory language and this can be the reason behind limited range of scientific works in taste compared to other senses such as vision and hearing. The present research is an attempt to study Persian taste terms in Golestan Saadi and to investigate conceptual mechanisms (metaphor and metonymy) along with language-external factors such as culture, use, entrenchment, body structure, and nature of human mind through which figurative meanings are derived from gustatory words. In cognitive semantics, metaphors and metonymies are considered as cognitive mechanisms that lead to semantic change and motivate polysemy of lexical items (Bagli, 2017).  Conceptual metaphors act as a bridge to connect two concepts in two different domains, while metonymies are considered as tip of an ice-berg that leads us to see the rest of the ice-berg under the sea. Metaphor and metonymy are both motivated through our embodied interaction of the physical world (Perez-Sobrino, 2017). The main objectives in this research are to find how conceptual metaphor and metonymy in language, together with other external factors account for construction and derivation of non-literal meanings of taste terms in Golesatan Saadi.

Polysemy is a phenomenon in which a lexical item is usually associated with two or more meanings that seem to be related in some way. The current research aims to conduct semantic research on a limited body of language in order to obtain a generalizable result. Relying on the descriptive-analytical method and using the cognitive lexical semantics approach of Tyler and Evans (2003), the authors have extracted and analyzed the different meanings of 7 prepositions of time (wӕrӡӕ,Ɂӕre, nǝzik, dӕ, dǝma, dǝj, ta) in Ilami Kurdish language which were extracted from the daily speech of the people and Ilami Kurdish dictionary. Finally, it was found that the cognitive semantics approach is a very suitable method to investigate the prepositions of time in the Ilami Kurdish language, and the results showed that in these prepositions, several concepts are organized in relation to a central concept and we showed that all these concepts are systematically derived from the first concept according to the criteria of Tyler and Evans. In such a way that proposition(wӕrӡӕ) just has one central meaning, but propositions (Ɂӕre, nǝzik, dӕ) beside the central meaning have another meaning and propositions (dǝma, dǝj, ta) beside the central meaning have two other related meanings.

Conceptual metaphor is a new tool in cognitive science that focuses on human cognition to conceptualize abstract and non-objective concepts. In this method, abstract and unfamiliar concepts (destination domains) are understood through other concrete and tangible conceptual domains (source domains). The main challenge in conceptual metaphor is establishing systematic correspondences between the two domains of source and destination, known as mapping. The Holy Qur´an is replete with abstract concepts such as "Unbelief" and "Faith". To better understand these concepts, it is necessary to use new methods of analyzing concepts, especially conceptual metaphors. The present study used an analytical-descriptive method to identify and analyze conceptual metaphors related to the concepts of "Unbelief" and "Faith" in the verses of blessing in the last six components of the Holy Qur´an, in order to reveal how abstract concepts are expressed. By analyzing the conceptual metaphors in this part of the Holy Qur´an, it can be concluded that the cognitive status of human beings forms the basis for expressing the concepts of Unbelief and Faith. The concept of "Unbelief" as the destination domain is conceptualized by familiar concepts such as darkness, uncleanness, blindness, battle, and resistance to Faith. On the other hand, concepts such as light, cleanliness, trade, travel, competition, and the right path are used to conceptualize "Faith". Through these metaphors, faith can be seen as light, cleanliness, trade, travel, competition, and valuable objects found on the right path; while unbelief is depicted as darkness, uncleanness, blindness, battle against faith

The present article deals with the study of polysemy of the verb /bǝrin/ 'Cutting', /sǝzyân/ 'Burning', as action verbs in kalhori Kurdish dialect based on cognitive semantic approach. Data collection was done in a library-field manner. The linguistic corpus used in this research includes common sentences, proverbs and works of Kalhori Kurdish poets. By examining the data based on the concepts of cognitive semantics, 35 meanings were identified for the verb /bǝrin/, 11 meanings for the verb / sǝzyân / were identified. Semantic relationships between these verbs were examined, the collocation of action verbs with organs was seen in two Kalhori kurdish verbs. The collocation of these verb with the essential components, including the organs of the body, with special words in the Kurdish dialect of kalhori, has a great effect on conveying the meaning of the verbs. The action verbs in question did not have a common meaning with the "head" member, have had an impact. Among these two verbs /bǝrin/ has the highest number of meanings and the most idiomatic usage.

