جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « میشل فوکو » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Literary texts, in connection with the social conditions of their time, also show the complex relations of power. In Naser Khosrow's poems, the existing discourses in the society are represented in a way that mainly shows the poet's resistance against the construction of the power of the Sunni government of Ghaznavid religion. Nasser Khosrow's greatest intellectual challenges are the critique of power (hegemony, domination) and the political and religious discourses of the Ghaznavid era. Based on his religious and linguistic knowledge, the poet challenges the discourse hegemony of Ghaznavid rule. According to the poet, the structure of government in that period is a combination of political and religious authority and the way of exercising power is done by political interpretation of religion and knowledge of Shafi'i jurisprudence in order to legitimize the government. Nasser Khosrow, as a Shiite poet, tries to delegitimize the political rule of his time in the form of his poems. The issue of the present article is how Naser Khosrow reacts to the dominant Ghaznavid discourse in his poems and how his religious beliefs are crystallized in the construction of the discourse of legitimacy and reproduction? The method of the present study is Michel Foucault's discourse of power and modern historiography. The result of the research shows that Naser Khosrow's discourse in order to delegitimize the political and social system of his time, shows the conflict of power discourse between Sunni and Shiite political jurisprudence.

Some feminists believe that Foucault has not specified which gender dominates the other and which gender is dominated in the genealogy of power. Accordingly, by combining the Foucauldian concept of power with feminism, they have created Foucauldian feminism to give a convincing answer to the issue of domination in gender relations. The theorists of this approach believe that gender is not essential or biological; Rather, it is produced and induced by subjects by authorities of society. For this reason, after accepting the constructed ideals of femininity as true discourses, the subjects voluntarily engage in self-disciplining which is obedience to the patriarchal system. Therefore, feminists try to resist internalized norms of femininity and give freedom to women. In fact, this study attempts to introduce the basics of Foucauldian feminism to those who are interested in literary criticism and increases the audience’s awareness of the modernization of patriarchal power. It also demonstrates that Sadegh Hedayat in “The Doll Behind the Curtain,” has also drawn the characteristics of the ideal woman of the modern patriarchal society by describing the fascination of the main character, Mehrdad, towards the statue woman. In addition, with the characterization of a girl, named Derakhshande, he displays that the women seek to discover gender discourses produced by powers and to apply disciplinary techniques to themselves so that they can attract men’s attention.

The thoughts and attitudes of writers have always been influenced by the political, social, and cultural conditions of their societies, and their personality and life inevitably affect their literary creations as well. Iranian writers are no exception to this rule, and this paper, based on the new historicism approach and Foucault and Greenblatt theories, tries to first seek the influence of the lifestyle and personality of contemporary Iranian writers of 1920 to 2000 on the creation of their works. Furthermore, the impact of social, political, and ideological relations on their works is examined. Why specific authors and their works are selected in this study is a question tried to be answered, regarding the social circumstances and events. The data reveal that the creation of any novel or short story is in a complex network of diverse elements, and the novel is not just the product of the author’s genius and creativity. The author is influenced by certain discourses in society and the quality of his chosen language and themes is the result of his attitudes, motives, and the political and socio-cultural circumstances; moreover, it is a response to the needs of society.

The discursive fluctuations of the idea of “religious tolerance” in different periods of Sufism show the direct and indirect influence of the social and political conditions of these periods on the contraction and expansion of this approach in Sufi works. This article, via deploying the framework of Foucault's theory and considering the mutual relationship between power strategies and ideologies governing the society, assumes the idea of ​​religious tolerance among Muslim Sufis as having a discursive nature related to the political will of the rulers, and studies that in the context of socio-political transformations of the historical eras. The studies show that the religious tolerance discourse in the Sufi works, until the end of the sixth century, has faced ideological challenges despite its expansion in the Buyid and Seljuk eras, due to the religious nature of the governments (the control of the political institution by the religious institution) and the stable hegemony of the jurisprudence discourse. However, in the seventh century, the rise of secular Mongol rulers and their policy of religious tolerance, on the one hand, and the removal of the religious-law enforcement from the arena of political power, on the other hand, set the ground for the expansion of the discourse of religious tolerance in a favorable way for Sufism. The purpose of this article is to examine the discourse of “religious tolerance” in Islamic Sufism with regard to the political and social developments of the historical periods up to the eighth century. The study has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method.

