resistance literature

Mutakal Taha is one of the prominent contemporary Palestinian poets who has used his poetic art to create valuable works in the field of resistance literature and depicting the horrific events of the Palestinian land, and their sacrifices and struggles. His poetry is a picture of the steadfastness, freedom-seeking and struggles of the Palestinian people and the horrendous crimes of the Zionist occupiers. The poet, with an understanding of the sensitive atmosphere of his time, seeks to fulfill his social mission of raising awareness among the Palestinian people and continuing steadfastness until he achieves his aspirations. However, in the shadow of other great figures of resistance literature, he has not been introduced as he deserves and has been somewhat neglected. In this context, this research, using an analytical and descriptive method, explores the most important themes of resistance in his poetry. The findings of this research show that; With his rich poetic feeling and power of expression, he has been able to beautifully depict the sacrifices of the oppressed Palestinian people and keep the spark of hope alive in their hearts. Description of the savagery of the occupiers and the depiction of their crimes, hope for freedom and liberation and return, struggle and invitation to steadfastness, keeping the Palestinian Intifada alive and supporting it, opposition to dialogue and compromise with the occupiers, peace-loving, description of the hardships of prison and steadfastness in the face of it, depicting the pain and suffering of Palestinian children, betrayal and policies of Arab leaders to the Palestinian cause, raising awareness and warning against trusting the enemy, are among the most important themes of Mutakal Taha's poetic discourse.

Any warfare requires the right weapons and tools, and, in general, one of the reasons for dominating one side against the other engaging in a fight is how is efficiently used the type of weapons they have. This duty has always been on the shoulders of the art and literature of nations to immortalize the spirit of valor and epics, battles and bravery of their nations. When the poet's poetries turn into songs and music, they reach boundlessness and scope and break through the usual geographical and defined boundaries. The present study, by using a descriptive, analytical method and a library tool, aims to examine the musical works that are adopted from the poems of two great Iranian and Chilean contemporary poets: Hamid Sabzevari and Victor Jara. The results of this research indicate that the poems of Hamid Sabzevari became an epic and musical work during the victory of the Islamic revolution and the sacred defense and had an irreplaceable contribution in the victories of the Islamic revolution and the sacred defense, But, since they had not been translated into other languages, the extent of his influence has not gone globally. However, on the other hand, Victor Jara's poetry and music have successfully received a lot of attention due to their global aspect and their translation in different languages of the world, especially Latin America and even Iran.

The works of resistance literature can reflect how Iranian society resisted and persevered against foreign powers and oppressive governments. The Jungle Movement, led by Mirza Kuchak Khan, symbolizes Iranian resistance against tyranny and colonialism, foreshadowing the Iranian Islamic Revolution. A significant portion of the beliefs and ideas of the movement's leaders and activists were expressed through poetry in Persian and Gilaki in “the Jangal Newspaper” (the movement's official publication). This paper analyzes the content of poems in “the Jangal Newspaper”, as part of resistance literature, to identify its most prominent themes. Our findings show that patriotism and nationalism, calls for unity and solidarity, emphasis on Islamic identity, anti-foreign sentiment and criticism of international policies, criticism of domestic issues, calls for armed rebellion, and the defense of values like independence, freedom, and justice are key components of resistance literature reflected in the newspaper's poems.

Resistance literature expresses the pains and struggles experienced by nations or specific segments of society during pivotal historical moments. As such, it is a continuous representation of opposing forces, juxtaposing life against death and freedom against oppression. Consequently, resistance literature in each period is molded by the distinctive characteristics of that era and is influenced in form, content, and orientation by the environmental, historical, social, and political conditions of the time. Turkish resistance literature, likewise, has evolved in response to diverse historical developments and socio-political events, reflecting unique attributes and adopting new forms with each phase of its existence. The significant impact of various incidents, coupled with Turkey’s involvement in both World Wars, has lent Turkish resistance poetry considerable depth and diversity, allowing it to pass through numerous developmental stages.

