جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زیبایی شناسی انتقادی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Persian contemporary literature is unique in the history of Iranian literature cosidering its deep social and political views and the diversity of its anthropological approach. The writers and poets of this era along with the other members of society  criticesed the ugly aspects of society, and literature, which had been unable to criticise due to social hierachies prior to that time, was acting like a weapon to gain freedom as an efficient tool to express political and social criticisim. M. Reza Shafi Kadkani is an eminent contemporary poet and has mixed Nimaii poem with a social commitment and critical view. Critical theory has become more scientific and concentrated with the advent of Frankfurt school. The present study aims to analyse the poems of Shafi Kadkani based on the theory of Critical aesthetics of Frankfurt School. The approach, taken by Shafii, toward the quality of the link between art and society, is critical. According to Frankfurt school, this approach is quite observable in the genuine modern art. In accorandance  with this appraoch, the modern art, needles to be inferiorized to depict the social realities and trapped in the extremist entertainment,  denies the status qua indirectly. Based on the results, in the poems of Shafii , the interrelation of critical art to society appears in the best possible way. Criticisim utilizing certain ways such as naturalism, symbolism, certain critical contexts and ..etc is salient in his art. In addition to these critical concepts in his poems, it has given an ability to criticize his poems politically as well as socially.

The literature of each period is influenced by the interacting circumstances of that particular period. The poetry of Khazal Majedi (born in 1951) and Nasim Shomal (1313-1299) experience the impact of the conditions created by the enemies of Iraq and Iran for a long time. These two poets have criticized the existing situation of their society back in the old days on a large scale and have held a negative attitude against it. The theory of critical aesthetics emerged as a production of Frankfurt School of thought in the twentieth century, and the main goals it carried were opposing the existing status and, ultimately, experiencing the liberation of contemporary man as a free being. The current literature of Arabic and Persian poetry, due to their common social-intellectual-political conditions, have formed common experiences which comprise this change in almost both the content and form of the literary works of the two nations. One of the most prominent elements of the common poetry of Khazal Majidi - as an Iraqi poet - and Nasim Shomal - an Iranian poet - is the critical spirit and atmosphere that has overshadowed their poems. The method used in this article is to compare the poems of two Iranian and Iraqi poets based on the American school of thought and the library analysis and interpretation. These two writers, like the theorists of the Frankfurt School of thought and the theory of aesthetics and critical theory, deny the ideology of any literary or non-literary work and consider its authenticity in its independence. This article aims to address the main intellectual concerns of both poets from four common aspects: political code, social code, mythical code and historical code which carries a symbolic meaning that is the critical comparison and analysis from an aesthetic point of view. From the analysis of the poems for both poets and the understanding of their views, it is inferred that the root of all problems in Iran and the Arab world, according to this theory, is political domination and the way to create freedom in society is to eliminate hegemony in the country. Criticism of the ruling political domination, opposition to positivism, revolutionary art, etc. are among the main foundations of this theory. Khazal Majidi and Nasim Shomal have symbolically expressed their anti-colonial ideas and have used social, political, mythological and historical codes to embody the reality of the country and stimulate the society, thus achieving their goals and values and develop their opinions.

Criticism of the position of women in society is one of the most prominent features of the novels of Reza Baraheni, a prominent contemporary novelist. The present article attempts to analyze and criticize this critical view of him in on the novels; Roozegare Doozakhie Agaie Ayaz, Avazekoshtegan, Razhae Sarzamine Man and Azadeh khanom va Nevisandeash, due to the reflection of Braheni's critical of view in the context of the novel and in accordance with the Frankfurt School's critical aesthetic of view that art and literature should fight against the existing conditions in order to achieve the desired conditions, the novels were analyzed according this theory. The findings show that in the mentioned novels, in order to inform the society and improve the position of women, Baraheni criticizes their position in the society with a dissenting and negative of view. In Roozegare Doozakhie Agaie Ayaz, he considers the root of women's passivity to be the rule of male and patriarchal history. In Avazekoshtegan and Razhae Sarzamine Man addition to criticizing the ruling patriarchy and the gendered view of women, it shows that the social events leading up to the Islamic Revolution have given rise to the potential of women and their significant impact on society. In the novel Azadeh khanom va Nevisandeash, he considers woman as the soul of love and passion of life; but due to the unknown and ignorance of the society, the history of patriarchy still hinders the emergence of their talents.

