جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "theory" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

The question of whether literary criticism and theory existed in Iran's literary past or not is a question that has arisen in recent decades with the spread of modern literary criticism in Iran. In response to this new question, researchers and literary critics have different orientations. These orientations go back to the motivations and thoughts of these researchers and critics. Some believe in the existence of criticism and literary theory in Iran's past, and some do not accept this. The reasons of the second group are not very convincing. Also, it cannot deal with the evidence and signs of the existence of criticism and literary theory in those days. Iran's literary past has not been without criticism and literary theory; But with the definition of literary criticism and theory that existed in those days, and that definition should not be exactly the same imported definition that is common today of literary criticism and theory. Literary criticism in its modern sense is: creative, theoretical and methodical reading of the text to understand its secondary meanings and implied meanings. It is also a meaning-making approach and a new understanding of the text that is provided by reading the text in a new frame of reference. The theories that make modern literary criticism and differentiate between its types are interdisciplinary theories (see. Culler, 2000: 14). These theories are taken from such sciences as linguistics, psychology, sociology, etc. Unfortunately, sometimes the argument about the presence or absence of modern literary criticism and theory in Iran's past has caused neglect in identifying the tradition of literary criticism in those days and analyzing its characteristics and aspects. This essay believes in the existence of criticism and literary theory in the past of Iran and analyzes the tradition of theorizing and criticism. Because it intends to examine its features and coordinates and introduce a type of theme-oriented literary theory in Iran's past and the literary criticism formed based on it. We have called this type "mystic literary theory and criticism" considering its intellectual foundation and scope.  

This article is a theoretical and developmental article. So this article is written with a descriptive-analytical method. Library sources are used in this article. First, the resources are valued and classified. Then, conclusions were drawn from the information received from them. 

So far, various models have been presented for the typology of literary theories. In our opinion, the model proposed by Raman Selden and Peter Widdowson is the most efficient model for the typology of literary theories. This model was designed with the influence of Roman Jacobsen's (1896-1982) language communication model:Theories addressed to the author: romantic-humanist theories.
Reader-oriented theories: Reader-oriented and
 phenomenological theories.
Theme-oriented theories: Marxist theories.
Text oriented theories: formalist theories and new criticism.
Theories focused on code: structuralist theories.
Koresh Safavi has exactly imitated this model and quoted it in his books, Familiarity with Linguistics in Persian Literature Studies (2019) and Familiarity with the Theory of Literary Criticism (2012).
     According to the ideas presented and the models proposed to identify the types of literary theories, mystical literary theory is considered a subject-oriented theory. Because it has the greatest tendency to the subject. In mystical literary theory, meaning and content are important. This great content and meanings are closely related to "religion". The origin of the keyword "religious poetry" in mystical literary theory is here. In the mentioned discourse, this trend towards meaning versus the trend towards the form or the trend towards the container instead of the container has found many reflections in various fields of philosophy, politics, sociology, psychology, etc That It should be checked. In the following, for example, some manifestations of this problem have been discussed only in the literary opinions of Sufis. In the mystical literary theory, "what to say" is original and more important than "how to say" and this has made the literary work, whether it is a story or a poem, in the most optimistic state, only a tool to fulfill this desire. In the mystical intellectual atmosphere, poetry and poetry have been ridiculed in at least two aspects and considered worthless:The mystics were dependent on religion, and in religion, a poet has not had a pleasant image. The Qur'an describes poets as those who lead astray; They wander in every valley and do not do what they say (Shuara/226-224). In some verses, the Prophet of Islam has been cleared of the slander of poetry and the Qur'an has been cleared of the slander of poetry, and it has been said that the dignity of the Prophet is higher than these.
Until the development of mystic poetry, according to social and economic requirements, poetry mainly belonged to praise poets and a means to praise kings and powerful people. The poet has been looking for wealth with these poems. Romantic topics and descriptions in these poems are also about earthly (worthless) loves.

