جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « free will » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The German language has four grammatical cases: Nominative (Nominativ)– subject, Accusative (Akkusativ)– direct object, Dative (Dativ)– indirect object, and Genitive (Genitiv)– possessive. Grammatical case is mostly responsible for determining the syntactic-semantic relations in the sentence. In languages that have a relatively free sequence of words, case can pave the way to recognize grammatical relations and understand semantic relationships. Grammatical case is formed in two ways: 1. case government/ rection, and 2. case congruence. Case government/ rection is the syntactic relationship between two linguistic phrases. That is to say that the first linguistic element determines the grammatical features of the second linguistic element that is dependent on it. In the German language, four lexical categories determine grammatical case: verb, preposition, adjective and noun. In the second type of grammatical case assignment, the noun phrase takes the grammatical case of another noun phrase without being dependent on it. Case congruence is observed in predictive nominal phrases, conjunctive phrases and apposition. There exists, however, yet another grammatical case which is called "free case". The complications related to free case, which will be discussed in the present paper, are due to the fact that the reason for its appearance in the sentence is not clear, and it is often considered by language learners as a direct object. In this research, in addition to introducing free case and its types, the ways of distinguishing this type of grammatical case from the grammatical case that are granted through lexical elements in the sentence are shown. It is sought to investigate the extent to which language learners are familiar with free case and whether they can distinguish the syntactic functions formed through free case from those dependent on the verb of the sentence. It is hypothesized that lack of knowledge about free case would make language learners face problems in recognizing syntactic functions. Therefore, in the experimental phase of this study, two groups of language learners were asked to participate in a related test.

Background of Study:

In a book titled "Grammatical Case" Sahel, (2018) has discussed in detail the various dimensions of case. In this book, in addition to discussing topics such as case government, case congruence, and the relationship between semantic roles and grammatical case, the writer also discusses how grammatical case is learned by children. Czepluch (1996) compared grammatical case in German and English languages. On the other hand, Dürscheid (1999) tried to provide a comprehensive definition and description of grammatical case from the point of view of syntax and meaning. Also, Einsenbeiß (1994) addressed the relationship between grammatical case and word sequence in the German language and examined the learning of these issues in the first language. Marks (2014) discussed the issue of teaching grammar to immigrant students and the difficulties faced by language teachers. Also, Vater (2006) referred to the issue of features of the grammatical case in the construction of apposition, and, in 2015, in another study, examined the issue of changes and fluctuations in the grammatical case in contemporary German. In her doctoral thesis, Egorova (2006) discussed the issue of grammatical case in German language, examining the adverbial role of direct and indirect objects in nominal groups and their corresponding grammatical cases. 

With the aim of applying this research, the main part of the present article, which is focused on the distinction between different grammatical cases in the German language, was investigated through data collection. To this end, 28 undergraduate students in the field of German language and literature at Shahid Beheshti University were invited to participate in the test. The students were divided into two groups of fourteen participants. The experimental group consisted of 14 students (nine female and five male students in the age range of 19 to 30 years). The experimental group participants who were at the end of their fifth semester participated in a 90-minute face-to-face session in the course "Advanced German Linguistics" and learned about "Free Case in German Language". The control group also included 14 students (ten female and four male students in the age range of 18 to 26 years). The students in the control group, who were at the end of their third semester when they participated in the test, had only learned about the structure of the German language in the courses "Grammatical Analysis" and "Basics of Linguistics". After the training of the experimental group, both groups participated in the test which consisted of three sections. In the first section of the test, six sentences were presented and the participants were asked to identify the direct object of the verb. In the second part, five sentences were presented and the participants were asked to determine the indirect object of the verb. In the third and final part of the test, seven sentences were presented to the participants and they were asked to determine the object related to the verb of the sentence. In the end, the results obtained from both groups in all three sections were analyzed.