The theme of anti-tyranny is one of the most basic components of resistance literature which is reflected in the poetry of contemporary poets, sometimes through a clear and direct expression and sometimes through a mysterious and symbolic language.  One of the famous contemporary poets who has always paid special attention to social concepts in his poems is Houshang Ebtehaj.  In this research, it is  intended to use the analytical-descriptive and library method to investigate the poems of this contemporary poet, and identify the symbols he has used to explain the concept of oppression.  The results of this research indicate that, in addition to the flow of social romanticism, Ebtehaj has also been influenced by the flow of social symbolism, and in his poems, he has used various symbols to show social themes and themes of resistance.  This contemporary poet has used various symbols, but his approach to symbolism regarding this theme is not an innovative and personal approach; rather he has often tried to harmonize using general and natural symbols that other contemporary poets have also used.  Also, the most used symbol of oppression in Houshang Ebtehaj's poems include the symbol of the night, which is repeated 42 times in his poems

Shahnameh by Abul Qasim Ferdowsi is teemed with historical, cultural, linguistic, and territorial identity elements and symbols. This work is also known as one of the outstanding works of the civilizational sphere of Greater Iran. This valuable literary epic has had a wide impact on different countries and ethnic groups and, as a literary and cultural masterpiece, has played a very important role in preserving and strengthening the national and cultural identity of Afghanistan. Shahnameh, in Shahnameh readings and gatherings held at various ceremonies and celebrations, is of great importance for increasing the fighting spirit and sense of pride of Afghan soldiers and heroes. This epic work, with its attractive description and beautiful depiction of warriors and warriors, strengthens the motivation and enthusiasm for defending the homeland and national values ​​in the hearts of the Afghan people. The deep connection of Shahnameh with the literature of stability in Afghanistan indicates the unparalleled impact of this work on the historical resistance of that land and has always been known as a symbol of the national and cultural values ​​and ideals of Afghanistan.

Resistance literature in Syria has long been considered one of the main literary branches due to its proximity to the occupied territories and the Quds issue, which has been the main concern of the Islamic world and the world's freedom seekers for many years, and many poets and writers have been raised in this circle.The intellectual line of resistance in the works of Syrian poets and writers begins at the beginning of the 20th century and reaches its peak in the year (1917 AD) at the same time as the beginning of the Treaty with Lefour and continues until the beginning of the disaster of occupation (1967-1948 AD). The killing and imprisonment of writers and poets is one of the most important features of this period.From (1967-1987 AD) following the defeat of the Arabs in the Six-Day War, the first intifada began. The poetic themes of despair, displacement, protest, strengthening the spirit of indomitability, promoting the culture of martyrdom, calling for struggle and resistance, etc. can be seen.The Stone Intifada begins in the fall of 1987. The superiority of poetry over exposing the crimes of the usurping regime and paying attention to aesthetic issues is one of the characteristics of resistance literature of this period.Studying the works of poets and writers of the Syrian resistance leads us to the conclusion that they appear in the role of social fighters in their works and turn to poetry, stories, and plays to raise awareness and fight against oppression and to convey the message of dignity and respect. bring a person to the ears of the world. They praise their homeland with wonder and wish to free Palestine from the clutches of usurpers.The poets and writers of the Syrian resistance, with their bravery and sacrifices, have been able to ignite the sparks of hope in the wounded hearts of Palestine in order to continue life and preserve their historical and cultural identity against the aggression of the Zionist regime, and bring the feeling of strength and militancy into the field of poetry and prose. Also, create beautiful images of epic creations and struggles of the Arab world.