The critical aesthetic theory of Frankfurt school regards art as an independent field and emphasizes its genuineness. According to this theory, success of a work of art depends on irreconcilability to compatibilities and disapproval of them. Ali Ahmad Saeid, a contemporary Arab poet, has been considered as a modernist in Arabic literature, and he has tried to use new language structures to experience new poetry. His critical language shakes the dominant ruling system and reveals the contrasts in the society. He tries to create a society based on justice, freedom and thinking. This research seeks to review Adonis's critical poetry in his anthology based on critical linguistics and the conceptual analysis method. The chapters of his book of poems challenge the events in the society, raise public awareness and awaken the society so as to criticize the current turbulent situation freely. The research gives evidence that the poet not only believes in the independence of poets of the government or certain people but also regards this as a poet’s duty to stand against any force which restricts him.

It can be claimed that Critical Aesthetics is the most important achievement gained from the Frankfort School. As critical Aestheticians believe, noble art should be able to free itself from homogeneity and similarity induced by dominant governments. It should, also, be able to actualize free meaning creation in a world where the origin of meaning is being devastated. In the present article, the art of Shamloo was investigated descriptively and analytically, from the stated perspective. The process followed was extracting case examples from the original text and analyzing them according to the theory. Since his poems are in close relationship with local texture of society, the study necessitates accessing sociological perspectives, as well. In this article, Shamloo’s versatile views toward prevalent semantic norms and the deficiencies of the modern society in this regard are categorized under different headings. His most frequent semantic norm breaking occurs in the domain of conventional ideological beliefs, binary contradictions, and the manifestation of the modern society. Here, Shamloo’s explicit objections target the values dominating the modern society. This way, his coherent thought construct is pictured behind his poems to help the reader to discover the ideology of his work and picture the poet’s world view.

Contemporary Persian literature is unmatched in terms of its deep social and political insights and the breadth of human vision and popular goals that had rarely been possible in Iranian literary past. The poets and writers of this period, along with other members of society, criticized the ugly manifestations of society, and literature which before could not be criticized by governments for the sake of social order in this period as a weapon for Freedom and the means were used to express political and social criticism. The purpose of the present study is to examine Nima Yooshij''s poems based on the theory of critical aesthetics of the Frankfurt School. Nima''s approach to the quality of art''s connection with society has a critical approach. An approach that, as Frankfurt''s thinkers have interpreted it, is well visible in modern art. According to this view, modern art indirectly rejects the present situation without being reduced to the illustrator of social realities and entangled in excessive recreation. The results show that in Nima''s poetry, the critical relations of art with society appear to be excellent, with the use of certain techniques such as naturalism, symbolism, themes such as love, criticism of people and society, etc. It is evident in his poetry. In addition to these critical themes in the context of poetry, he has an interesting opportunity in the field of political and social criticism

Critical stylistics is a new approach rooted in critical aesthetics that has emerged from the perspectives of the Frankfurt School.. The study of stylistic feature of a text from a critical point helps us understand how the text is related to the power and what the ideology of the text is. In Shamlou's poems, from the point of view of critical stylistics, the layer of pragmatics and rhetorical and lexical layers can be examined. From the perspective of the pragmatic layer we can study propagation of meaning and deviation on the poems of Shamlou. The analysis of these indicators has been done with the help of critical aesthetic theory. From the perspective of the rhetorical and lexical layers we can study archaism and repetition. From an aesthetic point of view, these attributes are explained deviation on the poems and criticism of power in modern times. In these studies, Shamlou's poems are in a negated position toward the center of domination. He criticizes the one-dimensional man in modern times and also the pattern of power in contemporary societies.

Quite undoubtedly, social criticism is the most significant element in thepoetry of Parvin Etesami. Her poetry is largely influenced by the socialstructure of pre and post Constitution Revolution of Iran. In a large numberof her poems, she criticizes the current state of affair of the country throughdepicting artistic as well as critical thoughts of the period. From her point ofview, justified and popular art is one which is at the service of improvingcultural awareness and constructive criticism. Such an approach is greatly inline with the doctrines of critical aesthetics theoreticians (Frankfurt School).The authors of the current article attempt to give a concise definition ofcritical aesthetics theory and then apply the doctrines of this school ofthought to the poetry of Parvin Etesami.