In the apparent levels and layers of the text, in a pyramidal structure, Saadi considers the origin of power to be a divine gift that is granted to certain people and is transferred from them to family members. But text, like language, is based on the nature of conversation, and it is always a place of accumulation of meanings, concepts, and multiple voices, and in addition to the author’s intention and dominant discourse, many other voices can be heard in it, therefore, the test provides possibilities for the readers and researchers, which go beyond the perception of the dominant discourse. In the first step, this article tries to use the opinions of thinkers such as Mikhail Bakhtin, Roland Barthes and Paul Ricoear to show that text are a combination of sounds, quotations, references, and possibilities that go beyond authorial awareness and provide the context for more recent reading and finding. Then it tries to examine Saadi’s position in iranshahri political theory, and in the end, it seeks to show through Michel Foucault’s genealogical achievements that power in Saadi’s thought and works is not a specific institution and position, but it flows throughout social relationships and networks.

Discourse analysis is a set of interdisciplinary approaches used in literary and non-literary various fields. Michel Foucault,a postmodern Frenchman, played a key role in the development of discourse analysis. His approach to discourse is very different of approaches discourse conventional in linguistics. Foucault not only considers discourse to be greater than language, but also, under the influence of Nietzsche, sees power as the cause of all things, and believes that power is not only applied from the top to bottom, but also power has permeated in the every layer and level of society. The present research is going to identify with analytical and descriptive way the discourses which in "Waṭan min zujāj" novel apply power through them, and want to pay to reaction which done by the Power passive versus the Power subject (factor). The results of this study show that various discourses such as the discourse of colonial power, the discourse of the National Liberation Front, the discourse of power in the family, the discourse of sexuality, the discourse of superiors and the discourse of foreign culture are present in this novel. They play a role in the power structures and cultural structure of society.

The folklore of each nation is a measure to assess the cultural, social, political and economic progress of the nation, and a part of the popular culture and literature that reflects a variety of cultural, social, political and economic contexts that will illustrate the various manifestations of ruling power. The Kurdish people experienced various levers of power as Khan, Agha, Arbab, Sheikh, and sometimes clergyman have been illustrations of these levers of power in the Kurdish regions, and have recreated the truth in consolidating and strengthening their power in public literature. The purpose of the study explain Foucault's "relation of power and truth" in popular discourse and local literature, and to the question of which authorities have justified the power of the beliefs governing the life of the general public to what extent? Has responded Beliefs and thoughts in popular and local parables, such as the obedience of the popular class to the authorities of power, which are mostly local powers, have been excavated in this study, and its achievements have shown that this correspondence is widely considered to be the leverage of power and the modes of truth Linked to each other.

Sci-fi is one of the types of literature that has been introduced in fiction after the World War II and the industrialization of societies. One of the themes of this literary genre is the study of social and human issues that are more important in Arabic literature. Arabic science fiction literature conceptualizes the subject of power, which seems to be very close to Michel Foucault's theory of "bio-power." The novel "Al-Sayyid Min Haql Al-Sabankh" by Sabri Musa is one of the most prominent Arabic science-fiction works. this study seeks to take a new look at the novel "Al-Sayyid Min Haql Al-Sabankh" Based on the "bio-power" theory to discover how an Arabic science-fiction work conceptualizes "power". This research has examined this novel using a qualitative method and analytical-critical approach, and the obtained results indicate that this novel is largely consistent with Foucault's theories on bio-power. In this novel, the author demonstrates a power that is not only applied in a soft form, but also like the air that is breathed. It is current in all social relations and affects all aspects of citizens' lives. And the exercise of power is not based on killing but on giving life, and the ruling regime guarantees a healthy and safe life for all citizens. Power in this novel manifests itself in a different way in society and controls all citizens, both individually and as a population, and this is exactly the bio-power in Foucault's thought

