جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "convention" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

In the last two centuries, the issue of the threat of biological weapons has become very important.The 1972 Convention on Biological Weapons,which is the result of the continuation and completion of the provisions of the 1925 Geneva Protocol on the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating and Poisonous Gases and Biological Warfare Methods,objectified the first unlimited international disarmament process.However,this convention has lost a significant amount of its power until today,and countries and even some non-governmental forces have used biological weapons indiscriminately, which is a clear violation of this obligation and international agreement.are This research was carried out by analytical-descriptive method with the aim of investigating the shortcomings of the mentioned convention and collected the necessary information from books and articles.Therefore, the question arises as follows:What are the most important legal shortcomings of the Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons? The hypothesis of the work carried out by investigating modern bioterrorism states that the most important shortcoming of this convention is the lack of verification,the lack of power to confront world powers such as the United States,the political definition of terrorism and biological terror,the lack of binding powerand the oldness of the statute it is

Natural rights play a fundamental role in the political, legal, and economic system of John Locke. Many of his views are based on natural rights. Although Locke is not the first scholar to discuss natural rights, and before him, other thinkers have theorized about it in different eras and intellectual traditions, it must be claimed that Locke is a modern natural rights theorist and has presented a novel interpretation of this theory. Locke's natural rights are based on equality and individual independence. Freedom, life, and property are the three basic pillars of Locke's theory. However, many international charters that defend human rights also in some way protect personal freedom, life, and property of individuals around the world. One of the international agreements is the Convention on the Rights of the Child in the United Nations, which defends the freedom and security of children worldwide and guarantees their basic rights. In this convention, natural rights patterns, especially those of Locke, can be seen, and he is also considered the spiritual father of human rights and one of the sources of modern human rights, the foundations of natural rights. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to examine the foundations of natural rights in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and compare them with the foundations of John Locke.

he security of the society and protection of interests is a subject that has always been the concern of mankind since the past and very distant times, so that whenever a government intends to give concessions and accept a commitment, it is in the sense of national security and interests in the short or long term. It has paid attention and prevented other governments from dominating their country. The concept of national security in the Islamic Republic of Iran has always been an effective factor in the acceptance or non-acceptance of international obligations, and the obligations that conflict with the ideology governing the Islamic society of Iran, its policies and constitution, and have the risk of harming national security. The Islamic Council, the Guardian Council and the Expediency Council have prevented the accession of that treaty. It is natural for countries to pay attention to their national security when joining a treaty and to pay attention to treaties from the point of view of national security. By examining the articles and clauses of Palermo and CFT and analyzing their aspects from different angles, this research has tried to pay attention as much as possible to the risks caused by the implementation of these requirements on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research has been carried out in a descriptive and analytical method using library resources and the use of available scientific and reliable sites and sources.

One of the significant issues in the current era, animal rights can be less considered in relation to legal issues. But this brief neglect is part of the domestic law, because in the religion of Islam, this issue has become very common. Unlike the previous researches, this research covers animal rights from all aspects, including the history of animal rights, the study of animal rights in Islam, the study of animal rights in the subject laws of Iran, as well as the analysis of animal rights in international documents. So that after comparing and comparing this area with each other, it was concluded that in domestic law, we are facing the problem of lack of a comprehensive and direct law, while in international documents, attention has been paid to this issue, and the joining of the domestic legislator to International conventions have partially covered the lack of law in this field. The door The end is also one of the most important results of this research is that everything in international documents and domestic law in relation to the protection of rights animals have been discussed in the religion of Islam several years ago in a comprehensive and more complete way. In this article, library method is used to collect information and data.

The aim of the research is to examine and match some articles of the fourth part of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1st Additional Protocol of 1977 regarding the protection of civilian places during war from the perspective of Imami jurisprudence, in order to achieve a general achievement regarding the foundations of jurisprudence and the articles of the convention.In this regard, the main question of the research is, what is the view of Shia jurisprudence regarding the articles of the Fourth Geneva Convention and the protocols regarding the protection of civilian places during war?The research method is descriptive-analytical, and in the course of this article, after mentioning the articles of the convention and protocols and the legal description and principles that are provided in the law for support, we have discussed the reasons and principles of jurisprudence and at the end of the compatibility and alignment of jurisprudence and the convention, the following is the result. The research has been mentioned, the results of the research showed that in the Fourth Convention based on Articles 14, 15 and 18 and Articles 59, 55 and 60 of the First Protocol and from the perspective of Imami jurisprudence based on evidence such as verse 190 of Surah Baqarah, civilian places including hospitals, places Religious and all places that are not military targets, including houses, cultural places, and the environment, are protected during wartime, and their destruction and attack are not allowed.