D Accepting modern literary theory and criticism is necessary and correct. But not in such a way that the fascination and fascination with it leads to the idea of the ineffectiveness of our literary tradition of literary theory and criticism. In the literary past of Iran, there has been literary criticism with a special definition of literary criticism in those periods. Since literary criticism is basically a theoretical practice, then there has been a literary theory in the literary tradition. These theories, which are found in the poetic treatises of philosophers and literary critics, rhetorical books, historical books, biographies and poetry collections, can be classified Based on the models used in the classification of modern literary theories.
According to the models presented in this regard, the mystical literary theory is a theory focused on the subject and is formed on the basis of the ideas and opinions of the Sufis. In mystical literary theory, content and meaning are superior to structure and form. This problem is the center of gravity of mystical literary theory and has shown itself in various ways in the discourse of literary criticism of Sufism. In this theory, the superiority of content over form has led to the dislike of poetry as a common literary form in those days. Also, in rating poets, religious poets are superior to praise poets. When talking about the story, it is looked at as a shell whose credibility is based on the content and the brain that is placed in it.

The scientific pathology of resistance literature research is one of the necessities of this field, which can be useful in identifying scientific problems and weaknesses and achieving research-oriented solutions and policies in this field.The research method of this study was exploratory. Information was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with eleven professors and experts, and thematic analysis method and MaxQuda software were used to analyze them.The categories extracted from the perspective of the interviewees about problem analysis in resistance literature include: separation of question and problem in scientific researches; The conflict between the mind and the object as the origin of the formation of the problem; Formation of the problem free from bias and resistance; authenticating the scientific method; Updating issues in the field of resistance literature and in-depth insight into them.   Damages in the field of research in two levels of scientific and research damages; And structural and organizational damages were investigated.To solve the problems at both levels, solutions were presented by the interviewees, among which the following can be mentioned:Determining policies, guidelines, and road map; Identifying strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats through fundamental research and situational assessment; Forming an information bank and networking of activists and those interested in this field; Expanding national and international communication by holding a conference.

Tariq Bakari (1988) is an activist in the field of fiction in Morocco, whose main literary activities are social novels, in each of which, social issues and problems are dealt with intelligently. The novel " Al-Qatil al-Ashqar " is one of her outstanding works in which the author has meticulously portrayed the bitter truths of a social environment full of corruption and restraint and the burden of her society.. In this work, she tries to show the influence of two important family environments and the social environment in the formation of her fictional characters, who are in fact a picture of the real characters of the social environment. Obviously, in any story, the "characters" play a major role in recounting the events and their sequence; For this reason, paying attention to the actions and behavior of the characters opens the reader's mind to a door of ideas hidden in the writer's mind. Hence, with the help of the basics of psychology, it is better to understand the hidden and deep layers of the characters and the causes of their behavior; Therefore, one of the most important areas of psychological analysis of characters is the analysis and critique of literary texts, especially fiction and novels. Because, in this approach, based on different theories of psychology and its greats, it is possible to analyze the various and even contradictory behaviors of the characters and people in the story. In this regard, the psychological theory of "interaction behavior analysis" is one of these important and practical theories that can be used to evaluate the psychological aspects of the characters, especially in the story. This theory is often used to analyze and analyze human behavior. This study, for the first time, examines and analyzes the novel " Al-Qatil al-Ashqar " from the perspective of an interdisciplinary study method from the perspective of a coherent psychology. This is important in that the characters and their interactions form a major part of Eric Byrne's theory as well as the atmosphere of the present story. In addition, by examining the present novel based on the views of Eric Byrne, one can understand the psychological dimension of the characters and the reasons for some of their actions and in contrast to other people; Therefore, addressing such issues can be an effective step in understanding the subtleties and details of literary works in general and the present novel in part. The purpose of this article is to pay close attention to the formation of interrelationships and the structural pathology of sensual states (parent, adult, child) in the story of " Al-Qatil al-Ashqar " and to answer the following questions:-According to the theory of "reciprocal behavior" analysis, the behavior of the characters in this story is rooted in which mental and educational states?
- The chain of relations between the characters in the interaction with each other is based on which mental states?
-To what extent is the analysis of "reciprocal behavior" successful in identifying the psychological aspects of the characters in the story?

In the present article ، the descriptive-analytical method and based on the theoretical foundations of "Eric Byrne's analysis of reciprocal behavior" has been studied and analyzed by the novel "The Killer of Ashqar". Research materials of this research are provided by referring to libraries, related dissertations, reputable domestic and foreign journals as well as reputable domestic and foreign websites.

