جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « morphology » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Myths, as one of the essential components of popular literature, encompass culture and its dimensions, including the thoughts, beliefs, customary and ethical rules, as well as the perspectives and worldview of society. They convey a significant portion of the culture of nations to future generations through written and oral forms, utilizing simple and comprehensible language and tone. Women, as part of the human community, have always played an active role in the realm of myths, engaging in behaviors that are either performed by them or attributed to them. These actions are referred to in Propp's model as "functions," and the totality of these functions reflects the image of women in the myths of a nation. The present writing aims to descriptively and analytically examine the image of women and their functions in Kurdish myths, drawing on Vladimir Propp's model, and to explore the roots and factors influencing societal attitudes toward women from this perspective using library resources. Based on the research findings, women in Kurdish myths appear in roles such as daughter, wife, mother, maidservant, old woman, stepmother, neighbor, mother-in-law, aunt, and so on, with frequency order according to their presence. In terms of functions and roles, they perform as malevolent, heroines, princesses, false heroes, benefactors, senders, and helpers. The role of "daughter" has the highest frequency among the characters in Kurdish myths, while "malevolence" ranks as the most frequent function, indicating the society's negative perception of women and their behaviors.

The interface between morphology and syntax has been a disputed issue among linguists. The main goal of this research is to investigate the interface between morphology and syntax and represent the existence of interaction between these two structural modules of language. Therefore, we have studied two productive word formation processes in the language of science. One of them is the result of the module of morphology, but we can assign a syntactic substructure to it. The other one is itself a syntactic entity, but it shows some morphological behaviors. These two processes are respectively noun incorporation and the formation of syntactic phrases. For this purpose, 500 terms from the first dictionary of a collection of terms approved by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, and 500 terms from the sixteenth dictionary of a collection of terms have been chosen randomly and studied in this research. The main framework of this research is the interactional approach. We have also utilized additional tools from other theoretical approaches, such as constructional schemas in construction morphology. The research conducted in this essay depicts the definitions of incorporating nouns, in the dictionaries, to confirm their syntactic structure. On the other hand, losing some syntactic markers in syntactic phrases demonstrates the lexicalization of these structures. This study showed that incorporating nouns had a greater diversity of constructional schemas than syntactic phrases. However, the productivity of syntactic phrases was higher in comparison to incorporating nouns. Furthermore, the usage of syntactic phrases had increased in the ten-year period. As a result, the overall trend was ascending.

The history of Persian literature owes the immortality and influence of its pure didactic and mystical topics in its various forms to the form of “masnavi” poetic genre. Masnavi structure stands as one of the most extensive forms of Persian poetry due to its distinctive feature in rhyming, witnessing the creation of some of the greatest literary masterpieces in the Persian language. The most effective approach to understand and fully comprehend these compositions and to articulate the points of divergence and commonality among them, is to delve into their form and structure. This research undertakes the examination of the external aspects of masnavis from the studied period and delves into the internal exploration of these collections, focusing on their form and structure. Accordingly, the text (the central core) and paratexts (preface and conclusion) of long didactic and mystical masnavis until the end of the seventh century AH are discussed and analyzed. The purpose of this article is to examine the form and shape prevailing in the text and paratext of long didactic and mystical poems in terms of their adherence to the literary traditions of the poets’ era. The authors, recognizing that literary works, as integrative discourses, presupposes the existence of a beginning, middle, and end, endeavor to examine the functions of paratextual elements in seven didactic and mystical masnavis (Hadigat al-Hadigat, Makhzan al-Asrar, Manteq-o-tteyr, Mosibat-Nameh, Ilāhī-Nāma, Bostan and Masnavi). Through the examination of these paratexts, the authors aim to highlight the functions envisioned for the use of these elements and articulate the unique features of Rumi’s Masnavi as the exemplar of masnavis.

This research investigates the use of defamiliarization tools in Mohtasham Kashani's twelve stanzas using a descriptive-analytical method and analysis of findings based on formalist literary criticism. In the morphology of this elegy, linguistic and literary works of art join the chain of emotions and arouse the emotions of the audience along with spiritual ups and downs. Knowing the literary situation, intellectual independence and freedom of reflection, selection of combinations, and variety of themes, Mohtasham draws the artistic effects of words, which strengthens the inner and spiritual background of the poem (emotion). The emotional flow of the poem moves from the personal axis to the social axis and takes the word beyond the cut of a certain time and place, which causes the geographical boundary of the word to be broken and the unity of the stanzas to return to the same circular horizon of Ashura. Besides the theme, Mohtasham's poetry is influenced by the entanglement of emotion and imagination with images and literary works, the natural inspiration of the weight of the poem from the subject’s soul (Karbala incident), the precision in praising the words and refining the meanings (completing and improving the meanings). The most frequent artistic images in this elegy are metaphors, followed by similes. The elements used to make metaphorical images are natural elements and their manifestations, and human elements in metaphors are placed after natural elements in terms of frequency. 