One of the agreements concluded by the United States of America, which was formally withdrawn more than two years after its conclusion without any practical commitment, is Borjam. There are two conflicting views on Borjam, and the source of each view is The text, form, title, and statements of the parties to the agreement. Over time and in the implementation phase of this document, the capacities and gaps of this document have become more apparent. However, according to the International Court of Justice, the name, title and form of the agreement do not interfere with the process of invoking it. The United States has effectively violated the UN Security Council (UNSC) by imposing new sanctions after the UN Security Council and extending the previous sanctions (ISA), following which Iran has filed a lawsuit with the Court alleging a breach of the 1955 Maudut Treaty between Iran and the United States. However, considering the unilateral withdrawal of the United States from Borjam, it remains to be seen whether it is possible to file a lawsuit with the Court or not? It is not possible in the text of Borjam, but considering the nature of Borjam, it does not seem unlikely to refer to the Court. The Court may not have overlooked the United States's political accountability.

The existence of piracy, especially in connection with the attempted robbery that occurs in water areas, has long been recognized. The latest incidents of Somali piracy on an Indonesian ship with the hostage taking of the crew in exchange for large-scale ransom from the Indonesian government and the piracy of the Straits of Malacca (in western Malaysia) have attracted the attention of the World Association for the Recognition of Pirates. There were no restrictions on circulation and their functions. The problem of piracy requires many aspects. Most pirate attacks occur in the Anambas, Natuna and Marundang Islands, areas where pirates use the darkness of night to attack ships. The punitive response of Indonesian authorities to the arrested pirates is also very mild and superficial, and this issue has raised the concern of the international community. In Indonesia, the punishment for pirates is two to four years in prison. It is therefore appropriate for the international community to establish a tribunal and to restore international criminal justice by determining the amount of a fixed penalty in its rules of procedure for the crime of piracy.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is considered a specialized agency responsible for regulating various maritime issues, including civil liability for offshore oil pollution. The important point in this regard is to identify and operationalize the process of compensation for damage to people and the marine environment. This descriptive-analytical study hence aims to evaluate the performance of IMO in terms of civil liability for offshore oil pollution. This study also discusses the liabilities of ships carrying oil products and how they compensate for possible damage and loss. The first issue raised after any marine accident causing oil pollution is the liabilities of the shipowner and how they should compensate for the damage and losses. According to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), the owners of oil tankers are responsible for adequate compensation for damage and losses caused by oil pollution. In fact, IMO has developed a unique and complete legal system for civil liability for offshore oil pollution. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the scope, characteristics, and legal functions of international conventions in this regard. In fact, the general principles of these conventions are evaluated that and then their features, functions, weaknesses, and strengths will be described.

When customary law is formulated in the form of a text, the content of these rules generally undergoes changes, either due to the expression of customary rules in the form of natural language, or because we observe the gradual development of these rights. How a set of rules is implemented in domestic and international law is very different. A state that wants to have a new civil law has to pass a law to that effect, and since then a new set of rules has been applied to all the people of the country. Is copied. In international law, the situation is a bit more complicated, because it is not possible to pass a law, in such cases, concluding a treaty is a way to give legal value to the text of the law, this document is not valid for all members of the international community. This can happen at different times, as it is possible that one state will join the international treaty today and another another several years later. They shall not have the same effect as all other States Parties to the present Covenant. Eventually one of the treaty states may reject or withdraw from the treaty.