Resistance" is a central yet ambiguous and questionable category in Foucault's thought. This is due to Foucault's new and extensive analyzes and conceptions of power. He believes that power is not something that is concentrated in the hands of one person, one particular class or institution and applied to others, but is spread throughout society. Power relations are not possible without "resistance"; because wherever there is power, there is resistance, so resistance manipulates power with calculated strategies. The novel "Ta al-khejel" by the contemporary Algerian author Fazileh al-Farooq is a clear example of the blatant oppression against women in Algerian patriarchal and traditional society, an oppression that begins with the family and ends with society, institutions, law and religion. But the women of the novel resist to this all-encompassing dominations. The aim of the present study is to examine the resistance and struggle of women against the domination of the patriarchal system in a descriptive-analytical way and based on the concepts of power and resistance of Michel Foucault. The results show that the female protagonists of this novel have appeared in two types of positive and negative resistance. Positive resistance through challenge to patriarchy (resistance against tradition and imitation), continuing education (affirmation of female nature), writing (expressive language of women and awareness of their classes) and emigration and negative resistance through denial of femininity (struggle against patriarchal discourse), suicide and insanity have resisted male power.

In order to investigate the relationship between ideology and power, the present paper has studied the social discourse of caste in the story of "Anushirvan and the Shoemaker," drawing upon Michel Foucault’s views within the theoretical framework of new historicism. By analyzing the concept of the caste system in this story, the study aims to explore the hidden layers of the text, namely the relationship between ideology and power in Anushirvan’s time. It is also aimed to examine the role of Zoroastrian ideology in promoting and institutionalizing the caste system. To achieve this goal, the present study is organized around two main questions: 1. Is the content of discourse on caste in Anoushirvan’s era a function of the socio-political situation around it? 2. How is Anoushirvan's ideological views on power revealed in the text of Ferdowsi's story? This is an archival study, conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of this study shows that the discourse on caste, with the aid of religion as an ideological institution, helps superiors like Anushirvan rule the society and persuades inferiors to accept the status quo. In this way, caste becomes a tool for those in power to generate ideology and suppress their "subjects."

Discourse analysis is one of the important discussions of linguistics in the field of accurate understanding and interpretation of texts and the purposeful communication process between sender and receiver and it is one of the new sciences of the West created directly by adopting the thought of Michel Foucault, the founder of discourse stylistics. The structure of the text, the number of types of speech acts, the grammatical style of the sentences, the situational and social context are some of the topics discussed in the discourse model of Michael Foucault. This research seeks to prove that most of the propositions of discouse analysis with Western origin also exist in Arabic rhetoric. In this research, it has been tried to examine all the verses of Surah Qalam with the topics of the semantics of rhetoric and the model of discourse analysis. The findings show that each topic of the science is consistent and compatible with the topics of Foucault's discourse analysis, and all the verbal actions in the verses are used according to the necessity of the present, which is the main condition of rhetoric. It is also possible to understand the environmental influencing factors in the revelation of this surah and its impact on verbal actions, grammatical and semantic continuity affected by style and context which leads to correct understanding of the verses

Michel Foucault moral theory criticism and study based on boostan and GolestanMehdi sharifian*Mostafa mortezayikamari**AbstractMichel Foucault (1926-1984) is a reflective, historian and heraldry philosopher contemporary French. In a general glance, the main frontiers of the world are thought of as phenomenology, genealogy, paleontology, morality, hermeneutics, structuralism and Marxism. Since point of view sadi is from the Islamic point of view, we will declare inevitably point to the view of Islamic ethics as preparation. In this research, Foucault moral theory to study paid on based on Sadi Boostan and Golestan and ethics resolutd and analyzed from both perspectives. The results indicate that:A. Foucault moral education is pluralistic, but Sadi moral education is based on metaphysical theories.b. Foucault moral education lacks a fixed and universal foundation, but sadi moral education is based on a fixed and preceded foundation.c. The moral education of Foucault is disagree with rationalism and humanism, but sadi moral education is rational and observational.d. The moral education of Foucault is democratic and non-authoritarian, but sadi moral education is authoritative and model axial.e. The Foucault moral education is fundamentally based on discourse, but sadi moral education is based on action and objectivity.

