جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Magical Realism » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Magical realism is a new approach to writing contemporary novels in which reality and fantasy are intertwined in such a way that all unreal and imaginary events in the context of the novel appear completely real and natural. This trend appeared in the novels of some Arab writers, including the famous Algerian writer, Al-Tahir Wattar. In the novel “The Pure Guardian Returns to His Pure Place,” we encounter the writer’s efforts to rely on a modern narrative structure and use the dream as an artistic trick that allows him to highlight what was hidden in his existence. This research was done with the aim of describing the story space and analyzing narrative techniques based on magical realism. Given that this novel seems to be the writer's first step in using this literary genre, it seems necessary to research how to apply magical realism to this novel. In this study, we relied on the application of magical realism in light of the social criticism approach descriptively and analytically. The results indicate that the novelist provided, with this approach, a space to express the reality of Islamic society and the problems of Algerian society, and expressed his critical vision. He built his novel based on the space of the subconscious, and we see a dispersion in the different periods. The novelist made the past a stage for historical events that form a background for the psychological emotions in the present. The novelist resorted to history and placed historical figures in legendary molds, and he benefited from the case of the killing of Malik bin Nuwayra at the hands of Khalid bin Al-Walid as a symbol of the collapse of temporal and spatial rules, and the presentation of the novel’s plot in a spiral manner to deny atonement and the ugliness of violence throughout history.

One of the branches of the school of realism is magical realism, which is an innovative and new way of writing stories, in which the elements of reality and fantasy are combined in such a way that the border between them is not easily recognizable and the reader easily accepts it, in fiction works, attention to magical realism has been paid attention to by writers in order to know more about this school. In this research, an attempt has been made to theoretically examine this writing style in the novel Village by Ilami writer Mohammad Moulai, and that dealing with magical realism can bring another lens of native fiction to the audience. Moulai, in paying attention to magical realism, includes components such as realistic description of details, the role of talismans and demons, the use of magic and jinn, the use of imagination and illusion, amazing events, duality and opposition, symbolism and mystery. He has used conflict, voluntary silence, specific timing, exaggeration, local customs and superstitions. The author establishes a close connection between the world he created in the village and the real world and has used a believable tone in combining reality with imagination. The author's thinking in creating magical realism in the village novel is rooted in thoughts and ideas that are associated with the supernatural factor. Benefiting from the factor of magic and genie have the highest frequency and the use of conflict has the lowest frequency in the village novel. The author's use of magic and the group of goblins has caused the element of fantasy to come along with the author in this composition and create otherworldly images.

Magic realism is one of the characteristics of realism in the second half of the twentieth century. Kamal and Saedi are among the pioneers of this style. Al-Marhoum</em> and Azadaran-e Bayal</em> are prominent examples of this style. In this paper, the writer's methods are analyzed with a descriptive-analytical method based on the American school of thought. The need to know the content and elements of magical realism with regards to the social, cultural, and political problems of the two countries (Egypt and Iran), myths, and beliefs is the necessity of research in this respect. The results show that the authors used magical realism to express the political and social problems in their society. The element of "magic", "illusion", and "imagination", after the element of "reality", forms the foundation of these two stories. The background of both writers' tendency towards magical realism style should be considered through the psychological aspects of the characters in their stories and common individual characteristics. In Al-Marhoum</em>, the components of magical realism; Such as "symbolization", "mystery", "sound and smell" have a more prominent presence, and more examples of the elements of "duality", "myth" and "sound and smell" can be observed in in this novel.

Realism means observing the realities of life as they are. The realists believed that "the reality presented in Romanticism is fleeting; Because they portray life as more adventurous and exaggerated than reality. This is while the realists show the ordinary life of people as it is and the reader acknowledges its truth ”(Shamisa, 1391: 78-77). A realist is an external or objective school in which the author does not express his feelings and emotions in the story. He sought to discover the facts so that the reader by reading the work to reach the conclusion that he has read and understood the reality (Hosseini, 1388: 159). Magical realism is a style in which unusual and unnatural phenomena occur and the writers combine ordinary and magical events without any justification and create a story. Hassan Kamal is one of the contemporary Egyptian writers who wrote the story of the "deceased" from the point of view of magical realism, in which he shows the audience strange and surreal events; Where a person named the deceased plots to infiltrate other corpses and complete the flow of unfulfilled deeds and aspirations. The novel "Almarhum" by Hassan Kamal is about two characters, one of whom is related to the world of the dead and in his opinion has a mission from God, and the second character is a writer and a doctor and tries to be the narrator of this person's life.