Basically, after the conclusion of the contract, which can sometimes be very long, is the stage of implementation and fulfillment of mutual obligations, which arises in the first place from the authorized intention of the parties, which is based on the principle of freedom of contract and is manifested in the contract documents. Although the parties state their claims in the contract documents according to the principle of freedom of contract, these freedoms are subject to legal restrictions. On the other hand, the behavior of the parties to the contract is very important in how to fulfill the mutual obligations contained in the written documents of the contract. But it has not been widely cited in British courts. It should be noted that in all legal systems based on the rule of will of the parties in contracts, the subsequent behavior of the parties is considered the source of interpretation of the contract. Therefore, in Iranian law, despite the lack of specification, it can be accepted that by fulfilling the above conditions, the subsequent behavior of the parties in interpreting the contract can be cited. In the Convention on Sale and International Documents under study, despite the disagreement, it is accepted that the subsequent behavior of the parties can resolve the ambiguities in the contract, and explicitly the subsequent actions and behavior of the parties in interpreting the contract and clearing the ambiguity is considered.

Water is the source of life, production, work and construction and is known as the axis and one of the most significant factors of development. Today, one of the components of political power and military, economic, social and cultural security of countries is related to water security.Crimes related to water resources refer to actions that, under certain circumstances, result in water pollution, encroachment, illegal exploitation, and so on. The importance of water resources protection is due to the fact that it is directly related to the health of "humans" and therefore the need to protect resources is reflected in various domestic, regional and international laws. In the end, it was concluded that despite the fact that Iranian policymakers are inspired by sharia law and also the requirements of adhering to international instruments in order to control the criminal phenomenon in the field of water, criminal and sometimes non-criminal ideas are used. However, it has a predominant meta-criminal perspective and, for various reasons, has not been very successful in controlling criminal behaviors and phenomena, as well as in responding.

The present paper aimed to study Migrant workers occupy an uncertain position in the legal systems of nation-states. Even when these workers migrate legally, they have more limited rights than citizens. This paper applies a descriptive-analytical method to examine the UN Convention on Migrant Workers and the approach of the European Union to clarify how these two conventions affect the border between national legal systems in this regard. The library method was used to conduct this descriptive-analytical research. Originality of texts, honesty and confidentiality were preserved in this paper. Research shows that migrant workers have certain rights; The UN Convention on the Rights of Migrant Workers is more concerned with human rights than the civil rights of workers. Negative rights with a focus on protecting specific injuries. At the same time, the protection of official citizenship is at a higher level than the protection of migrant workers' rights, however, unresolved issues remain.

One of the direst issues of the modern era is terrorism and it’s financing. Fortunately, we see some strong will to tackle this malign problem in Afghanistan (2013), so the present criminal laws and the laws against terrorism (2017) financing are drafted in this respect. Recent findings demonstrate flaws in Iranian and Afghan laws and regulations to fight terrorism financing and even those laws present lack cohesion and does not encompass the whole aspects of their dangerous action. Therefore, this situation necessitates full and immediate cooperation between Iran and Afghanistan to draft appropriate criminal laws to take firm action to punish the terrorism financers and put an end to violators of state regulations in supporting terrorism. However, we have to examine the compliancy of the present Iranian and Afghan laws to the related convention which indicate full adherence by Afghan laws and some by the Iranian laws

Women are the biggest issue of discrimination in terms of population. And so many conventions have been created to protect women's rights in employment, health and welfare. According to the conventions of the International Labor Organization that are the subject of this study, it should be noted that conventions such as the Convention on Non-Discrimination (C111), the Convention on Maternity Protection (C3,C103,C183) are among the most important conventions that are the subject of our discussion. Failure to ratify these conventions by all member states reduces the effectiveness of even the most advanced international protection schemes. The scope of these schemes is also largely limited by the reservation exercised by the approving governments. The implementation of these conventions and initiatives at the national level also raises serious concerns for countries that do not take serious action after ratification. An integrated approach is needed to work together at both national and international levels to overcome discrimination against women. Regarding the effectiveness of international treaties, it is essential that each country that ratifies the treaty establishes appropriate and relevant enforcement mechanisms at the domestic level. The main question of this article is whether, despite the ratification of advanced and important conventions by the International Labor Organization, it is sufficient to eliminate discrimination against working women? It is hypothesized that despite the International Labor Organization's advanced treaties on discrimination against working women, because the member states do not take serious action to implement them after ratification, the treaties are ineffective and cause serious concern.