The famous formalist, Vladimir Propp, began the structural analysis of the folkloric stories in 1928 by investigation 100 Russian stories. His model in recent years was studied as one of the common methods of structural analysis of the nation’s stories. Since the Azerbaijani stories, such as folklores with their great and rich precedence, have not investigated structurally, we have tried to study these stories with structural patterns. To do so, ten Azerbaijani Local legends from Samad Behranghi and Behrooz Dehghani selected and edited from Azarbaijani Legends Book and then they were analyzed according to Vladimir Propp theory. In this research, repetition, omission, lack of succession of the functions are obvious and 6-pair related to the studied stories were obtained which do not show complete compatibility with Propp theory. However, by achieving 29 functions from 31 Propp functions, it can found conformity of Propp theory with Azerbaijan legends.

 The learning of German language vocabulary can be investigated from two points of view: "meaning and morphological structure". There are different ways to expand the vocabulary, most of the new words are created by word building method. Since the German language is rich in derivational and compound words, One of the suggested strategies for better learning German vocabulary is teaching vocabulary based on the word-formation knowledge. The two main forms of word formation in the German language are "compounds and derivatives" which make up a wide range of German words, Therefore, the importance of learning German vocabulary based on identifying the root of the word and using morphology becomes more visible. The research problem is that  whether there is a relationship between the teachings of morphology and etymology in learning and expanding potential German vocabulary for the learner of this language? This research aims to measure the effect of using morphological and etymological teachings in increasing the learning of potential German vocabulary. The hypotheses  of  this  research  are  that  etymological  and  morphological  teachings  help  the learner  to  analyze  and  understand  the  meaning  of  new  words  and  also  help  the  learner  to effectively store  and expand new German words in memory.  

Background of the Study: 

There are various theories in vocabulary acquisition according to experts such as Rainer Bohn, Bernd-Dietrich Müller  and others, which  Wolfgang Hallet and Frank G. Königs collected in their vocabulary acquisition chapter, including learning words in the text, classifying words in different situations,  and synonymous and opposite categories, etc, but what this research deals with is the potential vocabulary and the  importance of teaching the rules of word formation in vocabulary lessons. According to Rainer Bohn, it is one of the vocabulary acquisition strategies.  because if the learner is familiar with the rules of word formation, It will also have the ability to infer the meaning of many unknown words. And this  means  that  when  faced  with  many  new  words,  he  tries  to  guess  the  meaning  of those words and less needs to refer to the dictionary.                                                     

Methodologie:  

For this purpose, an experimental method was used, And it is analytical-field type, during which two identical groups of German translation students were tested.To compare the two groups, their class scores were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test. The result of the Mann-Whitney test showed that there is no significant difference between the scores of the two groups at the five percent level, which means that the two groups were equal and at the same level before the test. Then the vocabulary test was held for two groups. Data analysis in this method  is for applying the right statistical or logical technique so that the raw data makes sense.                                              

Vocabulary test results of both groups showed that the vocabulary of the students who learned vocabulary By identifying the root of the word, morphology and word formation rules was wider than the control group.Thus the test results based on statistical analysis and the T-test were checked. In the T-test, the comparison of the average scores of the two groups is significant at the significant level of one percent, and this itself shows a significant difference between the results of the two groups. The result of the statistical analysis on the experiments as well as the hypotheses of the research evaluates the answers to the research questions positively. Therefore, the results of the research show the positive effect of vocabulary analysis in learning and expanding potential German vocabulary.

Formalism is one of the schools of literary criticism that pays attention to the form of the literary work and played a major role in the creation of the theory of structuralism. The best field for formalist theories and structuralism is folk, folkloric and indigenous stories. According to the formalist point of view, all of these stories, while having variable characters, have specific and specific functions and actions. Weiss and Ramin's poem is also a romantic genre with variable characters and specific actions. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the motifs of Weiss and Ramin's story, based on Vladimir Propp's structural model, in order to understand the similarity of the actions of the characters of romantic stories in different forms of the story.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and gathering information through studying, scanning and sampling library documents and databases.

Weiss and Ramin's system has ten suspensions, three climaxes and seventeen functions. The characters are divided into main and secondary categories, where Weiss and Ramin are among the main characters and Mobed, Shiro, Daye, Viro, Zard and Gol are among the secondary characters. From the perspective of prop division, there are seven roles in this system, which are divided into two groups of active and passive characters. Weiss and Ramin are among active actors, and Mobed and Gol are among passive, victim and productive actors.

