جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اقتصاد سیاسی بین الملل » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

The 2014 Ukraine crisis which started by Russia pressuring Ukraine not to join the free trade agreement with the EU and ultimately led to the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula to the Russian Federation, flamed the tension between Russia and the West. The implications of the annexation and the mutual sanctions by Russia and the West resulted in downgrading relations to the lowest level in last 25 years. This situation conjured up the Cold War conflicts and rivalries. The main goal of this paper is to answer the question what are the consequences of annexation of Crimea by Russia and the subsequent sanctions for the actors involved in the 2014 Ukrainian crisis? The findings of the present article utilizing international political economy show that the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation and the following sanctions have had a host of negative consequences for Ukraine, Russia, the EU, the US, and the NATO in various dimensions.

After World War II, the United States succeeded in establishing its currency, the Dollar, as the international reference currency, gaining the position of the world's leading economic and military power while leading the capitalist world. The US Dollar, according to existing metrics, still maintains its hegemonic position in the international monetary and financial system. In the new century, events such as the Euro currency supply, the 2008 financial crisis, and China's persistent efforts to internationalize its currency have gone to seriously challenge the hegemonic position of the Dollar. In this regard, the main concern of the article is to look for the factors that perpetuate the hegemony of the Dollar in the international financial and monetary system. The hypothesis tested in this regard is that the continued hegemony of the US dollar relies on the structural strength of the US in both economic and political areas and based on factors such as the depth of the capital market, ease of access to the dollar, security commitments and trust. The paper shows that the lack of these factors in relation to the Euro and the Yuan has prevented them from becoming hegemonic currencies. The findings of this study are very important for our country, which is severely facing the difficulties caused by financial sanctions due to the hegemonic position of the Dollar in the international economy today.

Incentives in conclusion of International treaties in light of International Political Economy (From Westphalia to now) After the Thirty Years' War in Europe, International treaties were concluded mainly with economic approaches and with the aim of gaining economic benefits. Post-Westphalian treaties, including Treaty of Utrecht, French -US Amity &Trade Agreement, Treaties between Vienna Congress and World War I and Treaty of Versailles are economically motivated treaties those concluded with economic motives. After World War II, financial, monetary, economic, and trade treaties for economic purposes led to the establishment of powerful international organizations that are still present in the international community and become basis for other Treaties. This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach and with a historical perspective and considering the main schools of international political economy, seeks to prove the hypothesis that economic motivation has been the main basis for concluding international treaties in the past and present. 

During recent decades, the transitions such as the advent of nuclear deterrence and the increasing financial burden of military conflict have dramatically reduced the desirability of using military means. According to this variant, the grand strategy of the United States, especially over the last two decades, has been to reduce military engagement and improve the usage of alternative means. One of the most important tools that has had an ascending trend is economic sanctions, which, with the support of the global dollar system, is severely impacting the sanctioned countries. The main issue that this study seeks to address is the reasons of growing imposition of sanctions as a tool in United States’ grand strategy. To address this question, it has been hypothesized that, in parallel with the increasing universality of the US dollar in the international economic system, the United States has used the dominance of the dollar as one of its foreign policy tools to pressure other countries. In return, the emergence of new rising powers such as China, India, and Russia; and the growing trend of imposing sanctions by the US, have created a potential coalition of countries with common interests that have accepted the transition from an US-centered economic order as one of the fundamental approaches of their macro strategy.

Throughout the development of global governance, the 2008 financial crisis has continued to play a key role in international political economy. This has resulted in continuous arguments over its definition within both scholarly and policy-making communities. Meanwhile, we can assume that global affairs proceed in the context of two realms, namely the political security realm known as Nation-State System or International System, and the economic realm known as the Global Capitalist System. Within at least the recent fifteen decades, global history has indicated that when great crises occur in the economic realm it brings about great crises in the political security realm. However, although history implies otherwise, the 2008 global capitalist crisis, did not bring about an international conflict threatening international stability as the previous crises had done before World War II.By tracing out a trend within global power dynamics and focusing on both the economic and political security realms, and by drawing from an analytical-explanatory method, this paper argues that this development was caused by the success of great powers in using institutional mechanism to promote cooperation, multilateralism, and transnationalism. This paper’s findings show that the US has lost its hegemonic position, and global affairs are governed through state-centric multilateralism, which is void of nationalism and based on cooperative practices. These cooperative practices are represented in exclusive international institutions known as post-hegemonic global governance.

International political economy is a term that combines the major disciplines of the humanities, including politics, economics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and comparative politics. The basic element of this dynamic and inherent knowledge is that it proceeds in a two-way interaction. Schools and theories are derived from these characteristics. In this article, we have tried to deal with the evolution of international political economy from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present and its impact on human society.

This article tries to study the impact of international sanctions on the orientation of the East in foreign policy of our country, from the perspective of international political economy. In the same vein, the main question of the article is that "international sanctions during the period of 1989-2013, how has caused the eastward orientation in the economic and political relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis is That "the subsequent international sanctions against the country in five different areas during the period of 1989-2013, by intensifying the barriers of relations with the West, has urged the elite to decide on foreign relations in the country to strengthen political and economic relations with the East." This hypothesis has been tested in the framework of the Neoclassic Realism. The results of the article indicate that the east ward orientation in our country's political and economic relations is less than a coherent and voluntary strategy from within and more than a response to the intensification of international sanctions against our country.