Disability is a phenomenon that every human being may experience during his or her lifetime; People with disabilities want their basic rights, and they cannot achieve their real rights except with special and specific protections. In this regard, the United Nations has been working since 1975 to protect the rights of persons with disabilities. The most important step in 2006 was the ratification of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Additional Protocol, to which a large number of countries have joined; The present study tries to investigate the legal and social effects of Iran's accession to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities by descriptive and analytical methods, and evaluate Iran's adherence to its commitments in this area, And the question of this research is: what are the problems and obstacles for people with disabilities? And Iran after joining to this Convention, what actions has it taken regarding the equality of their rights in law and urban adaptation for these weak people? The research hypothesis is that contrary to the numerous laws that exist in the field of necessity and obligation of adaptation, less practical and executive actions are taken by the relevant agencies in this field. Iran is one of the 40 countries that have a comprehensive law to protect the rights of people with disabilities, but unfortunately, this law has not been implemented yet due to the lack of an executive guarantee. The present study is applied in terms of purpose, and its contents have been analyzed and compiled in a library method using books and articles written and translated.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the political awareness of the students of Yasouj University about the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and related conventions and also factors affecting their knowledge. Research hypothesis emphasizes students› awareness of the subject of research. A survey method was used to measure this issue. Using the Cochran formula, the sample size was 400 people and 24 Closed questions were given to them. The questionnaire consisted of 4 sections and each section had 6 questions about the United Nations Conventions on Combating the Financing of Terrorism, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). The findings showed that the students› political awareness was moderate. The most political awareness belonged to FATF and the least political awareness was about the United Nations Convention against Corruption. Also, male students compared to girls and students of humanities faculty compared to other faculties had more political awareness. In addition, there was a significant correlation between student›s political awareness with age and media consumption, but there was no relationship between the two variables of household economic status and the student›s residence.

Governments have always paid attention to international rules and documents and try to incorporate them as much as possible in their domestic laws and policies. Along these lines, this article tries to study working women's rights from the viewpoint of the Iran's Social Security Law in comparison with the International Labour Organization's documents. The key question of this article is that "to what extent Iranian laws, especially its social security law regarding women, are compatible with International Labour Organization's documents?" To answer this question, the authors indicate that "in article 20 of the I.R. Iran's Constitution, women enjoy all human rights, specifically the right to social security on equal terms with men in compliance with Islamic criteria. In public law as well as in social security law, gender has no place and its subject is every individual as a human being. The findings of this research show that social security law being influenced by the constitutional and civil laws in some social security services is consistent with International Labour Organization's documents and in some other, is incompatible with them.

According to the Holy Quran and historical quotations suggests that the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and his Muslim followers at that time had a peaceful tenderness looking to the Jews of Medina. They were being committed to their testament and were trying to behave the Jewish with a manner of toleration and tolerance, so at the beginning of the formation of Islamic government, various trying has been discussed in different ways, including signing the Convention, to provide a good situation for inviting them to the right, and by destruction of the wall of distrust between themselves and the Jewish, they have tried to provide an appropriate background for their attention to Islam and its messages. The main problem of the Jews was that they have not only failed to fulfill its obligations but contrary stepped and forced Prophet and the Muslims to stand-up. However the Prophet’s sire was solving the problems in a peaceful manner and he just acting against them in a situation that there were no excuse for them.

Human resources development is one of the most important factors in achieving sustainable development and balanced, and in this regards the subject of women because of the importance of family and social responsibility of heavy special. According to the historical injustice that causes vicious in the growth and empowerment of women to achieve equal opportunities and possibilities that necessitate and this massive harm communities to compensate for the humanity of those suffered with special respect and full participation of field-oriented programs in the women's development as a fundamental human rights and pursue them.
One of the fundamental steps in the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of discrimination in the world of women in the 1979 CE by the General Assembly of the United Nations is now also vast countries have joined the Convention. And about a third of their export declarations or statements are the legal effects of unilateral about some Convention or their exception, and thus with the right protection moderated to run it by appointee.
Hence it is that in our country with regard to suppress discussion of cool opponents and supporters to the Convention on the Elimination of discrimination against women, the decision will be taken as opposition to the accession of rational system that with proper position, the hands hanging place of women in Islamic Iran, and agree to the introduction of the discrimination against women in Iran and Islam face Gozar.