Based on Vladimir Propp's model of structuralism, it can be concluded that in lyrical stories, even with the existence of different forms and multiplicity of characters, self-work, function and actions are limited and specific.

Lexicology and morphology are among the most influential sciences on meaning and Quran translation. The proximity of the Persian and Arabic languages has led to the use of some vocabulary in both languages, but with different meanings. Additionally, Arabic words are highly variable, and morphology is responsible for examining these changes. These changes in inflected and derived words follow specific rules, and the translators' lack of understanding and application of these rules sometimes leads to confusion with other words, resulting in incorrect translations being presented to the audience. The present study, using an analytical-descriptive method, aims to examin the application of lexicology and morphology in approximately 15 Quranic verses, highlighting examples of translators' errors and suggesting solutions to avoid translation mistakes. The current research issue is focused on the question: ‘What is the application of lexicology and morphology and its importance in Quran translation?’ The most significant finding in the field of lexicology is the proof of the principle of "Not relying on initial mental meanings." The importance of this principle is demonstrated in 9 Quranic verses. Regarding morphology, "Accuracy in the correct form of verbs" and "Precision in tracing the correct roots of words" are the most important research findings. These two principles are applied in 4 Quranic examples, revealing translators' errors in neglecting these principles and highlighting the correct translation.

In his innovative theory, Russian folklorist Vladimir Propp examined the morphology of Russian folktales. Unlike former classifications of these stories which were mostly based on content and theme, Propp’s classification is based on the stories’ form and structure. He realized the first step in rectifying his hypothesis was recognizing and determining the fixed and variable elements of the stories. This article examines and analyzes the morphology of Sheikh Bahai’s Cat and Mouse which consists of several frame narratives and multilayered stories within stories so that this story is composed of a total of thirty-four sub-stories. This article is based on library research and adopts a descriptive hermeneutic content analysis approach and attempts to probe the functions, determine their frequencies, and study them comparatively based on Propp’s morphology. The findings indicate that there are strong intertextual relationships among these stories. Of the thirty-five tales in this work, in addition to Propp’s thirty-one functions, for the first time, seven more functions are discussed in this article which include "escape", "gossip", "commitment", "menace", "hiding", "wager", and "abandonment".

This paper which has been written in a discriptive-analytic manner analyzed and compared the narrative structure of 13 allegorical and symbolic poetic romances. Beyond their romantic and narrative appearance, due to their allegorical, symbolic and mystical themes, these poetic romances have a distinct structure among Persian poetic romances. After analyzing the poetic romances according to Propp's narrative model and discovering a common intertextual link between them all, research results revealed that these romantic poems are similar and close to each other in terms of their structure, function and personality, and that they follow almost the same conventions. These romances are based on 19 main functions and four personality types (hero, princess, helper and villain). The outline of the narrative in these romances indictates the similar structure in them which is a change from equilibrium and a return to a state of equilibrium again. Accordingly, considering the way in which equilibrium and movement are disturbed in the opening scene of the tale, there are two general patterns for the narrative structure of the tales: 1. movement-creation based on the need 2. movement-creation based on the need and wickedness of the villain.

Color terms and color naming is a matter that has frequently drawn the attention of the linguists. Human eyes can identify more than seven million colors. Languages in different cultures have tried to represent lexically a range of them. Color terms and their typology is considered as one of the pivotal studies in recent decades. While there are Persian words for the colors, each year, due to inaccessibility, several non-Persian color terms enter this language. This article is aimed at representing a list of Persian color terms, studying their morphological structure, their localization and enrichment of Persian language and culture. More than sixteen hundred color terms have been collected by the writer. These terms can be divided into simple and complex words. Only 2.74% of Persian color terms are simple and 97.26% of them have complex structure. Persian speakers create color terms through suffixation and syntactic processes. 50.50% of complex color terms have derivational structure and the remaining 46.76% are compound. Derivation and compounding are the most productive and frequent processes in the formation of Persian color terms.