The results show that the characters of the novel " Al-Qatil al-Ashqar " in the form of cases and except in a few cases, are influenced by the dimension of "parent" and therefore, based on mental states, anxiety, conflict and fear. They treat each other. Of course, each of these factors causes itself to change and move from one area to another. In addition, the study of the characters and the analysis of the existential states of "I" in them, as well as the analysis of their mutual behavior, show that the more psychologically close the characters are, the more they are in a complementary relationship with each other. And the farther apart they are, the farther apart they are. In general, it can be said that the author seeks to express and create states of anxiety and tie it to some of the moral anomalies of society, and since in the society in question, most behaviors are not based on rational behavior but on norms. The ruler of the society takes place, therefore, the dominance of the parental spirits over the characters of the story prevails.

The investigation of literary theories in Persian literature, especially poetry, has always been new. Undoubtedly, Persian poetry has the ability to be studied and adapted to modern theories. The theory of "anxiety of influence" followed by "creative misreading" by Harold Bloom, a famous American theoretician and critic, which is proposed in the field of poetry and emphasizes the dialectical relationship between poets and the militant relationship of late poets with past poets, with poetry Persian, especially contemporary poetry, has a strong connection. Simin Behbahani"s poems, as one of the most modern and different-minded contemporary poets, can be fully examined in elements such as language, structure and meaning with these theories. The author"s goal in this article is to prove the compatibility of Behbahani"s poems with Bloom"s theory, which will be examined at the levels of language, structure and meaning.

The study method in this research is analytical-descriptive.

The theory of anxiety about the influence and creative misreading is presented directly about poetry and tries to express and prove the conscious positions of new poets against old poets. These stances lead to the birth of a new way and style, which, while having the language and atmosphere of the poems of the past, sets a new and different way. Bloom"s theories are exactly and completely exemplified in Behbahani"s poems and can be examined and adapted.

Both of Harold Bloom"s theories can be generalized and investigated in Simin Behbahani"s poems. By fully expressing and introducing the theories and presenting significant examples of the poet"s poems, the author has shown their adaptation well and documented.

The novel Lap Bar Tigh, written by Hossein Sanapour, is one of the significant literary works that was written in the late 80s. In this work, Sanapour has tried to present a narrative of several characters, events and incidents related to their lives and the atmosphere governing their relationships. The time and historical space in which this story is told is not very clear, but the language of narration and form of the conversations, the type of speaking, the slanginess of the form of the dialogues, the social class of the characters, the use of the language The broken streets of the market and the southern part of Tehran and other similar elements evoke the atmosphere of pre-revolutionary stories and films; However, the lifestyle of the characters in the story and the atmosphere that governs the type of their relationships may also link the historical time of the narrative to later periods. From the point of view of narrative methods and techniques, the novel Lab Bar Tigh is placed under modern novels. Various methods of narration, distancing from the linear time of narration in classic works, the polyphonic form of narration in this work, the use of new ways of narrating the story and factors of this kind have led to the capacities of the novel Lab Bar Tigh from The narratological perspective is significant. In this research, by focusing on the narrative characteristics of this work, an attempt will be made to consider the dominant narrative techniques by applying the theory of narratology of the French Gerard Genet. The hypothesis of this research is that by presenting modern approaches in the field of narration, Sanapour has been able to create a work that is compatible with the narratological criteria of the modern era, and these narrative characteristics can be determined by using the theory Gerard Genet explained.

The present article introduces Hawk Jones's Theory, History, Background, and concludes with a few points. The article is generally composed of five sections. In the first part, as an introduction, the author first deals with the golden age of critical theoretical life because the set of factors that underlie the formation of the critical flow have either disappeared or become entrenched in other currents. The deterioration of the decisive principles, of course, led to the idea that more diverse ideas and ideas had begun to theorize and produce more reproduction. But historically, the author has rightly attributed the beginnings of critical theory to the work of the Frankfurt School, including the actions of its leaders, including because it was important and influential at one of the most pressing moments in the history of the theory in the early decades of the twentieth century. Criticizes the capitalist system. The basis of the work of the Frankfurt School is to form a critique of the "instrumental rationality" that considers everything for its own benefit only.

The argument of theory and the generation of theory has archaism to out size being of the subjects on the world, and be appeared for condition of the contemplation about them and for access to the being of truth on the subjects. The searcher mind of men always be cent that first, interprets its cognitional percept of the subjects truth on the world of around then, with help language specifics them and then, presents its interpretation with hue the theory dialogue to rest. The generation of theory creates of the theory dialogue wet been the mind of men and the subjects of world against the truth of logos that creates via the structural elements.This paper attempts whilst analyses the structural elements of the theory and its relation with critic, appears them in the one diagram and analyses the condition of forming that and in the in the final, It deals with the relationship between the discourse of literature and beauty.