Fundamental change in security concept and its concentration on non-military dimension in addition to globalization and promotion of interdependence between countries have some consequences such as economic importance in foreign policy and its impact on priorities and instruments of foreign policy. In addition, some other factors like livelihood factors as base of legitimate foundations of political systems and regionalism trends have helped to focus on economic diplomacy in the region. This article with assumption of economic diplomacy importance is seek to analysis challenges and obstacles of this diplomacy in the middle east. The question is what challenges are before I.R of Iran s economic diplomacy? As a hypothesis and rely on descriptive- explanative method, this article argues Iran economic diplomacy in the middle east is encounter some multiple challenges in national, regional and global level. Findings of the article shows these challenges in national level are lack of visible definition from the concept, different and invisible models of development, lack of main and single agency, security-military view dominance on foreign policy, securitization milieu of middle east, similar economies not complementary, multilateralism weakness in regional level and finally great powers interventions in the regional and consequences of global economic crisis are main challenges in global level.

Since development requires peace and security, more Middle East region areas could not enter into development because of various and long term crises. Domestic and foreign crises that are due to nature of authoritarian and economic and political atmosphere, causing Middle East not be able to enter the development orbit with respect to fixed principles of development. The main question is that why the Middle East could not enter development in comparison with other developing regions, having natural and human potentials? The article hypothesis is that, dominance of security and ideological atmosphere in the Middle East in the globalization era has been main obstacle for development of this region's countries. The research method is descriptive-analytical and method of collecting data is library. The main goal of this research has been the presentation of an image about lookout of development in the Middle East region. The findings of the research are that the continuation of the underdevelopment trends of the Middle East region in the age of globalization and the rule of the security and ideological atmosphere after September 11, 2001, excludes economic surpluses from the region and providing the continuation of the backwardness and development of the underdeveloped region.

Beijing Consensus as guidance for economic policy in the arena of post Washington Consensus, has become development model of China. This consensus and state-centric economic model enjoy elements that the present research attempt to recognize them and then with studying China foreign Policy to find out the consensus elements in this arena. Accordingly, what is the role of Beijing Consensus in China foreign policy and its functions? With regard to China’s state-centric economy, the research applies Robert Gilpin’s Theory. In addition, with regard to nature of the topic, the research method is analytical-descriptive and data collection is based on library. The findings show that Beijing Consensus is a special pattern of economic development that presented by the China political elites for economic development of the country. This consensus includes elements such as innovation and constant experience, self-determination that impact on China foreign policy and regulate its foreign behavior aimed at supplying maximum economic interests.

Globalization is more than two decades that whether in the economic and political area and in the cultural and social area has become as one of the main topics among the countries and experts and simultaneous with it's raising, has brought challenges in the formal and academic assemblies. Effects that globalization has with himself in all domains, has caused to different interpretations and subsequently many supporters and opponents. One of these domains which forms the subject of this research, is impact of globalization on the cultural area of countries that naturally Iran is no exception to this rule. But that's to what extent can be appreciated this effect in the cultural area of Iran, positive or negative and identify challenges and opportunities in the country, it is the topic of the article's discussion. It seems in the field of culture as well globalization has components which should be specified and used from its opportunities in the direction of Iran's cultural development. In this article tried to by descriptive-analytical method and using data and data collection as a library or documentary, examined the role of globalization as an inclusive and extensive process in Iran's cultural development and mention to its components.

Political economy in the world at the time of the Islamic Revolution had a few major global indices such as the "mass production", "Trade" and "wealth". At this point in history, political structure of the world between two geopolitical forces of imperialism and communism in the competition, and why, was formed under the influence of the global economic necessities these two conflicting political force. Cross-sectional study to evaluate the economic-political imperialism and communism begins and then the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution as a "break in the structure of international political economy" in the political economy of these two powers, checks. The results indicate that even though imperialism and communism are considered as two competing poles, but from the perspective of political economy codes are the same. Features like "Open Space materialism," "colonialism for economy" and "trade war" existed on both fronts. However, the Islamic Revolution by creating code such as spirituality, decolonization, justice-centering and the "economic and cultural policies", a new and different approach in international political economy that created that called "Cultural Discourse of the International Political Economy".

"ISIS" is a terrorist organization in the Middle East, especially in Iraq and Syria. This organization since 2013, has gained a lot of success in the military arena and thousands from around the world to serve its own ends. The nature and evolution of the era of globalization, including terrorism, has economic, political and security aspects. So, the explanation of these evolutions needs to understand the links between components of economic, political and security and their interaction at all levels of local, regional and international. This explanation is possible by the use of international political economy approach. We will try to answer the question of how the interactions in international and regional security, economic and political factors have caused the rise of ISIS and its developments in the Middle East. In this article, we will discuss the effect of political and military structures of regional security and political and economic underdevelopment of the region on the formation of ISIS. Also, we will review some financial policies supporting this organization from some countries, especially USA and Saudi Arabia. In addition, we will examine, in the framework of international political economy approach, the military and security aspects of the Middle East and its relationship with the formation and function of ISIS.