Pahlavi script. These texts have been classified in two groups: religious and nonreligious. Study of these texts is important from linguistics point of view. Among the philosophical, Juridical, scholastically texts of Pahlavi Literature we can find phrases of texts about medicine, geography, phytology, Astronomy, and so on. In this research, the texts of Dinkard III, V, VII, Frahang ōim ēwak, Frahang ī pahlavik, Pāzand text šekand Gumānīg have been investigated form (historical) linguistic point of view. in Pahlavi script. These texts have been classified in two groups: religious and nonreligious. Study of these texts is important from linguistics point of view. Among the philosophical, Juridical, scholastically texts of Pahlavi Literature we can find phrases of texts about medicine, geography, phytology, Astronomy, and so on. In this research, the texts of Dinkard III, V, VII, Frahang ōim ēwak, Frahang ī pahlavik, Pāzand text šekand Gumānīg have been investigated form (historical) l

Amir Arslan Namdar is one of the most popular Iranian folk tales, which has a special place among literary friends in Iran and among Persian speakers around the world. This story created by the creative mind of Naqib al-Mamalek, Naqal Naseruddin Shah, was not only liked by the Shah, but also liked by scholars and polite friends with its narrative elements. The main goal in this collection is to examine the structure and morphology of the most influential characters of this story, based on Propp's theory. found in most Iranian legends. In this collection, influential characters were investigated and according to Propp's theory, these characters were classified into three groups, which include: helpful people, people who have two roles of helping and villain in the story. And the last category are people who only appeared in the role of villains.

Story analysis is the newest method of literary research. It has been the focus of scholars' attention. Many articles such as Comparative Literature by Jafar Hamidi, a faculty member of Shahid Beheshti University, a comparative study of the "design" element in ancient and modern Iranian and world fiction by Mansoureh Sharifzadeh, a faculty member of the Institute of Humanities and the Ministry of Science, have been published in the Journal of Comparative Literature. The formalist method, which led to the school of structuralism, was effective in the research of scholars. The influential figure of the formalist method is Vladimir Propp. Obama studied fairy tales in an attempt to break the story down into the smallest structural unit (thirty-one selfies) and relate it to the whole story. Prop method is the best way to analyze and classify the structure of their epic stories. This article examines the diagram of Propp's work and his method in the story of Alexander and Dara's military honor to determine the extent to which Propp's theory fits into this story. The result of the study shows that the story can be examined with the morphological works of Propp. The story is a movement from balance to imbalance to the final catastrophe. "Achieving" and "failing" are the two basic actions of the story that Alexander seeks to achieve justice and to some extent achieves the position of a prophet. The water of life does not reach the narcissism of the story (conflict and victory); (Conflict and failure).

Akbar Sahraee is one of the most prominent writers of the Holy Defense. The researches that have been written about his works so far are few, so the present article seeks to recognize this valuable work by morphologicallyanalyzing the story collection of " The foot that Sheds ". This research has examined the mentioned collection in areas such as plot, viewing angle, personality, beginning and performance, and scene based on descriptive-analytical method .Some features of the stories in this series such as: the proper beginning and ending, the rule of the causality principle in plot of stories, having non-linear plot, skillful use of techniques such as: naming, dialogue and character description and also the creation of pristine and impressive scenes and spaces, lead the reader to conclude that Sahraee is able to bring a successful work to the Holy Defense literature treasure by observing the technical principles of short story writing.

The folk tales and legends of every nation are full of wonderful events that, by reflecting on them, can reveal the thoughts and beliefs that are rooted in the conscious and subconscious of man.Identifying these ideas and beliefs is a way to better understand the literary and cultural works and, as a result, the growth and permanence of a nation’s linguistic, literary and cultural heritage.One of the most accurate methods of classifying and analyzing the structure and format of stories is Propp’s morphological pattern. With this model, Propp concludes that stories, despite their diversity, have a kind of structural unity.The book “Culture of the Legends of the Iranian People” has been compiled by Ali Ashraf Darvishian and Reza Khandan. The two stories discussed in this article; “King Glim Gosh” and “The King and His Seven Sons” have been selected from that collection.By designing and explaining the narrative structure of fairy tales, Prop believes that stories, while diverse, are united in terms of the diversity of heroic characters and their performance.. The movements of the stories follow each other directly. The story of King Glim is composed of six movements and the story of the king and his seven sons is structured in three movements. Therefore, the mentioned stories correspond to the model of Propp’s analysis and analysis in terms of the course of the story, their characters and actions, as well as the mentioned rituals.

matriarchy refers to a time in previous millennias when women played a special role in society and without them, the lives of the tribe's members would be in danger. In some of the stories of Shahnameh, one can see signs of the matriarchy era. In this research, an attempt has been made to classify the matriarchy stories of Shahnameh with a morphological approach and to provide a model for these stories. For this purpose, after introducing the characteristics of the matriarchy era, a number of mythological narratives that have similar structures in different cultures and whose similarities are same as the events influenced by the matriarchy period are briefly introduced. In the main part of the research, by examining four stories from Shahnameh, namely “Kaikavus and Soodabeh”, “Siavash and Soodabeh”, “Bijan and Manijeh” and “Esfandiar and Katayoun” in terms of morphology, we have shown a common pattern in them: The presence of the goddess of love in these stories causes death or a trouble for the main character of the story as a vegetation deity, and then a return or, in other words, a resurrection occurs for the vegetation god. All of these events are allegorical narratives for the season rotation as a matriarchy myth.