Multiple meanings are among the issues that, according to the tradition of linguistic studies, can be proposed in the semantic section of grammar and as a topic in semantic studies. In the situation where a linguistic unit finds multiple meanings, one of the important areas of investigating multiple meanings in the cognitive approach is the study of sensory verbs that are related to the functioning of the five senses.The current study presents the cognitive semantics approach with descriptive-analytical method, an analysis on the polysemy of the verb "smell" as one of the sensory verbs in Persian based on the data of the bodies and site of Ganjur based on the model of Likaf (1987).At this stage, 202 sentences were used from the Persian language database, which were categorized based on expanded meanings. Since sensory verbs are the result of physical and social experiences, they become the basis for our understanding of abstract concepts.For this reason, we see the broad concepts of the verb "smell" and this semantic network can be used in teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers

Johnson and Lakoff consider conceptual metaphors as mappings between two domains called source and target domain. The function of these mappings is to objectify the abstract concepts of the target domain through the schemas of the source domain. The purpose of this research is to classify death-awareness stories based on "rebirth" in children's literature. In this regard, paying attention to the metaphor "death is a journey," this article seeks to answer how the schema-images of "journey" work in the conceptualization of "rebirth" and "resurrection." The method of this research is analytical-descriptive, and its statistical population is children's stories with the theme of rebirth and resurrection for the demographic group of early childhood. The result of this research shows that, according to the up/down orientational metaphor and the "path" scheme, the mentioned stories are divided into four categories: resurrection without transcendence, resurrection with transcendence, transfiguration with transcendence, and the chain of renewal. The above categories are also classified into subcategories. For the first time in Iran, this research examines reversible deaths with a cognitive semantics approach.

Conceptual blending is a creative application to explain concepts that go beyond simply combining structures and raw data. The present article tries to examine its effectiveness in news headlines of newspapers in different genres by referring to the theory of conceptual blending. For this purpose, 1000 news headlines from the Donyaye Eghtesad newspaper in the economic genre, 1000 news headlines from the Ebtekar newspaper in the political genre, as well as 1000 headlines from the Hadaf Varzeshi newspaper have been examined. The headlines with conceptual blending were identified in them and also their type and number were explained and drawn by drawing a grid. Out of 1000 news headlines examined in each genre, 240 in the economic genre, 160 in the political headline and 80 in the sports headline are in line with the theory of blending. According to the results, it seems that due to the intertwining of people's daily lives with the economy, the use of blending in the economic genre is more than the other two genres, and among the blending types, the single-scope type has a higher frequency than the other types in all three genres. Double-scope type blending has been observed due to its more complex structure than the lower frequency single-scope blending. It was also found that simple type blending has very low frequencies in all three genres. In the study of news headlines, due to the association-orientation mechanism of the type of mirrors, there are very few of them in each genre.

In semantics cognitive of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), metaphor is one of the abstract conceptions of thought and language. Metaphor is an active process in cognitive system and is one of the main ways of human perceptions from surrounding environment. This research is to explaine the available concepts of Turkish speakers in using flowers in daily conversatios and specify their views to these concepts and phenomenons of flowers names, also their sourse and destination domain. The data of this research was collected by interviewing from 30 Turkish speakers which finally 13 useful flowers names were considered and their sourse and destination domains were presented; also, the cultural attitude of the speakers towards the names of the flowers was shown through conceptualization and categorization by drawing diagrams. The research findings indicate that the names of the flowers have entered the Turkish language and speakers use them to describe someone or something metaphorically; so that the use of these words has a relatively higher frequency of occurrence compared to other natural phenomena. This research can be useful for linguists, translators of Turkish to Persian languages and vice versa, poets and writers.

Synesthesia or sensory fusion is represented through cross-modal expressions in language. In synesthesia, there is a kind of meaning transfer between words of different modalities. The present study aims at exploring mechanisms involved in transferring predicates from one sense modality to another. And also we explore factors involved in interpreting cross-modal expressions in Sa’adi’s Boostan using tenets of cognitive semantics such as embodied meaning, cultural factors and evaluative content of sensory terms along with the role human's mental architecture in deriving different literal and non-literal meanings from these expressions. The data include cross-modal expressions collected from Sa’adi’s Boostan and analysis is carried out in a descriptive method. Results show that our understanding of meaning transfer between sensory modalities is syncretic rather than metaphorical. Therefore, predicate transfer in cross-modal expressions in Sa’adi’s Boostan is done through mechanisms such as experiential correlations between different concepts, conceptual metonymy and evaluative valence of sense words. Furthermore, there are psychologically primitive concepts for sense words in Sa’adi’s Boostan that span all domains of sensory experience and are activated in presence of certain stimuli to trigger derivation of various literal meanings. Finally, Iranian Culture and lifestyle in Saadi's period play their role as a filter for preventing elements that are not in accordance with Persian culture from appearing in linguistic realization.