In Toulmin's theory of argumentation, each argument may have six components: 1) claim, 2) data, 3) warrant, 4) backings (for the warrant), 5) rebuttal (of the claim), and 6) qualifiers (of the speaker’s certainty), of which the first three are essential and the rest are optional. Based on his theory, this descriptive-analytic research aims to analyze 4 selected poems of the religious/ethical collection of Wheatley (1773) from three aspects: (a) identifying Wheatley’s warrants, (b) categorizing her claims and their grounds, and (c) her tone and certainty. Consequently, the following results were obtained; Wheatley’s claims and recommendations in selected poems were rewritten in simplified language, free from figures of speech, which varied greatly in proportion to the number of selected poems. However, these claims can be categorized under these related fields: (a) individual ethics, (b) governmental-political ethics, and (c) theology. Since most of these claims are prescriptive, Wheatley can be categorized as a deontologist. In addition, supporting the claims, numerous warrants were identified mostly rational and implicitly-asserted.Although she tends to use a conservative voice by resorting to prays, rhetoric questions, exclamations and hyperboles while addressing her recommendations to elites and high-ranked people, she prefers a declarative voice which essentially does not need any qualifiers. In sum, Wheatley has a strong, assertive and consistent voice in the selected poems.

The form of language or the way we speak about the (past) world is not neutral and insignificant. A formalist critique, of the kind put forward in the present paper, will show that, beyond the themes, purposes, methods, and approaches of our historical inquiry, the form of speaking chosen by, or often imposed on, us is decisive. The present article introduces two basic forms of speaking about a period in the human past: the theoretical and the story-based. This formalist study recognizes the forceful fascism of language and takes it most seriously. Nevertheless, it seeks to find a form appropriate to historical study, that is, a linguistic form which is able to avoid the excessive and innate desire of the human mind and language for appropriating the other and, ultimately, killing her/him. Employing the views of phenomenological and existentialist thinkers, the article introduces a story-based form that is able to speak about the sensory and primordial experience of man, and her/his being-in-the-world. Extended Abstract1.IntroductionThe present article studies the main forms of speaking about a situation – more specifically about a situation in the past – and tries to find out what forms of language can depict the specificity of a concrete social or material situation. Since language, according to thinkers such as Roland Barthes, is by nature fascist, speaking about a specific temporal-spatial condition is difficult, if not impossible. Since a historical representation of the past is, by definition, impossible, and the subject – i.e., the historian or researcher – is inevitably trapped in her/his subjectivity, such a representation becomes even more difficult. But a revolt in language against the nature of language is possible. The present paper seeks to study such a possibility through the ideas of phenomenologists and existentialists such as Merleau-Ponty, Heidegger and Gabriel Marcel. 2.Theoretical FrameworkTwo basic forms of speaking about a specific situation in the past have been identified in this paper: the theoretical form and the story-based form. Drawing on phenomenological-existentialist theories, the present article tries to show that unlike the theoretical form, the story-based form has its formal characteristics, consistent with the materiality, corporeality and specificity of the human condition, which can stand against the nature of language. 3.MethodologyThe present article has adopted a formalist approach. It compares two important linguistic forms in speaking about a specific situation and illustrates their characteristics by drawing upon phenomenological-existentialist theories.  4.Discussion and AnalysisThe present article reveals that unlike the theoretical form (either conceptual or narrative), the story-based form is able to realize historiographical ideals. We cannot speak about the existentialist experiences of concrete humans through an anti-existentialist, anti-concrete form. The story-based form is able to speak about the sensory and primordial experience of individuals and describe their being-in-the-world. This form can resist the human desire to appropriate the human beings living in the past. Therefore, this linguistic form, which relies on phenomenological-existentialist principles, is able to speak about the other. 5.ConclusionThree important conclusions can be drawn from the present study. First, to find out how successfully a specific situation (in the past) can be described, the form of narration is of paramount importance rather than content-related issues, such as the subject in question, the writer’s objectives, and her/his worldview and interests. Second, two fundamental, irreducible linguistic forms can be identified for the description of a specific situation: the theoretical form and the story-based form. Third, only the story-based form, because of its formal characteristics, is able to help realize the other-oriented ideals of the phenomenological-existentialist approach. Select BibliographyBarthes, R. 1393 [2014]. Dars. H. Noghrehchi (trans.). Tehran: Niloufar.Blackham, H. J. 1399 [2020]. Shesh Motafakker-e Existansialist. M. Hakimi (trans.). Tehran: Markaz.Gabriel, M. 1395 [2016]. Falsafeh-ye Existansialism.  Sh. Eslami (trans.). Tehran: Negah-e Moa’ser.Heidegger, M. 1386 [2007]. Hasti va Zaman. S. Jomadi. Tehran: Qoqnous.Merleau-Ponty, M. 1966. Sens et Non-sens. Paris: Les Éditions Nagel.Merleau-Ponty, M. 2004. The World of Perception. O. Davis (trans.). London and New York: Routledge.Merleau-Ponty, M. 1391 [2012]. Jahan-e Edrak. F. Jaberolansar (trans.). Tehran: Qoqnous.Pietersma, H. 1398 [2019]. Nazaryeh-ye Ma’refat dar Padidarshenasi. F. Jaberolansar (trans.). Tehran: Kargadan.Primozic, D. T. 1388 [2009].  Merleau-Ponty, Falsafeh va Ma’na. M. R. Abolghasemi. Tehran: Markaz.Said, E. 1377 [1998]. Sharghshenasi. A. Govahi (trans.). Tehran: Pazhohheshgah-e Farhang va Andisheh Eslami.Todorov, T. 1394 [2015]. Adabyat dar Mokhatereh. M. M. Shojaee. Tehran: Mahi.

