جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "عصر مشروطه" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

The judicial system in Iran, whether from the time of its monopoly in the hands of the jurists, or the time of dividing its powers and duties between the Sharia and customary courts, until the establishment of the “Diwan Mazalem” and the Justice Fund during the time of Naser al-Din Shah, or the “Edalat Khane” of Muzaffar al-Din Shah, or even the creation of relatively modern institutions Judiciary, due to the diligence of the Davar during the time of Reza Shah and the expansion of the judiciary in the second Pahlavi era, for several reasons, including the shortcomings of the judiciary, the interference of the jurisdiction of Sharia and custom, the lack of regulation and compilation of uniform laws, the lack of guarantee of legal enforcement, and of all More importantly, the authoritarian nature of the ruling system and the intervention of the authorities in judicial affairs, never tasted the true taste of independence and was always influenced by internal and external pressures and the influence of those in power. The present article, in response to the question of the nature, limits and loopholes of judicial independence in Iran from before the constitution to the threshold of the Islamic revolution, with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library and documentary sources, aims to investigate and outline the ups and downs of this process. judicial independence and analysis of its roots and reasons.

Usually, in the research related to Iran's constitutional revolution, two discourses, traditional and modern, are considered by researchers. Traditional discourse is considered as the supporter of the status quo, while modern discourse is in opposition to the status quo. Thus, other discourses are not examined. The purpose of this article is to distinguish and identify a discourse called the third way among two modern and traditional discourses, which has received less attention. For this purpose, using the Fairclough's critical discourse analysis. Data was collected from primary and secondary sources and Sources have been reviewed by critical analysis method. The article investigates the discourse of the third way among the works of Davoud Feirahi. The discourse of the third way was a discourse that defined itself against the traditional and modern discourse and at the same time negated the West and tradition, and proved modernity and religion. The main question is "How does the third way discourse resist the traditional discourse?" The possible answer to the question is as follows: the third way discourse in the constitutional era, based on its social contexts, and its discourse position, resists against the ideology and power of traditional discourse, presents itself independently of the traditional and modern discourse.

The present study seeks to investigate the components of Islamic awakening in the constitutional era in one of the Razavi poems of Bahar (issue). This article tries to explain the position of Razavi odes (by case study of Razavi ode Bahar) in the Islamic awakening of the constitutional era by using descriptive-analytical method and using library resources (method). The result of the research indicates that Bahar is one committed poets of constitutional era who has benefited a lot from the concepts of stability in the Islamic awakening of the constitutional era in poems. One of important poems of Bahar is a Razavi poem with the knowledge of "the smell of the blood of the wind from Tus towards Yathrib", in which the components of stability and awakening are very wide. This poem includes the elements of exposing oppression and the identity of the oppressor, expressing the oppression of the people, adhering to the Prophet and Imam Reza, praising freedom and libertarians, denying foreign colonialism and internal oppression, trying to make people aware and paying attention to leaders and libertarians. By using religious elements in this poem, Bahar informs the public about the crimes of colonialism and tyranny in its time, and in the strict sense of the word, seeks to realize the Islamic awakening in the constitutional era (Results).

The Constitutional Revolution was a great revolution in the institutionalization of the concept of civil rights; Which was diverted by passing through the disputes between the proponents and the opponents in its formation. Hence, the question is, given the challenges of civil rights in the Constitutional Revolution, what is the guarantee of the Islamic Revolution to get out of them? This article seeks to compare the two eras of the Constitution and the Islamic Revolution in the field of civil rights in a comparative way in order to discover its challenges and seeks to answer the above question. The main hypothesis is based on this: in the constitutional era, the emergence of differences between the elites and the deviation of public opinion hindered the development of civil rights and in the Islamic Revolution, the constitutional legislature, considering the roots of this concept in jurisprudential rules, considered ways to expand and develop this concept. The most important findings indicate that in the constitutional era, in addition to the existing differences, in terms of quality and quantity of implementation of the constitutional amendment, absolute monarchy was considered a serious obstacle. After the Islamic Revolution, to compensate for such shortcomings, attention to Islamic jurisprudence and standards as one of the ways to ensure and overcome the challenges of civil rights in the previous systems was considered by the leaders of the revolution and most importantly the constitution as a national covenant and legal document.

The aim of this study was the explanation and analysis of the concept of "the right" in the thought of constitutional age thinkers, especially “ Naini”.In this regard, with the descriptive - analytic method, in addition to studying the votes of constitutionalist jurisconsults and referring to “ Akhund Khurasani and Mohammad Ismail Mahallati”’s innovation in the "the right" question, the unique role of “Naini” in the erection of a new scheme in the concept of "the right" and its variants have been investigated, and by examining different thoughts along with the thought of, it was noted that defects and benefits of his intellectual system regarding the concept of “The right” were determined. The results showed that he has been successful compares to others in explaining the concept of "The right" and all its forms, and has identified it in the range of a political unit as well as the global range for individuals.

Political stability is one of the most important issues in political science. Normally, this issue is the goal of many governments and their enforcement policies. Researchers know the elements like participation, Institutionalization, legitimacy, and development as the signs of political stability in every country. In Iran history, the first fundamental endeavor to resolve the political problems and create basic changes in the political structure of the country, begins by constitutional revolution. This revolution came to victory by the support of different social strata and castes. But the proceeding of events showed that the security and law did not stabilize and even caused a long period of ethnic conflicts, weakening of economic interests of different strata and significant political instabilities. Experts of political science have mentioned different social disparities such as the gap between religion and the government, the gap between generations, and the ethnic and racial gap as the main reasons of instabilities of this period. In order to investigate this problem, a question is asked: what was the relation between the political instability and the social gaps in the constitutional revolution period. Then this hypothesis is presented that numerous gaps, compressed composition of gaps, activation of gaps, and the identical nature of the gaps in the constitutional revolution period brought about the political instability situation. This research tries to investigate the ethnic and racial gap among the numerous gaps of this period by the analytical- explanatory approach and use the historical data