In the present study, free grammatical case in German language was discussed. Case government and case congruence were also introduced through various examples. It was shown in what cases the free grammatical case of the direct object, which takes the grammatical role of the adverb, is manifested. Also, the types of grammatical case of the free indirect object were delved into. Next, in addition to introducing the grammatical case of the indirect object, it was also pointed out that this grammatical case shares a common feature with the grammatical case of the direct object, in which both of them play the grammatical role of the adverb in the sentence. Next, with the aim of applying this research, the main part of the present study, which is focused on the distinction between different grammatical cases in the German language, was examined in a data-oriented way. To this end, examples of all three grammatical Oblique case were given to the experimental and control groups. The results revealed that in all cases, the number of correct answers by the participants of the experimental group who were familiar with the types of free grammatical cases was more compared to the control group. It was also found that familiarizing language learners with the free grammatical case will help them distinguish between the grammatical functions of adverbs and the grammatical functions of verbs.

Nima Yoshij was nicknamed "Father of New Poetry" due to the new style and format he created in Persian poetry. But Nima was not alone in the difficult path of popularizing and consolidating his new format, and his fans and followers rushed to help him. Mahdi Akhavan-Sales is one of the most significant followers of Nima, who, according to many researchers, has a prominent position in the field of introducing Nima's poetry and its characteristics. This article tries to explain Akhavan-Sales real position in this field. For this purpose, first by exploring the publications of the first four decades of the 14th century, identifying the pre- Akhavan authors and examining their articles and writings, then the article "A Kind of Weight in Modern Persian Poetry" as the most important and influential article of the Akhwan about Nima and the analysis and the reasons for the importance of this article and its prominent position in the field of Nima studies are explained under five sections. In the end, it is clear that despite the effective steps taken by other researchers to introduce Nima and his poetry, the Akhavan article was a very important and influential step in theorizing and introducing Nima'i poetry, its subtleties and capacities, and in the attention of traditionalist academics to this emerging format. It had a significant impact.

The concepts of Determinism and Free Will have always been among the most complex philosophical issues in global religious history, including within Iran. These ideas also hold a prominent role within Zoroastrianism. Given its ancient and diverse history, Zoroastrianism has been influenced by various religions and intellectual currents, leading to contrasting intellectual articulations. The intricate complexities of Determinism and Free Will, combined with the ambiguities of ancient Iranian religion, have given rise to meaningful concepts born from these ideological conflicts. One significant concept within Mazdyasna (Zoroastrianism) is that of Satisfaction (hūnsandī), which directly correlates with Determinism and Free Will. This research briefly reviews these concepts within Mazdyasna, focusing on hūnsandī and its surrounding intellectual currents as presented in Avestan and Pahlavi texts. Upon exploration, it appears that each distinct thought stream related to hūnsandī likely leans towards either Determinism or Free Will.

The two concepts of Fatalism and Free will are the most important concepts raised in jurisprudence, philosophy and mystical literature which apart from philosophers, great poets such as Rumi, Sanai, Attar, Hafez, and Saadi have addressed it in their poetry and prose works.This issue becomes more important when in the history of Islam, two schools of Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila have been established to defend Fatalism and Free will and have put forward numerous arguments to accept or reject them. This article with the purpose of comparative analysis of the two concepts of Fatalism and Free will with emphasis on the poems of Rumi and Attar. The main question of this article is: "How the two concepts of Fatalism and Free will can be analyzed in the poems of Rumi and Attar?" The hypothesis of the authors implies that the concepts of Fatalism and Free will have a special prominence in the poems of Rumi and Attar and that both poets have addressed these two concepts and have tried to analyze them with their own reasons. The findings by using the comparative method showed that the frequency of the concept of Free will in Rumi's poets is much higher than the concept of Fatalism while the frequency of Fatalism in Attar's poets is much wider than the concept of Free will. Therefore, in the course of mysticism, Rumi's poems represent voluntarism and Attar's poems represent Fatalism.

The idea of predestination and free will and the role or lack of fate in life events have always existed in the minds of thinkers and have been reflected in different ways and works. The common people have been involved with these two dimensions, and its manifestations have entered the folklore and native literature of a land and region. The purpose of this article was to examine the deterministic view in the folktales of Hormozghan province, from perspectives such as the roots and reasons for the spread of this idea, those quarreling fate, the degree of fit between fate and an individual's competence, the issues supported by fate, among others. Reasons such as the inability of the populace to make changes and achieve their desired goals, religious and historical roots and the remnants of some Zurvanism beliefs are among the factors that lead to this idea. Emphasizing the role of fate is one of the weak points of plot in these stories and the weakening of rational actions. There is no logical connection in many cases in terms of the proportionality of the power of fate and a person's ability. In these stories, fate is present as an active and powerful fictional character or as a judge who regulates their actions and results so that, in the end, the supported character is defeated against powerful quarrelers such as the king. From the thematic point of view, the most frequent topic supported by fate is the marriage of two characters.

