جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "عملگرایی" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

The attack of the international coalition led by the United States of America on Iraq in 2003 led to the establishment of a new political system based on ethnic divisions in this country. Due to the lack of formation of a powerful government behind these agreements and the approval of the country's constitution in 2005, the country's foreign policy has been affected by various actors. This issue has caused a kind of pragmatism in Iraq's foreign policy. In this regard, the present research seeks to investigate the characteristics and results of this pragmatism in Iraq's foreign policy.

This research has done a scientific investigation of this issue using documentary sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach.

The authors of this article have come to the conclusion that the pragmatism formed in the behavior of Iraqi politicians based on the opinion of Charles Chao Rong Fua was based on small pragmatism. In this regard, the interests, goals and strategies formed in the foreign policy of this country are also affected by this.

The pursuit of small pragmatism has made the interests, goals and strategies of Iraq's foreign policy to be pursued in order to maintain the survival of the system. In this regard, the interests and objectives of the foreign policy are: getting out of isolation and rebuilding foreign relations, getting rid of territorial occupation, providing security and countering terrorism with the cooperation of foreign actors, providing and developing weapons and military power of the country, revitalizing the oil economy and expanding the routes Energy transfer, provision of needed domestic goods and increase in foreign investment. The foreign policy strategies of this country also include creating a balance between regional and extra-regional powers present in Iraq, mediation, neutrality towards crises and joining alliances and coalitions.

Political phenomena, including revolutions, are historical events that, like an organism, have stages of birth, adolescence and gaining experience, youth and strength, maturity and evolution. Iran's Islamic revolution of 1979, as the last link in the chain of revolutions of the 20th century, is in the middle of its fifth decade. This revolution went through its initial decades with many ups and downs and now it is at a critical stage in its history. Perhaps the most important challenge facing the Islamic revolution at this historical juncture is the amazing acceleration of changes and metamorphosis in the world and man. In the upcoming research, the researchers intend to answer this major question while using the descriptive/analytical approach in the framework of the theory of persuasion and cultural diplomacy, that in the new configuration of the world arena, the Islamic revolution will ensure survival, continuity of movement and achievement of its goals in the future perspective. What approach should be taken and which approach can be used to achieve these goals? The findings of the research indicate that the Islamic revolution can have 6 different images for the future by rethinking approaches and persuading public opinion, considering both internal and external levels. These hypothetical images are a function of using three ideological, pragmatic and civic approaches.

Although the United Arab Emirates, because of its population and territory, is one of the small states in international relations, but its policies in both foreign and domestic spheres during the past two decades have contributed to the promotion of this actor in the Persian Gulf sub-region as well as in the international system. Precisely, the decision made by the country’s statesmen to move towards becoming a regional actor goes back to the period after the death of Sheikh Zayed Al Nahyan, the first leader of the UAE in the post-independence period (1971). Although UAE’s pattern of governance took shape after the operations of the US-led coalition forces in Kuwait intended to expel Iraq from the country in 1991, this process was very conservative and slow until the death of Sheikh Zayed (2004). In the meantime, technological and economic cooperation between the UAE and Israel in 2006 and its exploitation in the form of Israel interceding for the UAE before the United States asking it to ignore the participation of Emirati nationals in the terrorist team responsible for 9/11 attacks became a basis for economic cooperation between the United States and the UAE. However, what completely changed the country's domestic and international practices was the wave of Arab unrest that began in North Africa in 2010 and affected the majority of the Arab states.