One of the most important components of magical realism is the high frequency of elements such as sound, smell, light and such elements, which ultimately fills the space of the work with illusion and imagination and blurs the boundaries between reality and fantasy. The study of the novel "Night Harmony of the Wood Orchestra" by Reza Ghasemi shows that the sound element has a high frequency in this novel. In this regard, in the upcoming article, the prominence of the sound element in creating the atmosphere of the novel has been investigated. The results of the research show that the author has greatly benefited from the sound element to create the atmosphere of the novel, and considering his experience in performing arts such as theater and music, the sound element plays a central role in this novel and sometimes, the function of an ordinary voice in creating the atmosphere of the novel is equal to several sentences and even pages. In total, these sounds embody the harmony of an orchestra, which together induce the utmost fear and terror in the wooden building where the story takes place. Most of the sounds used in this novel are the sounds of human and animal characters, the sound of objects and the sound of musical instruments. In general, through these voices - which are often terrifying and mysterious - the author conveys issues such as identity crisis and immigration problems to the reader's mind in an artistic way and with maximum effect.

This study aims to analyze the components of magical realism in the Tunisian novel "Waqa'a al-Madinah al-Ghariba" and find out how "Abd al-Jabbar al-Osh," the author of this novel, relies on the genre of magical realism or presents facts through the lens of amazing and imaginary things has been able to express political and social problems and shortcomings easily. The success of this Arabic novel in receiving the Tunisian Kumar Literary Award and the fact that this Tunisian novelist is unknown among the literary and academic community of Iran explains one of the necessities of this research; The next issue is the expression of political and social criticism in this novel, which is not limited to Tunisian society and in some way overlaps with the problems of our society today.The authors of the study, after reviewing the novel "Waqa'a al-Madinah al-Ghariba," found in a descriptive-analytical method that "Abd al-Jabbar al-Osh," relying on components such as the plot of the fantastic events, symbolization, contrast between modernity and tradition, socio-political theme and also expressionist descriptions that are among the standard components of magical realism stories have also succeeded in expressing the depth and breadth of the social and political problems of Tunisian society, In this way, by informing the reader, he encourages him to make a change in society. In this story, Al-Osh blurs the line between reality and fantasy. He uses his humorous language as a spice to depict the bitterest and darkest events of the day in a fascinating frame for his audience. After the plot of unique events, symbols in this story play a significant role. This is because discovering complex things is more appealing to the audience; Thus, in characterization and when expressing his criticisms, Al-Osh uses symbolism as his means of work.

Magical realism means the combination of reality, magic and imagination, that is, reality and the unreal. This style is a new style in Arabic novelism, in addition to exploring the narrative form and transcending the boundaries of the narrative tradition, opening the way for him to explain some of the issues through this new form of narrative. This literary tendency has developed in Arabic novels and among its writers; one of them is Ahmad Khaled Tawfiq (1962- 2018). He is one of the pioneers of the literature of fear in contemporary Arabic literature. He has written valuable works and novels in this field; one of his most famous novels is "Fi Mamar el-Feeran" and is an advanced and advanced type of "The Story of the Exalted One", No. 68 of his supernatural series. In this novel, he has addressed the social issues of his society, Egypt, with a place of fear and magic, imagination, fear and darkness and myth. The present study is an analytical-descriptive study of the events of this novel from the perspective of magic realism and tries to understand the social and political aspects hidden in it. One of the most important findings of the research is that Khaled Tawfiq draws a picture of contemporary Egyptian society and how they deal with issues such as poverty, ignorance, darkness, and fear of enemies, and exposes problems of their nation such as despair, deprivation, and cruelty such as enemies. Israel picks up. In this way he has used extensive imagination and various techniques such as combining real elements with the imagination and applying Greek myths such as Odysseus, Prometheus, etc., and accurately describing superstitious persons and personalities.