Greimas is a narrative structuralism theorists whose views have been widelyadopted by researchers. His narrative theory is noteworthy due to its particulardivisions. This descriptive-analytical study provides a pathological review ofmore than 60 research articles published in Iranian journals up to 2021. Thisresearch is significant due to the incorrect understandings of Greimas’ theorythat have led to conducting certain structured researches with incorrectanalyses and interpretations. The results suggest that most of such researchesare not based on Greimas's theory as they have not referenced to his originalbook but the articles or books mentioning Greimas's opinions. When it comesto Greimas's theory, it is evident that the literary text has been ignored andthe text has been used as a critical practice to prove a theory. Sometimes, theresearchers clearly implied that the research fully agrees with the Greimas'spattern, a sign of improper understanding of the way to conduct as theoreticalresearch.

Based on the intertextuality approach, in the field of literature, a new text is not formed as it is considered as an intertextuality of the texts before it. The theory of intertextuality is concerned with the relationship between the texts; a relationship recurrent in literary works. The theorists in this field, such as Kristeva and Barthes, argue that there is no pure text and all the texts have already existed , and only the narrator is different. This article seeks to study and analyze The Bustan of Saadi and Qabousnameh of Onsor al-Ma’ali in order to explain the commonalities and recurrent elements of these two significant literary works and stress the point that, according to the theory of intertextuality that states that no text is original, in terms of content. Hence The Bustan of Saadi is a reflection of the texts before itself, including Qabousnameh of Onsor al-Ma’ali, which is the aim of this research.

