جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « individualism » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

This article examines a specific category of individualistic tendencies - called social dilemma - during Golestan Saadi's individual teachings. Social dilemma is a category of individualistic tendencies that refers to a specific type of conflict between individual and collective utility; In a way where individual benefit is very impressive, but if most people ignore the collective benefit and behave selfishly, a social disaster will occur. Especially, if the choice of those people has a significant impact on the fate of the whole society according to their position and role in the society. Saadi has used the category of social dilemma to explain some individual teachings in Golestan stories; So that, clearly, the audience of his teaching is aware of being at a social crossroads and advised them to choose the collective benefit - due to the great impact of their decision on the fate of the society. In this article, after classifying the audience of Saadi in his teachings, extracting the teachings and examining the anecdotes in which a social dilemma can be seen, Saadi's address in each anecdote has been analyzed by mentioning the social dilemma in front of them.

Romanticism, one of the most complex and widespread literary schools, emerged as a groundbreaking phenomenon in the late eighteenth-century. The school developed in an era of outstanding scientific, social and political changes in Europe. In the same vein, Iranian constitutional movement introduced Romanticism as a novel intellectual approach in Persian literature. Although Simin Behbahani cannot be regarded as a follower of this literary school, many of her poetic imageries enjoy attributes associated with imagery employed in Romantic poetry. Her poems are similarly replete with imagery which express the poet’s attitude and vision and outstandingly convey her emotions.This article takes a descriptive-analytical approach to Simin Behbahani’s poetry in her three outstanding collection of poems: A case of A Line from Speed and Fire, Arzhan Plain, and A Window of Freedom. The article is an endeavor to study some attributes of romanticism in Simin’s poetry as transformation of nature, individualism, ambiguity in imageries, dynamics of language and transcendence of the images, and melancholy.Ambiguous combinations and imageries, implied meaning and expressions of feelings, transcendence of nature, individual and social melancholy, and personalization of various symbols are amongst attributes which reveal Simin’s poetry to bear influences of romanticism.The findings yield significant implications on Simin Behbahani’s poetry with regards to Persian modifications introduced to romanticism which most visibly concentrate on transcendence of nature and individualism.

There are so many similarities between some cultures and civilizations as to say that the principle of Communicating Vessels is common among them. Therefore, Sufism in Iran has the status of philosophy in Greece, especially the Sufism of the first period – before the sixth century – which has been interpreted as Sufism of the intuition in contrast to the Sufism of later centuries, i.e. Sufism of the rhetoric and of the deception. The ideas and concepts in the Sufism of the first period as well as the words and deeds of some famous Sufis, especially the Sufis of Khorasan, confirm this proposition. For example, manifestations of Greek rationality, crystallized in the behavior and speech of Socrates of Athens, can be found in the behavior and speech of Abu Sachr('39')id Abuchr('39')l-Khayr of Mihana. In this paper, using the analytical-descriptive method and the comparative approach, we have determined the commonalities in the words and deeds of Socrates and Abu Sachr('39')id Abuchr('39')l-Khayr, and have tried to prove the principle that “water stands at the same level in all communicating vessels”.

Phenomenon - The concept of love is the most important and prominent theme of lyrical literature, which has provided the ground for the creation of the greatest literary masterpieces in the field of Iranian and world literature; Beyond, love plays a prominent role in the infrastructure of the world's oldest epics; while the foundation of mystical literature has been laid on love in another way. In contemporary literature, however, love is not a purely romantic concept; Rather, it is linked to other components, has socio-political themes, and has increased efficiency and power; Shamloo, through his familiarity with world literature, has translated a number of works and been inspired by their poetic spirit. After getting acquainted with French resistance poets, especially Aragon, Shamloo was directly influenced by his poetic thoughts and ideas. The authors of this article believe that Shamloo, in his poems and based on Louis Aragon, has reached a different definition of love and has combined it with political and social components; The research approach is comparative and based on its French school; Findings of the research indicate that Shamloo, following Aragon, has used love as a basis for expressing his views on the ideal human being, resisting the path of freedom and seeking the ideal image of the beloved.