The issues of “predestination and free will” have long been among the contentious topics in the history of Iranian-Islamic thought. The conducted studies have chiefly showcased the dominance of fatalistic ideology in the political and mystical history of Iran. Ayn al-Qudat Al-Hamadani is one of the prominent thinkers of mysticism in medieval period of Islam as well as one of the dauntless critics of Seljuq government who paid particular attention to predestination and free will topic. One of the most important epistemological foundations that can be deployed for scrutinizing the political thought of thinkers is their conceptualization of predestination and will—as an important anthropological aspect. In this article, adopting an implication-based approach, the researchers examined and analyzed anthropology of Ayn al-Qudat Hamadani with the aim of discovering and understanding the political implications of his conceptualization of predestination and free will. The main question of the article is what the political consequences of Ayn al-Qudat Hamadani’s conceptualization of predestination and free will are. The findings of the study reveal that Ayn al-Qudat Hamadani, upon determining a predestined nature for the world of divinity and detaching the nature of the human world from it, has criticized and condemned the dominant and exclusively deterministic ideology of his time by laying emphasis on the inherent nature of free will in human beings. The finding of the study can be a counterexample to the narratives that have assessed the whole history of Iranian political thought and culture as believing in fatalism.

Influenced by the intellectual movements of the Renaissance, the flow of the contemporary literature moved away from the imitative frameworks in structure and content and found a new approach based on questioning and searching in the view of existence and the origin and end of life. In this environment, contemporary human beings seek to find the meaning and truth of objects and phenomena in accordance with free thought and astonishment against the manifestations of existence. They do this by reconsidering their existential dimensions as evidence of the world and redefining concepts such as intellect, existence and death. In search of the inner world of the universe and the supernatural and, meanwhile, considering the limitations of the intellect as well as the impotence of human beings, it is of  necessity to connect with the channels of existence and sources of absolute knowledge in order to understand and receive the truth and the inner things. Surrealism in the libertarian and truth-seeking school of concepts and phenomena, based on the avoidance of imitation, the creation of new meanings and relations as well as the creation of novel images, established a movement in contemporary literature, although this approach has not achieved much in discovering and understanding the truth. Considering that it has caused the liberation of thought and freedom of thought, it has led man on the path of seeking the truth and searching for the exact and deep meaning of concepts and connection with the original sources of perception that are necessary to discover and understand facts. The contemporary literature, a function of the Renaissance thought stream, underwent significant changes of content, concepts and structure, during which the approach of the works moved away from conventional themes and contents and unequivocally accepted imitative forms to a free attitude and return.

Using a descriptive-analytical method and providing a correct definition of freethinking as well as a detailed account of the intellectual positions of the thinkers of the school of surrealism, the present research explains the original idea and its connection with the structure of surrealism. It also makes references to the opinions of critics in the field.

Considering the limitation of reason and the lack of power of man, independently, in understanding and receiving the truth and the inside things, it is necessary to make a link between the references and sources of "absolute knowledge" in the formation of the "zero point" of the mind and original thinking freed from external data. Surrealism lies in the nature of a freedom-loving school and the searching for the truth of concepts and phenomena, based on avoiding imitation and creating new meanings and relationships. The question of one’s Self and the question of the most basic concepts of existence in order to understand and receive the truth of life and discover the mysteries and inwardness of objects and phenomena are beyond what has been induced in the human mind. However, a change occurred in the schools of classicism and modernism, but its full manifestation was realized in the poetic works of Surrealism. The poets of this school, in searching and discovering the meanings and truths of existence, rejected the existing positions and definitions in order to get rid of the stagnation of the literary society. They also considered the questioning of astonishment against the manifestations of life and existence as the main element of literary creations. They understood the origin and the end of existence. The origin of this approach was to pay attention to the inner world and human instincts in relation to their deep and original needs, which has led contemporary human beings to review and recover their inner powers and redefine concepts such as existence, intellect, life and truth in order to reach beyond matter. It has led to the discovery of its secrets.