Moaz Al-Junaid is a Yemeni poet and one of the symbols of contemporary Yemeni poetry. He played an active role in the popular resistance since the Saudi coalition’s aggression against Yemen in 2015 until now. He used poetry as a weapon to defend his people and a means of expressing his suffering and pain, as his poems are characterized by frankness, directness, and vitality. Al-Junaid was interested in the issues of the Yemeni homeland and had a major, active, and effective role in arousing enthusiasm and encouraging souls to struggle in the face of enemies and occupiers. This study seeks to shed light on the poetry of Moaz Al-Junaid on the "X" (formerly Twitter) platform and focus on the most important themes of resistance and its elements in his poetry according to the descriptive and analytical approach. Among the most prominent findings of the article is that the poet employed technical poetic experience in all its forms, and benefited from social media in publishing and creating an aesthetic impact. For the recipient/follower, in terms of the themes of his poetry, the poet pushed his poetic experience to serve his country, defend it, defend the Palestinian cause, and condemn the war and occupation in all its forms via the information network because it helps him communicate better with his audience and speak on behalf of Yemen and its people .

Literature that emerges under the influence of conditions such as suffocation and tyranny and the deprivation of individual and social freedoms and professions in order to assert itself against internal and external currents is called resistance literature. Such literature is valuable. For it is a voluntary reaction to the invasion and aggression of internal and external enemies. This literature contains elements such as drawing the faces of the suffering people, calling for struggle, depicting the crimes of the enemy, glorifying the dead and creating hope for the future, glorifying the fatherland and using national and historical symbols. This literature is realistic and has the components of realism, such as detailed description, the third person of the narrator and typification. Sahar Khalifa in her novel Rabi Har and Afaf Khalaf in Loghat-Alma depict Palestine as the main source and show the struggle and confrontation between Israelis and Palestinians. This investigation, carried out using the descriptive-analytical method within the framework of library studies, aims to answer the question of how these two novels reflect the components of resistance literature. The results of this research show that the description of the occupiers' crimes, such as the destruction of houses, mosques and schools, the looting of property and agricultural products, and the struggle of the people and the creation of terror are among the themes of the two novels.

The narrative mode of Passages, a novel by Fatin Al-Murr, employs the focalization to establish the point of view presented in the story. This technique focuses on who observes the story rather than who narrates it. Gérard Genette identifies three levels of focalization: zero, internal, and exterior. In Passages focalization is utilized to depict two seemingly contradictory identities through the perspectives of two narrators (Darine and Najwa). Each character embodies a unique identity shaped by the Israeli occupation, representing the Palestinian Christian and Muslim communities in Lebanon and the refugee camps, as well as the Palestinian Muslim population. This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on Gerard Genette's theory of focalization to examine the author's style in Passages and its portrayal of the reality of the Arab world during the Israeli occupation. This study identifies the presence of all three focalization patterns, with the perspectives of Darine and Najwa serving as primary vehicles for storytelling. The introspective narrative within the novel is predominantly channeled through Najwa's perspective, characterized by her profound understanding of the Palestinian conflict. Through a series of exchanged letters, Najwa endeavors to enlighten her Christian friend about the brutal massacres and injustices unfolding in Palestine.

In recent years, concurrent with the culmination of injustice and systematic discrimination in Afghanistan, the poetry of justice-seeking has also soared. Especially when a group of citizens were deprived of their rights due to the change in the direction of the "Totap" project, there were massive demonstrations in Kabul and other cities of Afghanistan. The second demonstration in May, 2015 in Kabul, was subjected to suicide attacks due to the negligence of the government, and 87 elites and educated people were martyred and many were injured. The poetry collections "Demands Fresh Blood from Us Everyday", "Scream for the Light" and "Verses of Light" were compiled and published immediately after the second bloody event of May. There are more than 140 poets, living in Afghanistan or abroad, whose poems have been collected in these collections. In addition to these poets, the poems of some Persian poets and an American poet have also been included in these collections.