The Muslim Brotherhood movement is the most important movement claiming political Islam in the Sunni world. This movement, centered in Egypt, has many branches in Islamic and Arab countries. The Muslim Brotherhood, which is the most ideologically cohesive movement among the Islamist movements in the Arab world, has always formed its ideals and ideologies by believing in political Islam. The ideological principles of the Muslim Brotherhood must be found in the thoughts of its founder, Hassan al-Banna. Over time and under environmental conditions, this movement has made changes in its ideas and principles that distinguish it from the traditional Brotherhood or the Conservative Brotherhood. This development can be followed in two stages. In fact, after the martyrdom of Hassan al-Banna, and specifically since Omar Telsmani, this ideological transformation began in the Brotherhood, and the next stage of this transformation, which was a continuation of the previous path, became concrete after the Brotherhood came to power in Egypt after the 2011 Arab transformations. Given the importance of understanding these approaches and ideological metamorphosis, in this article, using descriptive-analytical method and library tools, seeks to answer the question of how the approaches and ideological developments of the Muslim Brotherhood movement since the martyrdom of Hassan al-Banna until now. And in what areas has it been?The findings of the article show that the Muslim Brotherhood since Omar Telsmani about the nature of government, the type of confrontation with the government, the method of participation in society and political activities in internal sphere.

The contradictory policy of the European Union and European countries towards the crisis in Yemen has raised many questions regarding the principle guide of the EU's foreign policy as well as the European approach to conflict resolution. The rhetoric of the Union (and European governments) on playing a mediating role on the one hand and the pursuit of pragmatic trade and economic interests on the other hand, has made the recognition of this principle more complex. In this regard, the present article examines the policy of the Union (and the governments) by using the theoretical literature presented in EU global strategy and by emphasizing the two concepts of "resilience" and "principled pragmatism" in this document. Accordingly, an examination of the documents and policies implemented, as well as a reference to the available statistics, shows the weak role of European norms and values in the EU policy towards Yemen and the dominance of the pragmatic element in this policy. Given Iran's role and importance in resolving the Yemeni crisis, Europe has sought to use Iranian leverage to influence the Houthis. Thus, although Europe's approach to the Yemeni crisis is fragmented, secondary, and in many cases at odds with Iran's regional policies, but there are several opportunities for Iran to resolve the Yemeni crisis in cooperation with Europe, which are addressed in this article

For economic and political development of a political system elites as agents of the system must have the necessary capabilities for “pragmatism” and enhancing of “productivity”. Some theorists believe that after the period of Second Republic the policy of elites and politicians has been Growth-oriented policy. The Growth-oriented policy has caused challenges for political system of Iran. Huntington named such challenges as paradox of development policy and uneven development which has affected the government of Khatami. Although a significant portion of elites in the government of Khatami were Growth-oriented elites of Kargozaran but the new social necessities leading to the implementation of political development in the form of “structural separation”, “integration”, and “capacity building”. This article concludes that in the period of Khatami political elites has followed the model of “tactical pragmatism” and “Fabian strategy”.

The end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union marked the start of a new era in international relations. When Russia''s power and influence weakened، some newly independent states of Central Asia and the Caucasus have taken tendency toward relation with west. For Europe resource of new countries notably oil and gas was very important for independent from Russia energy. West’s attitude to former USSR and enlargement of NATO to east، western support for the colour revolutions in region، and Missile Defense of NATO have big dangerous for Russia’s security. The Kremlin has portrayed Russia as a victim of NATO and Western expansionism. This problems create Russia’s new assertiveness and the role of energy as a key factor in shaping the country ̓s behavior in international relations، and in building political and economic power domestically، Moscow want to increase Europe’s dependence on Russian energy supplies therefore this country try control energy productions axis and transits axis in central Asia، Caucasus and West Europe. This paper tries explaining Russia’s behavior about energy with defensive realism.

The Islamic awaking developments in the Middle East since 2011 have changed the regional order in many different ways and influenced regional and trans- regional actors. In this situation, the United States which has defined many interest in the region, has been influenced more than the other actors. This article describes the US interests in the Middle East and examines the Islamic awakening impacts on these interests. The results of this research prove that the Unites States is going to control and mange Islamic awakening impacts in the region through many different ways including: direct military intervention, changing the ruling elites in some states, forcing internal reform in some countries, avoiding reliance on one ally in the region, promoting secular Islamic state, helping civil society of some countries, promoting human rights discourse and solving the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.