Using paradoxical spatializations, Raymond Chandler challenges the conventional representation of the Southern California region. The coexistence of heterogeneous elements in Chandler’s novels depicts a particular kind of mid-twentieth-century noir genre. These literary spaces, under epistemological tensions, move toward heterotopic descriptions. Finally, this paper calls the literary other spaces produced by Chandler’s stories Noir Heterotopias, and concludes that Chandlerian descriptions seek to induce a sense of suspense in their spatializations.Acknowledging that heterotopia theory is consistent with Foucault’s method of analyzing the discourse, the examination of Chandler’s novels reveal that the heterotopic spaces are intertwined with the dark spaces of the noir fiction. Furthermore, in the stories, the paradoxes do not reach a climax, therefore, this study suggests that the resulting spaces to be called noir heterotopias. Finally, since the stories conclude with a sense of nonfulfillment, and their heterotopic tensions remain unsolved, it can be said that suspension is the key to the new social order that noir heterotopias seek in their descriptions of Southern California.

According to the French thinker Michel Foucault, power is so pervasive that it can overshadow many areas of human life. This influence penetrates even in the language of literary texts and it manifests itself in the form of metaphors, signs and symbols. Lyrical Story in a Footnote is written by Mahsa Mohebbali is one of the stories of technique-oriented and form-based, which shows the author's familiarity with philosophical approaches and also his mastery in the field of storytelling. But one of the most challenging points in the text is the non-desirable image of the female character in the story. Despite the femininity of the narrator and the writer, the question arises as to why such an idea is portrayed by the female character in the story? In the present study, based on Michel Foucault's theory of power, one can point to the penetration of masculine power in the language of the story. Of course, the concepts such as the protesting and rebellious bodies, as well as some of Nietzsche's views, such as the ethics of masters and slaves, show that some seemingly fragile images of women are themselves are in opposition to masculine language, but in the end it can be proved that this story is one of the concrete examples of Michel Foucault's theory of power: because masculine power is present in many linguistic elements. They have penetrated and overshadowed it.

Studies show that the lives of women throughout history have been constantly ups and downs and in the face of injustice and contempt.With regard to men's writing in Persian history and literature, less information can be obtained about the personality traits and cognitive identity of women.Their presence in the political, social, and political spheres of the Qajar period, and those that have gone away from time to time, is important for achieving this recognition.Among these works, letters are worth more because of the facts of life.This research has been aimed at analyzing these letters, the extent and manner of exercising the power of women in the courtroom.The research method in this paper is based on analysing of Forough Dawlah's letters, Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar's daughter, and their compliance with the statements of power of nineteenth-century theorist Michel Foucault.The result obtained indicates that Despite the increasing awareness and increasing the presence of women in the community, they have not been able to respond to the demands of self-restraint without the support and support of men, and in the context of the distribution of power, they have been subordinate to the lower.

The History of the Body in Literature, by Seyyed Mehdi Zarghani et al. (1398), deals with the development of different types of the concept of the body and their classification in the history of Persian literature. The book examines the concept of body in the works of poets, mystics, and artists. The approach of the book towards its subject matter is novel, and it is this novelty that may explain the lack of detailed and structured research background. By critically focusing on the positive and negative aspects of the book’s novel approach towards the concept of the body, the present article sets to propose some revisions regarding some of book’s critical beliefs regarding the body. Some of the shortcomings of the book’s critical views towards the body can be listed as follows: Methodological, theoretical and bibliographical shortcomings and inconsistencies due to the book’s tendency to treat some issues one-sidedly, thematic contradictions due to the book’s incoherent and fragmentary treatment of the body, and the book’s inclination towards reductionism.