The comparison between Iranian and Arabic literature, due to the social and cultural commonalities of the two nations, adds new achievements to the comparative literature. In the analysis of the aesthetics of poetry, the elements of surface structure and deep structure, and the harmony between them play an important role. These elements, however, are not completely correct and unchanged. It is necessary to observe beauty elements, but not enough, because part of the beauty of the poem depends on the extent to which they are employed, and the other part depends on the elements that are felt; how beautiful these works are, however, is a matter of taste as well and cannot be determined only by relying on rhetorical criteria in those poems. Hamed Askari (born 1361) is an Iranian lyricist and poet. His poetry books "A Tale of  Toranj and Baluch", "The Lady as You Are", "Dark Blue", "Fairy of the Night: a  Book of Songs" have been published so far. Ali Al-Jalavi is also a contemporary Bahraini poet and writer. He turned to poetry from the age of fourteen, and his poetry appeared as revolutionary, as a youth. During his teenage years, he joined Bahraini freedom circles and became acquainted with politics. For the first time at the age of seventeen, he criticized the situation in the country and was arrested for it. In 1995, he was arrested for the second time and was sentenced  to prison till 1998.

Resistance literature is considered to be an important factor in the history of Iran, and has played an important role in preserving the homeland and protecting it. When it is connected with the element of imprisonment, the sacrifice, tolerance and courage of the warriors are manifested more vividly and the audiences’ belief  in them is strnghtened. Habsiyeh, or prison literature, which includes the thoughts and feelings of the prisoners, plays an important role in describing the post-war experiences. In this study, the memoirs of Seyyed Naser Hosseinipour in the captivity of the Baathist forces are examined. Hosseinipour has focused his attention on imprisonment and captivity in the novel "The Leg Left Behind". In the examination of the level of thought in the novel seven components were observed:1) Physical torture including using a club and cable, looking at the sun, sitting on hot ground, hanging from the ceiling, electric chair, thirst, not treating the wounds. 2) Mental torture including: playing songs, forming queues for counting the prisoners, the state of toilets and bathing, the state of food, the presence of lice. 3) The internal state of prisoners including: sadness, loneliness, longing, hopelessness, worry, fear, complaint, patience and resistance, apology, maintaining ones’ pride, weakening of spirit for disease and lack of health, threats, humiliation. 4) humor and creativity in captivity 5)The presence of spies in captivity 6)Religious beliefs and celebrations in prison 7)Entertainment devices in captivity

Bakhtin paved the way for a new conceptual approach in the novel by introducing the two concepts of "conversational logic" or "dialogue" and "polyphony". Accordingly, the main issue of the present study is to assess the position of the "other" and polyphony in Iranian sustainability novels whose main characters and authors are women, and to what extent the works have approached polyphony by observing the boundaries of neutrality? In the body of the article, which was conducted on the basis of a descriptive-analytical method, Bakhtin's views about the presence of "another" in the text with his two key concepts (dialogue and polyphony) are described and studied in the novels in question, prior to anything. As the results of the study have indicated, these novels cause acquaintance and cognition of "other", and regocnize the thoughts and ideas of the characters in accordance with the Heroes. Polyphony helps the characters have a chance to speak and introduce themselves to the readers. Variety of perspective in the considered novels has been emerged as a narrator shifts within several consecutive chapters and the narrator changes. This narrative method exists in the forms of monophonic (first person), monologue (hadith of the soul), first person observer, and third person. What is called "another" or polyphony in war novels is the presence of the enemy. Precisely, the presence of "another" in the studied novels is only transient and independent of conversations.

One of the most important theories of Bakhtin is dialogism and polyphony, which happens to be in close connection with each other. Polyphony refers to the equal distribution of sounds in a text. By introducing the two concepts of "conversational logic" and "polyphony" in the book entitled as; the Problems of Dostoyevsky's Literary Theory, Bakhtin laid the foundation for the invention of a new concept called intertextuality by Julia Kristeva.

Examining the personality of women and their issues is one of the important topics of the fiction literature of the Holy Defense. Although these people were mostly active behind the fronts, their role is not only not less than men, but in some cases it has been more when it comes to the fields of service and support. The present research was carried out using a descriptive and analytical method via targeting the statistical population of the works of female writers in the “holy defense” literature. Such works of art have been studied and analyzed based on Bakhtin's theory of polyphony.