Magical realism with its specific features, particularly the occurrence of believable magical incidents (with willing suspension of disbelief), is one of the popular genres of fictional literature, both for writers and readers of stories. Types, structures, and forms of magical realism are fostered either deliberately or unintentionally within the works and oeuvre of various authors. In this research, we examine Paulo Coelho’s novel The Alchemist and Bakhtiyar Ali’s My Uncle Jamshid Khan, Whom the Wind Always Takes Away from the standpoint of American school of comparative literature, and within the perspective of magical realism, to see how and where they compare and contrast with one another. The researchers conclude that although both of the aforementioned works utilize the technique of transforming humans into wind, and inevitable they have some similarities, they use significant takes and narratological decisions to foster their narratives in order to make their readers pursue the story.

Among the various literary genres, mystical texts, and especially mystical memories that have narrated the biography of mystics, include the miraculous and extraordinary deeds that occur as a result of mystical virtues. They have the most similarity and alignment with the components of the school of magical realism. The authors of the present study, among the mystical memoirs and biographies of mystics, have considered the book Manaqeb al-Arefin Ahmad Aflaki, which describes the states and officials of Maulana and his family and companions, as the statistical population of this research. Descriptive-analytical method has tried to study the elements of magical realism in the mentioned work. The result of the research shows that Aflaki, like the leading writers of the school of magical realism, with the help of his very high imagination and admirable literary creativity and artistic genius, combines the elements of the world of magic and the world of reality so creatively that The formation of a whole becomes unique and persuades the reader to accept the magical element that flows in the context of reality. Existence of elements such as identity, timelessness, Placement, artistic fusion of reality and fantasy, use of magnification and exaggeration, and wonderful wonders that emerge from the characters of the stories. Manaqeb al-Arefin leads the mystics more and more to the realm of magical realism.

Although it is the birthplace of Latin American magical realism and the writers of this region have contributed to its globalization with their works of fiction, some thinkers in the field of literature believe that this method is not unique to this region of the world and its roots can be traced back to eastern literature, especially mystical texts. Mystical texts, and specifically Sufi "assemblies", are basically imaginative because the "old man" used to tell stories about mystics during the Majalis, and because most of his audience was the general public, he did his best to make his words believable and effective. In this article, using a descriptive-analytical method, we have mentioned examples of common points of "magical realism style" and the anecdotes of "Tabrizi ancient gatherings". The important points of connection between "assemblies" and writing in the style of magical realism are dignified actions, strange behaviors, strong imagination, breaking the boundaries between reality and surrealism, and disrupting the causal structure

One of the works of Gholam Hossein Saedi, in which the characteristics of the Gothic genre can be seen, is the collection of stories "Fear and Trembling". In this collection, which deals with the lives of the people of the southern coast, the author has crossed the boundaries of reality, filling it with apprehension and anxiety. The Gothic genre, which first appeared in architecture in the twelfth century and expressed mystery and horror, became a genre in fiction in the eighteenth century. In such works, the authors engage the readers with horror and mystery by creating a terrifying atmosphere and detailed and imaginative descriptions. The characters in these works are unbalanced, psychotic and sometimes criminal. The reference to secluded, remote, and uninhabited environments is another element of such works. In this series of stories, Saedi seeks to show the cultural and social backwardness of the beach dwellers by creating a frightening and sad atmosphere by referring to delusional and superstitious people and referring to the descent of calamity and death in various forms. Attention to the unnatural elements that bring this collection closer to the works of magical realism is one of the manifestations of the Gothic literature of this work.

Magical Realism is an artistic attitude toward narration (story) and an unusual action in a perfect realistic area which seems reliable, logical and reasonable in mental, doctrinal and common beliefs Latin America was known as the origin of magic realism and its approach, but it wasn't exclusively restricted to this area(Latin America) and some cases being appropriate to suggested measures of this literary and reflective school in Persian valuable literature in general and particularly in mystic literature have been created, so some critics know the eastern literature as its main origin. This research has-in a descriptive-analytical approach examined magical realism qualities such as illogical events, collapsing down the borders between reality and imagination, hyperbole (exaggeration), wonder, time downfall, political background, bidimensional, dream, legend, fantasy, myth and optional silence in order to state if this mystical text is in accordance to the features of the mentioned school or not .This study has also pointed out how Hojviri has recalled such unreal and fantastic features in a story with a pretty realistic background. He has presented an exquisite evoking of his own abstract and occult thoughts in the guise of real and tangible ones so that the paradoxical solidarity in Kashf-ol mahjoob will be the result of weird actions and unreasonable events in a real setting in order that both believers in these actions and incredulous readers will accept it as the result of its writers' artistic consequences.