The approach of surrealism, in the sense that it frees thought from the circle of imitation, and freedom of thought, which is the point of commonality between pure rationality and surrealism, leads man on the path of truth-seeking and searching for the precise and deep meaning of concepts and connects him to the original sources of perception. It also provides an understanding of the facts of life. This study aims to explain the structure of the mind and the power of thinking as the only reference that man has to recognize and understand the meanings and concepts, on the one hand, and examine the structure, process and the origin of meanings and images on the other hand.

The enlargement in popularity of group work in English language classrooms has been associated with a raise in the frequency of reports of learners not equally contributing to work in the groups. Termed as free- riding, the impact of this behavior on other group members can make group work an unpleasant experience. Informed by the Rational Choice Theory and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, this study investigated the degree to which English as a foreign language learner could be directed towards effective group cooperation. For this purpose, a total 140 intermediate (N = 70) and upper-intermediate (N = 70) learners were engaged in picture-cued oral narrative tasks in groups. The teacher familiarized the learners with the tenets of rational choice theory and the effective group work. The classes were observed and learners filled out a free-riding questionnaire. Results statistical analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of knowledge about rational choice theory in the reduction of free-riding. Furthermore, qualitative analysis of the observations revealed that learners particularly those in the low-intermediate group were more inclined towards free-riding. The reasons underlying learners’ lack of interest in group work and possible strategies to reduce this concern were further specified. It is suggested: Teachers should clearly state the goals of the group activities according to the theory of rational choice and clarify the specific goals of the course. By having a clear view of the course objectives and understanding the role of teachers and learners in group work, learners are better placed to meet their expectations and goals.

Determinism and free will have always been  among the most important and controversial issues of ideology of Muslims. They have historically provoked various disputes and judgments among the thinkers of theology, philosophy, and mysticism. The theological theory of the Mu'tazilites and Ash'arites on this subject comes to the fore by acknowledging the issue of duality between the obligated man and God. However, each endeavor ultimately leads to a different answer to the question of how the obligated man is related to God. By presupposing independence of Man from God and looking at them as two separate facts, theologians have tried to examine the issue of determinism and free will in a way that they do not face any problems in justifying the discussion of obligation and punishment for deeds in addition to preserving both the appearances of narrative and rational arguments based on the refusal of reincarnation and unity of God and Man. By relying on their intuitive experience of their unity with the absolute existence of God in the position of nearness to the supererogatory (Nawafil), mystics have presented another presentation of the relationship between Man and God. For Islamic theologians, determinism and free will are reasonable additions to the two independent parties of God and the obligated human being, whose duality is assumed to be certain, while mystics consider creatures as a ray of God’s absolute existence according to their intuitive experience of the way of relation between God and Man. They deny realization of a reasonable addition in the light of such a unity since a reasonable addition can be only imagined between two separate and independent issues, while they do not believe in the realization of such independence on both sides of the relationship between God and Man according to their theory of existence. Mystics examine the issue of determinism and free will in the light of the unity of God and slavery to Him, which is revealed in nearness to the supererogatory. In this view, which arises from a chimerical experience, they speak of a kind of determination that occurs due to separation from their own human attributes and annihilation in God considering the position of nearness to the supererogatory. To achieve this position, such annihilation and appearance of God’s attributes inside their hearts are required. Here, mystics deny their free will as an attribute of human nature. Moreover, they introduce their own free will as a description of God’s attributes that is manifested in them considering appearance of God’s names in their hearts and the fact that their creation has been reflected in the form of truth.

The Free association is one of the techniques that novelists use to interpret the events of the story and introduce its characters to the reader. Operations in which thoughts and memories recall each other based on the principles of similarity, proximity and contrast. Considering that free association in the novel "Zakerat-al-Jasad" by Algerian author Ahlam Mostaghanemi has a high place; therefore, this study investigates the novel based on the free association technique using descriptive-analytical method and it's got the following results Free association has created a lot of beauty, diversity of contents and colorfulness of images to this literary work, and it has taken it from a repetitive state that makes the reader tired. Recalling the memories of the novel's characters and using the similarity principle that seems to be most applicable to the novel, the author details the characters' personalities, problems, wishes, and psychological and behavioral characteristics. Using the principle of temporal and spatial proximity, she introduces many celebrities, including the real people of the Algerian revolution, painters, poets and many historical trends and disasters, as well as the locations of these events to the reader. Despite the fact that the main axis of fiction is often based on two types of similarity and proximity, in some instances the narrator of the story remembers the memories based on the contradiction in them without prior decision, but recalling those memories is not always based on famous and traditional contrasts.