 Research is one of the necessary components of knowledge; steady and tenacious research that thinks about solving problems depends on scientific standards in seeing and writing. Also, literature as an identifiable object, not as a creative text, finds talent to be investigated from different scientific angles (Literary Research). Original literary research like every original research in other branches of knowledge needs a hypothesis. The hypothesis is a guess for the research question and is the spontaneous and elementary answer for that. Also, the hypothesis is important from different directions: correct diagnosis for research background, explanation of research map, and determining research method, till getting the best answer. Because literary researches often are descriptive, hypothesis quality in this research has its special logic. Many centuries have passed since the old definition of literature. Today Persian literature in the form of poetry or prose attracts both non-professional and ordinary readers and encourages literary professionals to research literature. Hypothesis making is one of the materials of literary research. Hypothesis means "idea" and "conjecture" and in the term, it is the initial and speculative answer that the researcher gives to the problem of research. This article advocates the existence of a hypothesis in literary research; if the literary research is done scientifically and based on the research problem, research background, and research method, it will also include the hypothesis. Of course, we must pay attention to the nature of literature and its difference with other sciences. The quality of the hypothesis, for example, in natural and experimental research differs from the quality of the hypothesis in literary research. Also, instead of dividing the types of research into explanatory research, descriptive research, and exploratory research, it is better to consider the hypothesis necessary in literary research. Most literary research is descriptive (purely descriptive or descriptive-analytical). Descriptive research requires a kind of hypothesis that explains the states, conditions, traits, characteristics of objects and persons, situations, phenomena, and events in relation to each other. Therefore, it is not correct to focus on the usual definitions of the hypothesis derived from different books and to rule that literary research does not require a hypothesis or that the hypothesis cannot have a positive effect on literary research. It should be noted that due to differences in the nature of literature with empirical and natural knowledge, literary research on the application of the hypothesis also has its own expression. Literary studies and research can be divided into three categories in terms of their goals: 1. Basic research. 2. Applied research (and development research as a branch of it). 3. Practical research. This model has been used in research proposals of Persian literature, such as theses or dissertations and research projects in this field, by imitating the regulations of research methods in experimental sciences. Often and perhaps always, the literary researcher, by neglecting the meaning of these terms and forcing them to adapt to the types of literary research, uses each of these three titles as the etiquette of his literary research. This is not very true, and the literature researcher, after placing his research in each of these fundamental, applied, and practical classes, is forced to design a model of the hypothesis that literary research cannot respond to and respond appropriately. Give. Dividing the research into three categories: 1) Exploratory 2) Descriptive 3) Explaining and limiting the process of hypothesizing to explanatory research has also been a solution to get rid of this bottleneck. It is worth noting that instead of clearing the face of the issue, it followed another plan so that researchers would not have an excuse to ignore the hypothesis. Although some literary studies, when they relate to the history of literature, resemble historical research or sometimes approach causal research, the main focus of literary research is descriptive research. In descriptive research, as mentioned, hypotheses have their own quality. It should also be noted that the hypothesis differs from the theory. Unfortunately, sometimes negligence has meant theory as well as a hypothesis, conjecture, and conjecture. But the theory is made after the hypothesis. Based on the hypothesis, literary research is formed, and if this research can lead to the solution of a public problem, it will include a general theory that can be accepted or rejected. This essay according to library study and descriptive & analytical, is looking for that in literary research is hypothesis has effectiveness and if that's true, because of substantive difference between literature and other knowledge, in literature hypothesis How should it be? Having an answer to this question also is with criticizing one theory: Process-driven hypothesis in literary researches.

Every human being needs to send, receive and comprehend messages in a linguistic communication. In other words, Human beings code their massages and decode others’ messages. This communication can occur in a context of six elements, namely, addresser, content, contact, code, message and addressee. Abu Ya'qub Sejestani was an iranian dialectical theologian in the fourth century. Due to his research subject, namely, Ismaili dialectical theology, he studied precisely the mind and language system and the conditions of success or failure in a linguistic communication as an introduction to dialectical discussions. But, unfortunately, his linguistic theories were neglected due to researchers’ dialectical approach to his book Kashf-ul-Mahjoob. This study is going to plan an efficient communication model based on mind and language system and its structure and elements in Sejestani’s viewpoint and compare them with Roman Jakobson’s theory and model of communication to show their common and different aspects and prove that although the discussions about the theory and model of communication became known by western linguists and, most importantly, by Roman Jacobson, it can be traced in all details and with equivalent terms in Abu Ya'qub Sejestani’s communication theory, which has some advantages over Jakobson’s theory and model.

The study of the evolution of literary schools and comparing the principles and characteristics of different schools is one of the important fields of research in the  comparative literature.Meanwhile, the contrast between classicalism and romanticism in the theory of literary genre and their different approaches to this category, is very significant. The authors believe that there are both intellectual and social principles in these two schools that theory of the literary genre of the schools, in spite of the plurality or apparent differences, is based on these principles and a large part of the contrast between these two schools is also the result of the opposition of these principles.This research is based on an analytical-descriptive approach and want to explain the principles and foundations in the context of intellectual and social conditions, its impact on the theory of literary types and, ultimately, the comparison of these schools. The results of this research show that the theory of essentialism and different perceptions of the theory of mimesis including belief of fixed and unchanging laws of literary genre, the purity of literary genre, as well as the belief in the existence of hierarchy among literary genre and the superiority of types of narratives such as tragedy and epic ,is the basis for the formation of the general principles of the theory of classical literary types of classicalism. In contrast , the components such as historicism, attention to the genius of the poet in the creation of literary work and the tendency toward individuality has led to the formation of a new theory of genres in the romanticism which it is based on the rejection of rules  governing literary genre, the combination of existing literary genre, and the consideration of other literary forms, especially the lyric literature , novel, and the creation of new genre.