From its earliest period of formation, the Kurdish novel has been a correlation of political and social developments and conflicts. Among the collection of novel analysis methods, the critical discourse analysis method is more consistent with the nature of this type of novel. One of the methods of examining this particular type of novel analysis and its most effective approach is the subconscious approach, which pays sp, special attention to its situational and political context in examining the text and examines it in three levels of description, explanation, and interpretation. The novel The Last Pomegranate of the World is one of the Kurdish political novels that read the events of the Kurdish uprising against the Ba'athist regime in Iraq and the coming to power of the semi-independent Kurdish government under the banner of the political parties in the region. The analysis of the text's propositions at the explanatory level shows that the political events of the period and the tumultuous atmosphere of the 1975s, the civil wars between the Kurdish parties, and the turbulent period that followed, have always failed, disappointed, and degraded. The novel's critical analysis is based on the novel's content, a critique of violence, politics, and power, which revolves around the fundamental theme of anti-authoritarianism and anti-politics.

Sometimes magical realism is known as a historical-political and post-colonial way of writing stories, and sometimes as a method composed of a special literary vision and technique, and also as an exclusively local-regional style. As it can be seen from the background of the research, usually the existence of some components makes it possible to prove magical realism in a work. The different roles and importance of these components have given researchers a different perspective on the main and secondary nature of each of them, as well as the number of each.The components of the magical realism style have been investigated in different ways, and what is more or less agreed upon by the researchers is a combination of fantasy techniques and the facts of life. According to the comparative aim of the present article, the common use of some of these cases in a limited way shows the closeness of these two works, Hengam and A very old man with enormous wings, respectively written by Shahriar Mandanipour and Gabriel García Márquez. The present paper is a content-structural review and identifies and describes the identical components in these two stories.

Writing a story in the style of magical realism has never been the dominant style of Iranian storytellers. However, the number of writers who have tried this method is not small. One of them is the well-known author Moniru Ravanipour. Moniru Ravanipour's novel "Ahle Ghargh" is much more known as a story in the style of magical realism. But how faithful is this story to the components of magical realism? This study intends to answer this question. After a careful analysis of the features of this style and a re-examination of the novel “Ahle Ghargh” in a new reading, it has been concluded that the author follows this style in the magical part of the story; but in the second part, he recedes from the components of magical realism. In cases such as breaking the author's (narrator's) voluntary silence, using stereotyped statements to make the story believable, conscious interfering in the construction of symbolic characters, creating multiple suspensions, changing the lost identity, and having a reporting tone, the story is distorted and it takes some distance from the style of magical realism.

Discussing the “extraordinary” element in a system in which the place of elements is determined according to their relation to the overall design of the narrative is an appropriate way of analyzing magical realism and those mystical narratives consisting of extraordinary events. In order to display the existent correlation between the magical deep structure and the plot of these literary productions, the narrative structure of these mystical texts: Asrārottowhid, Resāle - ye Qoshayriye, Kashfol- Mahjūb, Mersādol-’ebād, Mesbāhol- Hedāye and Meftāhol- Kefāye and these fictions including One Hundred Years of Solitude, Metamorphosis, The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings and Aura is investigated with an eye to Claude Bremond’s model so that we can extract the main sequences in these works and we can specify the structural similarities and dissimilarities in these works’ main sequence according to the combination of “realistic” and “extraordinary” functions in a sequence. The obtained results indicate that there are similarities in the structure of the main sequence and their utilization of “realistic” and “extraordinary” sequences. The shared structures in the analyzed works are: “the linear structure without excluding the main constituents”, “the exclusion of initial state of equilibrium and the commencement with a crisis”, and “the nonlinear structure”. The shared combinations of main sequences in terms of the inclusion of realistic or extraordinary tasks are depicted as “exclusionary-extraordinary-realistic”, “exclusionary-extraordinary-extraordinary” and “extraordinary-extraordinary-extraordinary”.