Having investigations over the personality of women and their issues is one of the prominent topics of the fiction literature of the Holy Defense. Although these people were mostly active behind the fronts; But in the field of service and support, their role is not only not less than men, but in some cases it has been more. The selected novels have been studied and analyzed based on Bakhtin's theory of polyphony. Changing the dialogues between the characters of these stories has led to a sufficient understanding of the characters. What is evident in these stories is the different characters and their verbal communication. The current research intends to use Bakhtin's theory of polyphony to deal with the following topics, such as investigating the people's personality, ideology and thoughts.

Integrating the monologue method, Carnivalesque, monotony, and allowing the other (enemy) to express their theories (especially the novel, I am alive), the female characters (Comprisign a wide range from the author to the female protagonist in the novels) using the monologue method, have portrayed a face of the righteousness of the holy defense. Polyphony, in these novels, has led to the recognition of the "other". The presence of this "other person" in the studied novels, except the novel I am alive and “Da”, which, in some scenes, is done as a direct conversation with the enemy, is only in passing and without conversations. In general, it can be cocluded that, despite the presence of different voices and different viewpoints, as "the other", the novels are still far from the characteristic of dialogism from Bakhtin's point of view. Because, due to his democratic belief, he does not accept any superiority of one voice over another and he believes that all voices must be heard at the same level

This research examines the role and methods of linguistic elements in the display of self-identity and self-demarcation with others in the poetry of Samih Al-Qassim in the book "Demi ala Kafi". "Demi ala Kefi" is a collection of Samih's steadfast poems in which he has tried to defend his homeland and countrymen through poetry; A homeland whose land is the ancestral heritage of a nation and has been occupied by foreigners due to the weakness or betrayal of the leaders of the time. In this work, the poet sees poetry as a weapon that should be used to defend the oppressed and fight against the oppressor. The upcoming research tries to analyze and examine the way of demarcation between self and other in this work by examining the literary and linguistic methods used in the poem. And to answer the question of how literary and linguistic elements have played a role in demarcating insider and outsider? And it comes to the conclusion that methods such as repetition and rotation of the pronoun have played an essential role in introducing the Palestinian identity and creating a boundary between oneself and the other.

The collection of stories from War City, which was discussed in this research, won the title of the best book of the year of Holy Defense (2003) and the first place for the best book in 20 years of writing stories of Holy Defense. In this research, the short stories in this collection, which reflect the events of the war days and to some extent the conditions of the warriors, have been discussed from a narrative perspective and analyzed for content. With a narratological view emphasizing the structure of the narrative, he tries to delve beneath the surface and structure of the text to reach its inner layers. The narratological analysis of the collection of stories in War City shows that Ahmadzadeh, in this work, uses techniques and makes intelligent choices of point of view to expose the reader to the challenges of war from a new perspective each time. In fact, Ahmadzadeh has demonstrated his skill and success by opting to rarely use the second person point of view in narrating three stories from this collection. The analysis of the content of this work also revealed that the author occasionally incorporated unique and diverse themes from resistance literature, including showing empathy towards the enemy's families and discussing war tactics in the short story. This research is based on library research and descriptive analytical methods.