under the influence of the Western culture, modern contemporary poet, Mahdi Akhavan Salis, tried pay attention to Iranian culture and, to this end, tried to create a reconciliation of Zoroaster's personal and charitable tendencies, social orientations, and justice-seeking. The present article tries to answer the question of the extent of his beliefs in the afterworld, using exact qualitative content analysis. The aim was to see whether in his belief in resurrection, Akhavan Salis proceeded to the same extent as the ancient Iranians? According to the scholars' view, Mazdak has been a follower of the Zoroastrian religion in terms of the principles of theology. In this tradition, the divine and individual judgment and the Chinadopal, the same path, paradise and hell, and collective judgment, and the ultimate punishment of the sinners to free them from the oppression of sin, and finally, The scarlet has a clear plan. This article   Finally, it concludes that 153 semi poetry and 5 white poems have been released, and in total 158 free verses of the Brotherhood, 59 times in 50 poetry and 4 times in 4 poems, and 63 times in total 33 poems related to resurrection, and the percentage of poems related to resurrection The poet's poetry ratio is 88/20. However, concludes that his view of the resurrection, in his free poems, is more of a gloomy, sometimes mocking and even libelous, nature and, therefore , does not coincide with the resurrection of the ancient Persians or any other belief in the resurrection.

Addressing the impact of political events on changes in metrical feet is a new approach applied in this paper. Hasanpour and Vali’s viewpoints on the history of Kurdish nationalism, the relationship between literary texts and political events, and different types of meter in different languages in the world are used in this research. Prosody in Kurdish poetry includes two types of prosodic and syllabic changing from the former to the latter. This study deals with the Middle Kurmanji dialect in the Iranian and Iraqi Kurdistan from Nali’s period to the late 1980s. The change of poetic meter from the dominance of prosodic meter to the dominance of syllabic meter in Middle Kurmanji has been regarded as a symptom of changes in Kurdish identity and nationalism. In the author's view, one of the reasons for the changes in meter in Kurdish poetry is the nationalist movement. Therefore, the works of some famous Kurdish poets in the Iranian and Iraqi Kurdistan are analyzed based on a historical-documentary method and three stages are identified: prosodic, prosodic-syllabic, and syllabic. Changes in the meter in Middle Kurmanji poetry from prosodic to syllabic are simultaneous with the emergence and development of nationalist movements in the Iranian and Iraqi Kurdistan in World War II.

The beauty of the literary work, especially free poetry, is due to the cohesion of its different parts in form and content, so that it appears to the reader as a coherent construction of harmonious units from the beginning to the end. Organic unity is one of the most prominent issues raised after the emergence of free poetry of which the plot is the most important element. In this article, the authors examine the organic unity of narrative plot and its importance in forming organic cohesion and coherence of the constituents of poetry through the comparison between the pioneers of Arabic and Persian free poetry, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and Mehdi Akhavān Sāles, from a comparative view point and reliance on the American school. They are also examine how each of these poets uses these elements. The findings of the research show that Akhavan is more successful in applying narrative plot, including rising and falling action (gereh goshāei and gereh afkani), in formation process of organic unity, because his poetry is in a clear linear process that is materialized this by using rising and falling action as well as logical systematic sequences of thoughts in which the richness of the Persian heritage in fictional language has been effective.

Yusuf al-Khal is considered one of the pioneers of free verse. Innovation is manifested in different parts of his poetic language. The employment of symbols and myth have influenced his poetic language and created pictures which extracted from these symbols and paved the way of innovation in different elements of his poetic language. This article aims to address characteristics of the poetic language for Yusuf al-Khal based on descriptive and analytical approach. One of the most important anthologies in this field is al-bi'r al-Mahjoor (the abandoned well) the name of one of his books (Divans) which is distinguished by use of symbols and myth therefor all elements of his poems are under the influence of this approach. The poet repeats some words and idioms in his poems and uses the first person pronouns as well as present verbs in order to deepen and emphasize on the considered meanings. Studying the semantics of this book, we can find the relations between its vocabulary and the overall picture of his poems. The poet uses figurative irony to develop his poetic language and deepen his main theme. Semantic de familiarization is a lot in his poems because the use of myth results in more metaphors and simile creation Synesthesia in abstracts in Yusuf al-Khal's poem. And distinct property of his poetic language is the existence of poetic form of myth. This application created distinct form and gave holistic form to his poems.