This article tries to explore the main causes of emigration of Iranian educated specialists from Iran from the view point of shortage of research and educational facilities and problems related to them with focus on 2001 decade (1380-1390 Iranian years). Main part of educational and research institutions are financed and managed by state planning and budget. That is where the government is involved in society and political economy area. On the other hand the factors that attract educated elite of different countries can be seen in world political economy. The aim of the present article is proper understanding of the factors pertaining to the structure of education and research in Iran and the way the weaknesses of this structure affects the intensification of emigration of best educated and specialist to abroad. For this allocation of budget in educational and research fields are examined within the framework of attraction and repulsion theory and the attractive and repulsive factors are identified which creates the potential condition for emigration of the elite to abroad. The finding of the study shows that factor like lack of economic support which includes little investment in educational and research sector are the factors that accelerate emigration of the elite. These factors can be seen in several indexes like the ratio of research budget to gross domestic product of the country, the ratio of active researcher to the population of the country and allocation of research of budget by private and public sector. On the other hand in the developed countries in the above said indexes ample facilities are provided which act as an attractive factor for absorbing educated specialists and elite. The above factors are among the most important economic factors of emigration of scientific elite to abroad in 2001 decade (1380-1390 Iranian years). The paper has used descriptive-analytical method in analyzing data.

A brief study on the history of 20th century reveals that capitalist system has been facing to political, military and economic crisis including world wars I and II, economic crisis of 1929 and 1973, economic crisis of southeast of Asia in 90s and the current economic crisis. While theories of international political economy have in common with the occurrence of the crisis itself, they are different on its nature, reasons and solution strategies. Theory of hegemonic stability, meanwhile, is trying to scrutinize the crisis and its origins through a different, scientific and historical prospect. From this viewpoint, hegemon is the main factor of flourishing the international political economy as its crisis refers to the fall of the hegemon. In better words, as global economy flourishing in 50s and 60s originated from America hegemony and mechanisms created by that like GATT (later WTO), IMF, World Bank, as well as preserving west security through NATO and oil security, world economy crisis in 70s and after on refers also to the fall of American hegemony.

In this article, I try to understand the position of justice as an “ethic necessity” in Realism and Liberalism paradigms of International Political Economy (IPE). Even though the realists basically dont recognize any position for justice ethic necessity, they have tried to follow a technique for reaching a kind of justice by accepting the theory of Democratic Peace of Kant in the Global Political Economy. But, all they practically follow are not duty bound to “justice ethic necessity”, rather in fact the non-ethical axis of National Interests.In case of theoretical transformations of liberalism paradigm, justice and its ethic necessity also dont have almost any key position. This paradigm follow the egoist axis of realist national interests in other framework named the “Competition”. This framework profit of “the Comparative Economic and Productive Advantages” principle that is the basic of “Individualist Society” and are erect on the “Market Economic System”. Even the arguments of the partisans of economic freedom that have been followed by the Neo-liberalists in the new era mean the rejection of all forms of “Income Redistribution” and “Equalitarian Politics” accepted historically by some of inter-paradigmatic reform efforts of liberalism.But, in the historical inter-paradigmatic transformations of liberalism, the necessity of foundation of the welfare State has been accomplished on the basis of “Social Democracy” approach. These theoretical transformations of course have been new shaped by “Justice Theory” of Rawls and “Welfare State Theory” of Keynes. However, “justice ethic necessity” has been rejected in the Neo-liberalism dynamics in the era of Globalization.In this article, I try to answer to this question: How can the justice be conceptualized as a symbol of ethic in some paradigms of IPE?

Benefiting from economic potentials as well as national energy and in the framework of energy diplomacy, different states have proceeded a new strategy of economic growth and development and provision of their national interests and security in their own foreign policy. However, the inefficiency and incapability in the economic trends of the foreign policy of I.R.I have given rise to the fact that the academic and university literature of Iran don’t pay much attention to the relation of energy sector and foreign policy. Explaining the pathology of the relation of the two fields of foreign policy and energy, the present article seeks to reveal the significance of these two sectors and that of creating functions used to keep individual natures up to now. Thus for Iran as a country possessing huge oil and gas resources within and beyond its national borders, energy diplomacy is considered as a means towards maximizing achievements in the world politico economic system. However, economic attitude has often been of less significance comparing to political considerations in the foreign policy of Iran. Thus the predominance of commercial approach in the field of energy is the result of failure to have a long - run and strategic look to the issues of energy sector in the foreign approach of energy diplomacy. This fact explains that creation of development in the general conditions of regional as well as international actors necessitates long – run strategies in different sectors including foreign policy. Offering a definition for energy diplomacy and explaining its domain, the present article deals with the relation of energy diplomacy with national interests and goals of I.R.I, and the obstacles of I.R.I toward achieving the new pattern.