This paper aims at investigating the procedures used by Persian translators to render the sociological concepts and terms into Persian. In this regard, it assesses the quality of these equivalents by considering the morphological aspects of the words in the source and target languages. The data of the current study were collected from 36 sociological books that had been translated into Persian. We analyzed the linguistic structure of 200 sociological terms and their Persian translations from a morphological perspective. Then, some morphological procedures used by Persian translators including compounding, derivation, coinage, backformation, borrowing, acronomy, and clipping are analyzed from a morphological perspective. The result showed that divergent equivalents have been suggested for the same term, and also different transcriptions have been proposed for the same proper name. We show that most of the Persian translators don’t have a sufficient knowledge in Persian morphology. As a result, some derivational and inflectional limitations and potentialities of Persian language have been ignored by them. The results show that only by considering Persian morphology, the translators can propose better equivalents for sociological terminologies.

The present research has investigated the production of derivational affixes in the Surani Kurdish language, based on the corpus of “Kurdpress”. In morphology, the productivity of a suffix was expressed as the number of new words created by that suffix. In this way, the present research has investigated the frequency of the derivational affixes of the Kurdish language in the final position of the word, based on a corpus approach. In the first step of this research, a list of Kurdish suffixes was identified. Then, by using web crawling programming in Python language, the required data was prepared from the Kurdpress news network. The measuring criterion used for the productivity of each of these suffixes is based on the criterion of the p value. Finally, it was determined that the words “چی، دان، ین، زن، یلانە” were among the most productive suffixes in the Kurdish language with a productivity rate of more than 50%. Among the other things discussed in this study is the difference between the concept of productivity and the importance that an affix assigns to itself. The importance of an affix is known in the number of words that are used in the vocabulary list of the language.

From a holistic and teleological point of view, the principle of poetic justice - derived from the idea of natural law - forms the basic structure of most of the old stories and love poetries. As a matter of fact, the pleasure of the story is rooted in the artistic expression of this law. One of the purest classic, romantic works, that complements these two features, is the verified love story of Weiss and Ramin. Therefore, in this article, while avoiding reductionist one-sidedness, this claim is to be examined, using two morphological and phenomenological approaches - which incidentally confirm each other in convergent paths in this story.

Morphology of the main movements based on love The morphological analysis of the work, which emphasizes the spesific role of different types of love, the structure of movements, and the way events are embeded in the organized body of the story, indicates its central idea of ​​the victorious end of human emotions and destruction and decline of evil and inhuman desires. This idea in this approach is in line with the nature and general purpose of the stories. The morphology of folk tales can be considered a big step in proving the institutionalization of the doctrine of natural law and Poetic justice in stories because we see that in Weiss and Ramin, according to the morphological rule, the story begins with the illicit (irrational) love of Moobad to Shahroo (in the place of evil or initial deficiency) and expands. So the signs of permissible love (rational) between Weiss and Ramin in the story gradually appears and evolves. 2-2. Phenomenology of other events and behaviors Interpreting each of the events and behaviors according to its relation to other events and to the whole story, regardless of the presuppositions and effects of previous experiences, shows that Weiss and Ramin story expresses the lived experiences of the characters in facing the system of punishment and reward with a demanding time and place requirements. Generally, in this story, two categories, consistent or inconsistent with the evolutionary and justice-oriented end of the story, can be examined. Factors contradictory and inconsistent with natural law (evil wills, false beliefs, traditions, etc.) remain suppressed or unfulfilled. On the contrary, factors in line with natural law (natural and supernatural events, enlightened thoughts, etc.) destroy those disparate factors or prepare the ground for the manifestation of this law.

The results of a morphological study of the structure of the story, and also the phenomenological look at cognitive content of the emotions of love and other natural or supernatural events - affecting the story and how to understand their meanings in the lived experiences of the characters - show its justice-oriented system. In this relation, to better explain and analyze the phenomena of love - which are collected in this story - some philosophical perspectives have also been used. Generally, this is a valuable work that has a special place among Persian language romances. It acquaints the thoughtful reader with concepts such as love and lust, belief and rationality, and the role of the human will against the principle of natural law. This is achieved by looking at the whole and considering its totality and ultimate goal instead of a superficial and cross-sectional view.