Since the year he won the Nobel Prize for Literature, the success of the novels by the Japanese-English writer Casio Ishiguro has been growing. In this regard, the present study, with an empirical and interpretive approach, aims to examine the validity of the elements of modernity in the novel of An Artist of the Floating World in terms of the portrayal of the modernity components in fictional elements based on the Peter Childs’ patterns. This novel focuses on family behavior symbolizing the traditional society in transition to modernity, exploring the components of modernity in concepts such as the desecration of values, the decline of the father's role as authority and manhood in the home, the possibility of controlling family girls, especially younger children. Their ideas depict individualism and loneliness, the dominance of western culture and the western way of life, and the tendency towards indigenous culture. At the end of the story, the narrator's hope for the youth and the next generation is ambiguous because on one hand he hopes for the future but on the other he challenges the onslaught of modernity. The aim of the study is to explain and analyze the impact of modernity on traditional society in the form of a family symbol based on Peter Childs’ patterns.

Carl Gustav Jung, the Swiss psychologist, is the founder of “analytical psychology.” He, unlike Freud, does not limit personality development to childhood, but believes that it occurs throughout man’s life span although the goals in the second phase of life differ from the ones in its first phase. From the goals in the second phase of life, obtaining individuality can be mentioned. In the present paper, using Jung’s analytical psychology, we perform an interdisciplinary reading of Chehel Salegy written by Nahid Tabatabaei in order to demonstrate that the protagonist achieves spiritual development and perfection and individuation in the course of the novel. She embarks on a journey to achieve individuation during which she moves from unconsciousness to consciousness and self-knowledge. Under the guidance of the Wise Old Man, she solves all her inner conflicts, while accepting all her hidden “shadows,” and being united with her animus, she finally ends the journey successfully. In this way, she achieves the complete knowledge of her own self, while also passing midlife crisis.

Having adopted an analytic-descriptive approach, the present study aims at comparatively reading the dialectic relationship between two elements including “imagination” and “individualism” in Percy Bysshe Shelley’s and Farokhzad Farokhzad’s poetry. Imagination and individualism have been extremely highlighted in the works of romantic poets and were also frequently used in the works of the aforementioned poets .However, the obtained results revealed a dialectic relationship between the two elements which clarify the necessity to examine it. Examining the dialectic relationship between the phenomena and concepts originates in philosophy and history which is as long as the history of thought. Dialectic refers to discovering the relationship based on the internal conflicts which commenced following the philosophy of Socrates and Plato and reached its climax following Hegel’s thought. In Shelley’s and Farokhzad’s poetry, imagination originates from the inside of the society although it ultimately changes into something characterized as being an individualist. Nonetheless, the present study shows that contrary to Shelley’s poetry in which individualism and imagination forms only one dialectic relationship with no ultimate synthesis, in Farokhzad’s poetry, this relationship leads to a new “synthesis” which is the poetic making of a kind of “Social Ego”.

Khaqani is a unique poet in ancient Persian literature, since he allows the thorough emergence and appearance of his “I” in his poetry. In his poems, he does not appear only as a poet, but he reveals the appearance of a human who is emotional, excited, love seeker, fighter, freedom seeker, noble, and humanitarian. These features are among those which the Romantics considered themselves to have and which they included in their literary manifesto. In addition to these features, the images in his poetry have the qualities of Romantic images. This means, like the images of Romantic poetry, his are ambiguous and shadowy, structured, united, coherent, timeless, placeless, metaphorical, intellectual, and naturalistic. This article tries to present a further explanation on Romantic manifestations in Khaqani’s poetry and thought. Choosing a descriptive and analytical method, it endeavors to confirm the existence of many similarities between Khaqani’s poetry and the school of Romanticism. The research demonstrates that Khaqani’s personal and emotional poetry is unparalleled in classical Persian poetry.  His poetry has a sentimental, humanistic, and libertarian backdrop. Therefore, it can be argued that the Romantic features of Khaqani’s poetry are unique in classic Persian literature.

The story of the twentieth century is one of aggression, disasters and destruction. Nowadays, authors have been faked and retold the old myths but also have been inspired from them, deformed and mixed with other myths and even created new myths. Also these deformations have occurred in the works of some Iranian novelists. Iranian novelist changes myths and ancient narratives. Writers of this article have been studied reasons of myth usage and its transformation in Persian novels with the use of content analyzing method. In accordance with findings of this research, the most important reasons of changes in structure and usage of myths in new Persian novels are criticizing the metaphysical values, battle with dominant political discourse, individualism and struggle with the mythic thoughts in the society. Authors of these novels have been tried to challenge some political and cultural beliefs of Iran contemporary society by the method of myths deformation.