Tales are the heritage of the public in literary, intellectual and cultural contexts that have a powerful and creative function. They can be considered the first and most valuable subjective and linguistic creations that are highly prominent in their depths. The narrators have also created stories of events, human concerns and dreams benefiting from artistic structure and multi-dimensional meaning as a permanent function. Yazd area has a special place in this regard. Hence, the diversity of research based on binary opposition and structural analysis in the field of storytelling have reduced the meaning of folk tales. The purpose of this research is to examine the perverse basis of the confrontational structure in Yazdi's popular stories. Research methodology in this paper is descriptive- documentary and analytical. In such an approach, it is clear that the binary opposition in the folk tales have the potential for reversal of meaning, and through the notion of deconstruction, the reproduction of other meanings which corresponds to the mind of the audience and the reading time would be possible.

a catastrophe happened years ago in the palace of rich and famous family of Cenci in Rome that ignited the creation of a play named The Cenci by two significant playwrights with different approaches and writing ideas. This study is a comparative analysis of different approaches of these two writers: Percy Bysshe Shelley’s theory, regarding the popular romanticism movement in the 19th century England and Antonin Artaud’s theory, considering his beliefs on the theater of cruelty. The purpose of this paper is to find the intellectual similarities and differences between these two writers in their approach toward the same historical event and their standpoint on its link to the theater and the text. Poetic verbal descriptions are significant in Shelley’s work; while Artaud, with his opposition to the literature of theater, tries to emphasize on directing and performance and writing the play with his favorite functions and performing methods. The comparative analysis of these two plays will describe their thematic differences. The results of this study suggest that in order to subtract the violence of Cenci’s event, Percy Bysshe Shelley has limited himself to the events that only take place in dialogues and those which show the actions of characters in different acts just in speech; however, Antonin Artaud presents the violent actions in the present time and with a redoubled rage by using mute characters and omitting subsidiary scenes.

A logical relation between research theory and text is a point that Iranian researchers have less considered because in most of the studies published (however some studies are theory-driven research), it is the theory which has dominated the text and in case of non-compliance and inconsistency, the text has become consistent with modifications. In other words, in this kind of the studies, the theory stands in a position of authority and the text is silenced. In the present paper, it is attempted to be said with the pathological view from the logical relation (and not the authority realistic) between the theory and text by examining the category of these studies (the studies which the basis was of Bakhtin's theory of the conversation logic).
According to the author of this article, the relation between the theory and text will be a logical relation for many years (non-authoritarian). First, independence of the text is maintained against the theory and second, the text selection has not merely been for confirming the theory and it is not only for the validation and reliability of the theory, but on the contrary, the selection of the text should be in such a way that the possibility of reforming and presenting the newer theory is provided that it should have the ability of determining more text with the cancellation of the theory.