The school of Realism has made heavy discussions among the critics, but it is accepted by almost all the sources that this school expresses the social and political realism without the exaggerated impressions. Moreover, the applied style of poets is what distinguishes each one from another and gives them a specific tone. Based on these two, we decided to study the styles of impression in the poems of Ahmed Matar who is considered to be one of the most prominent poets of the current era. Matar touches upon various political issues such as the weakness of the nation and their being oppressed. He highlights the injustice and crimes of the government. He also mentions the colonialism and the occupation of Palestine. The approach of this study is historical describing and critical analyzing to reach its results, including that Ahmed Matar has used several methods of prose to express the features of the political realism. He also uses riddles which are often used in popular literature; and descriptions that he sometimes uses reversely. Matar uses manipulation of letters, which is not common in poetry. And finally, using of symbols. For instance, he uses “cancerous tumor” as a symbol for Israel, in the body of the nation. So, Ahmed Matar could possibly be a voice for the fighting groups against the oppression and tyranny.

Verb valency is central to dependency grammar, but its role in generative grammar is ambiguous. The first theory gives a central role to verbs, determines certain groups of relations among the components of a sentence, and assumes free valence around key elements of a sentence, especially for verbs. The second theory is based on formal and relational structures of subject and predicate and assumes the generation of grammatical layers. The main objective of this study is to compare the two grammars to find out if Chomsky's sentential transformations are controlled by the concept of valency or not, and to discover how verbal valency affects the basic structure of a sentence and determines the surface structure. In order to answer these questions, the authors have first taken a look at new analytical and developmental views on Tesnière's theory through examples. Then, by an analytical approach, the authors have provided a comparative study of Tesnière and Chomsky's views. According to Tesnière, speech acts like the translation of a “linear system” into a “syntactic system”. Conversely, the action of understanding in its turn acts like the translation of a syntactic system into a linear one. He differentiates between both and believes that the syntactic system is not necessarily linear. Moreover, by defining a concept of zero (free) valency, Tesnière’s approach is better able to explain the transformations and permutations in the sentences compared to Chomsky’s approach. The concept of "universal sentence" in Chomsky’s theory seeks to describe the abilities of language users in the production of complex sentences.
By analyzing some examples in this study, the authors have shown that Chomsky’s approach, which considers the transformations of a sentence as an ability of the main to accept additional ones, is more similar to Tesnière’s approach. Chomsky’s theory, takes into accounts a free place for an additional syntagma to explain the development of the basic structure as well. So, this syntagmatic load resembles free valence in Tesnière’s theory. The results showed that as a dynamic system, language automatically creates free valence around or next to central elements and ultimately provides the possibility of certain grammatical transformations.

In the earlier verities of Persian language including the Standard and Esfahani accents the vowel /a/ used to occur word-finally which changed to /e/ through time. Moreover, the synchronic occurrence of this process in other word positions is productive in the Esfahani accent which is regarded its well-known feature. However, presently the vowel /e/ optionally changes to [a] in the environment before the postposition “ra’’ in both accents, as well as in other environments in the pronunciation of middle- aged and older Esfahani speakers. This is an instance of synchronic rule inversion the primary reason of which is hypercorrection only in Esfahani accent. This research aimed at introducing and analyzing this type of optional rule inversion within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/ 2004). The optionality which is also known as free variation is analyzed using the free ranking approach which maps a single input onto two outputs.

In the present article, Hujwiri’s epistemological ideas about determinism, freewill and the related issues in Kashf-ol-Mahjub are analyzed. Some Sufis, such as Hujwiri, have come to this conclusion that epistemological explanations of their thoughts are essential to prevent intellectual and social deviations. So, in order to know the religious opinions of Muslim mystics, it is essential that their epistemological views be examined. According to Hujwiri, the issue of contraction and expansion refers to inner states and sensual feelings of man. But, his viewpoints about acts and areas of human choices and responsibilities are often influenced by the views of Maturidi.