Resistance literature serves as a reflection of the embodiment of truth and a wellspring of enlightenment. Resistance poetry can be likened to a poem with two guiding principles: "justice and freedom," while simultaneously acting as a guardian of human dignity (Ismaili, 2003: 79). The literary works of any nation narrate the unfolding events within that nation, and poets and writers bear a profound responsibility in this regard. Their duty is to depict and immortalize the occurrences transpiring in their society. These individuals are conscious of their role in shaping their society's destiny and do not merely stand by as passive observers. Among these dedicated poets is Abbas Moshfegh Kashani. Abbas Keymanesh, born in 1925 and known as "Moshfegh," is a prominent figure in contemporary sonnet composition. His style is influenced by Iraqi traditions, occasionally infused with elements of Indian style. Moshfegh Kashani, for the most part, adheres to the tenets of classical poetry, except for adapting his content to align with religious and revolutionary ideals (Kakaei, 2006: 36). Moshfegh Kashani, alongside other poets who sought innovation within the confines of traditional Persian poetry during this era, maintains the mental framework of their sonnets consistent with conventional sonnet structures. Moshfegh is notably recognized for composing numerous poems after the commencement of the imposed war, focusing on themes such as the holy defense, martyrdom, sacrifice, and the heroic exploits of warriors (Beigi Habibabadi, 2003: 1105). Given that Sirang's poetry collection encompasses Moshfegh Kashani's resolute poetry, featuring verses dedicated to revolution, religious figures, martyrdom, the holy defense, liberated individuals, and veterans, among others, this research centers its analysis on this anthology.

One way to gain knowledge on the basics of resistance culture and the ways of teaching these principles is to conduct scientific studies in the field of popular culture and literature. Regarding the components of resistance literature, such as praising the Karbala incident, defending the homeland, praising heroes and martyrs, fighting against oppression, and so on in the Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi epic poems, the present study is aimed towards analyzing resistance patterns as one of the components of resistance literature in the Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi epic poems. There are mythical persona (Ki Khosro, Bahram, Arash Kamangir, etc.), epic characters (Rostam, Siavash, etc.) and historical characters (Ariobarzen and...) in the Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi epic poems that can instantiate the resistance patterns. The data for the present study come from library resources. Also, the researchers employed qualitative method to analyse data.  The analyses suggest that it can be said that the role models to stimulate and encourage the fighters in the battlefields in the epic poems of Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi are mostly mythological and epic characters that are, in one way or another, borrowed from Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. In addition, in the majority of poems, there is a deep connection between mythical and historical characters and Bakhtiari and Boyer Ahmadi ethnic heroes. This, in fact, inspires the spirit of victory and role model derived from Iranian mythology

The scientific pathology of resistance literature research is one of the necessities of this field, which can be useful in identifying scientific problems and weaknesses and achieving research-oriented solutions and policies in this field.The research method of this study was exploratory. Information was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with eleven professors and experts, and thematic analysis method and MaxQuda software were used to analyze them.The categories extracted from the perspective of the interviewees about problem analysis in resistance literature include: separation of question and problem in scientific researches; The conflict between the mind and the object as the origin of the formation of the problem; Formation of the problem free from bias and resistance; authenticating the scientific method; Updating issues in the field of resistance literature and in-depth insight into them.   Damages in the field of research in two levels of scientific and research damages; And structural and organizational damages were investigated.To solve the problems at both levels, solutions were presented by the interviewees, among which the following can be mentioned:Determining policies, guidelines, and road map; Identifying strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats through fundamental research and situational assessment; Forming an information bank and networking of activists and those interested in this field; Expanding national and international communication by holding a conference.

Since the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war, three generations of writers have written novels on the resistance. In these novels, in line with the changes that have taken place in the social, cultural and political arenas of the society, one can observe a gradual transformation and the emergence of new types of discourse. Ebrahim Hasanbeigi's novel Ashkaneh is one of the works in the resistance literature written during two decades after the war with an almost different approach compared to previous works. An important theme highlighted in this work is the transformation in macro-structures and ideals after the war. Through a descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to examine the discourse in the novel Ashkaneh based on Fairclough's critical approach and to answer the question ‘Does the discourse of the story serve to maintain the ideological power relations in the layers of the social structure or does it aim to weaken and transform it?’. The findings of the research indicate that the author of the novel presents the developments caused by the dominance of construction discourse at the social, cultural and economic levels of the post-war society and highlights the changes that have occurred in the identity of this period. Thereby, it criticizes the semantic system that dominates the era of construction and weakens the existing power relations in the layers of the social structure in this period.