1. Introduction The various disciplines in the humanities are related by chains of authority. Sociolinguistics, for example, historically refers to linguistics and to sociology for the authority of its founding concepts, just as linguistics in turn might refer to philology, or sociology might look back to history, to psychology, or to political economics. In the same vein, the investigation of discourses of philosophy from a historical perspective might be related to translation and translation studies, so that frames and theories in the interface of philosophy and translation can be historically projected. These chains allow concepts to be borrowed and thus constantly displaced. They also allow authority to be projected back onto the discipline referred to, such that authority itself is also constantly displaced across disciplines in consideration.
Proposing frames can enable us to idealize Western philosophy as a set of discourses that do not ostensibly borrow authority from external disciplines. It is, instead, a place where terms and concepts would be elaborated and refined for use in other disciplines; it might supremely act in the service of others. On the other hand, translation of philosophy and philosophical discourses has been a concern of Western philosophy ever since the relation with the classical past became problematic. In this vein, the authority of philosophy and the role it takes in other fields of study, including translation studies is notable, which is the main topic of the current study.
Drawing on the immense prominent theories and notions proposed by varied scholars in the field of philosophy, the main objective of the present study is to theorize on translation and offer an all-round framework to enable us to hypothesize that translation studies, as a client discipline, is drawing on philosophical discourses and indeed on many other intermediary disciplines as well. In this vein, taking advantage of varied theories and concepts in the area of philosophy, the present research aims to find answers to the following questions: 1. What is the historical relationship between discourses of philosophy and translation studies?
2. How can revision of discourses of philosophy assist development of translation studies?
3. How can hypothesis-making on translation studies be attained through proposing a general all-round framework?
2. Methodology As a descriptive study, the current research aims to investigate the role of the discourses of philosophy in the development of translation studies from a historical perspective. Accordingly, it attempts to unravel the interfacing role of the philosophical discourses in translation studies to probe the main impact of philosophy on translation and translation theories and reveal in which way(s) the revision in discourses of philosophy can contribute to the developing area of translation studies.
3. Discussion The evidence proposed in this study revealed a major problem in the relationships between philosophy and translation. Considering the relevant evidence, the findings showed that authority would mostly flow more from philosophy to translation studies than the other way around. In other words, the theorization of translation has leant on philosophical discourses far more than philosophers have seriously considered translation. In this highly asymmetric relationship, difficult texts fall into the hands of readers from more generalist spheres, therefore, one may suspect that the philosophers would not always identify with what has been done in their name. Besides, in the presence of philosophical authority, many translation theorists are needlessly parochial, while in the absence of philosophical authority, a rather quaint empiricism rules, as in much of Descriptive Translation Studies, or in corpus linguistics, or think-aloud protocols, which rarely transcend positivist notions of science. The central divisions of philosophical discourse itself could help poorly in this respect. Hence, the result is not just a lack of dialogue, but serious misunderstandings.
Furthermore, considering the findings it was shown that the discourses of philosophy might be related to translation studies in at least three ways: Philosophers of various kinds have used translation as a case study or metaphor for the issues of more general application; translation theorists and practitioners have referred to philosophical discourses for support and authority for their ideas; and philosophers, scholars, and translators have commented on the translation of philosophical discourses.
4. Conclusion Translating can be seen as a problem-solving activity in which a source element may be rendered by one or more elements in the target language. If translators have only one available option, there is no more to be said; no philosophy is needed. When, however, they have two or three options, translation is worth talking about, ideally between translators, who start theorizing. And when there are numerous options available and no clear theory about how to reduce that complexity, the cause for discussion reaches levels where philosophical discourse may be turned to, for ideas about the options, although rarely for translational solutions. This can be seen in most of the theories and approaches which have been dealt with in this study.
In general, what the philosophical discourses may miss, are for the most part the logics of the more everyday activities, the many techniques by which translators themselves constantly reduce complexity. In addition, philosophical discourses show great tendencies to be revised with respect to problems where more than three or four alternatives are available, and while to develop words appropriate to those alternatives might be the role of philosophy; to adapt and propose them might be one of the roles of translation studies. The current study, as well as the following analogous studies in future, can prepare the ground for proposing further frames and theories in the interface of philosophy and translation.

The present paper aims at clarifying the problematic issue of determinism and free will in Attar’s thoughts. It explores the reasons why in some of his poems determinism and absolute negation of man’s free will and power could be seen, while a good number of his other poems could not be understood without considering man’s free will. To explicate this inconsistency, the method of logical analysis of propositions, derived from Attar’s poems, and critical approach were employed. Having separated Attar’s views into two domains of theory and practice, the presuppositions and logical requisites of each category were investigated with a focus on determinism and free will issue. The relationship between these two domains in terms of consistency or inconsistency was also investigated. It was concluded that the inconsistency is originally grounded in the two domains of theory and practice. In Attar’s poetry, those poems which are related to theoretical issues, especially those based on his theological-mystical principles like exposing God’s causeless existence, His absolute agency, and Divine decree and destiny yield absolute determinism. Nonetheless, this determinism enjoys certain requisites which are inconsistent with ethical and behavioral recommendations, religious obligations, human competency for education and training, prophetic guidance, and moral commitment; and hence makes them futile and pointless as their central presupposition is man’s free will. On the other hand, Attar underscores these matters in poems which deal with practical issues, mystical conducts, ethical recommendations, religious commands and prohibitions, and persuasion to striving and devotion. However, we have shown that although Attar, confessing to his inability in offering a rational solution, strives to resolve the conflict with some justifications like Divine attraction and human striving, he is not very successful. In the end, we also mention some other moral requisites of Attar’s determinism concerning the nature of moral concepts.