Beliefs are the basic themes of magical realism. Therefore, correct apprehension of these kinds of stories can clarify and analyze the belief/s from which the stories are originated. Fear and Trembling</em>, written by Gholam-Hossein Saedi, is one of the story collections, which is very difficult to understand, authored in magical realism style. One of the reasons for this difficulty is Saedichr('39')s indirect use of this public belief. In this article, the authors want to delve into public beliefs of Zar in this collection in order to have a better understanding of the story. To do so, first, Zar beliefs have been investigated all over the world via library research method, and then the findings are compared against a case study in Hormozgan province through field research. The insiders in that area were interviewed. After that, in a descriptive analytical manner, the elements of beliefs in Zar in the collection story of Fear and Trembling</em> were examined. The research findings show that several elements related to Zar beliefs in this collection have the following pivotal roles: 1) different kinds of Zar wind, the features of its five kinds are evident in the story, 2) the dochr('39')s and donchr('39')ts that those suffering from Zar must observe, 3) Mamazar (the mother of Zar), and Babazar (the father of Zar) are local therapists who treat  patients by music and get help from the supernatural forces and local medicines, 4) Hijab ceremony during which patients are treated, 5) music, that is one of the elements of treatment, and 6) the beliefs in mythical creatures (the cradle baby).

The study of literary works with regard to the principles of literary schools is useful in presenting new analyzes, classifying works and explaining the quality of the author. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is one of the most important literary works in Persian language. The analysis of its stories, especially the events related to Kaykhosrow, with regard to the components of literary schools, is effective in recognizing Ferdowsi's literary power and a new reading of his intellectual foundations. In the present study, based on the components of magical realism, which derive from the school of realism, Kaykhosrow's character and Ferdowsi's narrative style have been explored in relation to him.

The present study was performed by descriptive-analytical method and inductive method.

Combining reality and fantasy and forming a part of narrative in the world of dreams, Keykhosrow's behavior based on magic, Keykhosrow mythology and presenting exaggerated images in the context of facts are among the components that make it possible to read events based on Keykhosrow theory. They have done magic.

The results of the research show that Ferdowsi has narrated the events related to Kaykhosrow in the context of the realities of Iranian society. Of course, he has used magical and supernatural elements in a limited and guided level to create the ups and downs of the narrative, to attract the audience's attention, to show the complexity and mystery of Kaykhosrow's character.

Magical realism is a narrative that has been spread in Latin America since the second half of the twentieth century, and consequently in the world. In this style of writing, the marvelous affair with the real is so combined that their separation becomes impossible. One of the most debatable issues about magical realism is why the writers of this work move towards magical realistic stories, what are their reasons for writing their stories in the form of magical realism? In what ways are the spheres of magic realism more likely to grow? In this study, along with an overview of the definitions and history of magical realism in the world and Iran we have tried to analyze the tendencies of Iranian writers in this style through descriptive analytical method. The findings of this study show that the space and lifestyle of Iranian writers have made extensive use of the features of magical realism in their works. Factors such as the confrontation between tradition and modernity, cultural context or climatic conditions, politics, myths, representations of climatological culture and novelty are among the most important reasons for authors' tendency to magical realism

In this research at first step the concept of magical realism and its characteristics are explained from literature perspective. Afterwards the theory of Gilles Deleuze on time and crystal-time and Related time structures are described. Then the concept of Time in magical realism literature and its effect on narrative patterns are explained as well. After that it comes the analysis of some of contemporary films influenced by magical realism which have a modern narrative structure in order to formulate time patterns for reading and analyzing time in this kind of films. Magical realism or magic realism is a genre of narrative fiction and, more broadly, art that, while encompassing a range of subtly different concepts, expresses a primarily realistic view of the real world while also adding or revealing magical elements. Films has been analyzed from this stand point of view. This research seeks to discover how and with what tools the films depict this duality of time and which narrative patterns are used for this purpose.