Cognitive semantics reaches how the mind works and human experience in understanding concepts through language by studies the meaning. The summary of this approach is that metaphor is not just a linguistic issue; the main origin of metaphor is the mind, but for its emergence, it needs appropriate linguistic, cultural, and social contexts, and the relationship between metaphor and mind, society, and culture is a two-way relationship. Metaphors help abstract areas to be understood based on objective areas. Image schemas are among the conceptual structures that have been paid attention to in this field and are made with a metaphorical foundation to be considered as a bridge for the relation between our physical experiences and more complex cognitive domains and help to understand concepts that are essentially immeasurable. The present study has aimed to analyze the spatial metaphors and volume, movement and power schemas in the sonnets of "Hossein Monzavi" using the descriptive-analytical method and referring to the theory of cognitive semanticists. The findings of the study show that Monzavi used image schemas to visualize concepts such as: love, doubt, desire, hatred, sadness, endurance, happiness, madness. His conceptual metaphors show that love, madness, drunkenness, shame and kindness have a high place in the poet's mental world and in his lived culture; Love is one of the powerful forces in his thought and dominates everything, and after love, division, fate and sadness are at a high level in terms of power.

The present study examines some Arabic Animal proverbs based on the Conceptual Blending Theory of Fauconnier and Turner (2002) in the framework of cognitive semantics. Anderson's (2013) Cognitive Proverb Model claims that proverb meaning is the result of a number of conceptual blending through which base meaning and then situational and performance meanings are constructed. Anderson's model can justify the presence of linguistic, cultural, social and situational elements in proverbs. In this research, six Arabic Animal proverbs have been selected and analyzed according to Anderson (2013) Model through a descriptive-analytic research method. The results show that the meanings of education, sermon, decree, etc. are the result of three blending processes. In the beginning, ANIMAL-HUMAN spaces are combined and through the metaphorical relationship of HUMAN AS ANIMAL, the first blended space, containing basic meaning is formed. This output is combined with the external situation space and makes the second blend involving situational meaning. Finally, the complete meaning of the proverb is created as an action in the relevant situations.

Considering the importance of conceptualizing the parts of words in the form of corporeality theory in linguistics, the present article discusses the multiple meanings of parts of words (head, hair, ears, lips, throat, neck, stomach, chest, nail, leg, tongue, knee, shoulder, mouth, rib, tooth, nose, eye, blood, liver, chin, forehead, skin, beard, breast, armpit, finger, heart, arm, hand) in idioms and proverbs Persian has been paid.

To carry out this research in 2010, idioms and proverbs were collected from the books of Kuche Shamalu, Farhan Farhang Amianeh Abul Hasan Najafi, Farhang Sokhan, Farhang Moein, Proverbs and Rule of Dehkhoda, and Farhang Kenayat Mansour Servat, and based on this corpus, Different meanings of words were extracted and analyzed.

It was found that the part of the word "heart" with the number of 269 out of 2010 uses in proverbs with the highest frequency and the parts of the word "arm" and "thumb" with the number of 1 and 2 with the lowest frequency of the whole use of the part of the word They have s in proverbs.

The organ of the word "heart" as the seat of various feelings, emotions and desires such as love and affection, dependence and attachment, affection and kindness, compassion, honesty, regret, discomfort, resentment, anxiety and worry, cruelty and callousness, fear of The work is done. In addition, cognitive processes such as metaphor and permission and cultural knowledge are important factors in the generation of meaning.

Comparative literature is a kind of interdisciplinary research that talks about the interaction between the literatures of nations. Cognitive semantics is one of the methods of studying language and includes a set of theories, among which the visual schemes are the most pivotal. Omar Khayyam is well-known for his literary position and quatrains in this respect. Precisely, due to his poetic taste, he has expressed his philosophical insights in the form of quatrains. Elia Abu Madi, who is known as a unique poet in Arabic literature, has been influenced by Khayyam's worldly viewpoint in philosophical matters. The present study, after providing general definitions on the subject of cognitive semantics in the framework of visual schema theory in a descriptive-analytical manner with a comparative approach of the American school, is an attempt to study the effect of philosophical and mystical themes on the movement schemas of the Iranian poet "Omar Khayyam" and "Elia Abu Madi". The results of the research show that the thoughts of the two poets on the movement scheme of the concepts like death and the instability of the times are similar in multiple cases. On the other hand, Nothingness and instability are the hallmarks of Khayyam's movement schemes, but Abu Madi believes in the movement scheme of moving from one place to another. The movement schemes condemn the fear of death and the need to use the moments of life and the philosophy of well-being in the poems of both poets.