جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « international security » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), concluded in September 1996, aimed to curb nuclear proliferation by prohibiting explosive nuclear testing. Although 187 states have signed the treaty and 177 have ratified it, however, the treaty has not yet implemented due to the specific procedural mechanism envisaged for its entry into force. On November 3, 2023, Russia, which had ratified the CTBT in 2000 after signing it in 1996, in a letter to the Secretary General of the United Nations, announced its withdrawal of ratification from the treaty. This decision sparked international reactions and raised questions about the compatibility of Russia’s action with international norms and the potential legal and security consequences. This article examines the legality of Russia’s withdrawal of ratification from the treaty and analyzes its impacts on the treaty, international nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament regime, and international peace and security.

The research method is a combination of legal analysis and trend impact techniques. In analyzing the legality of Russia’s action, the working method consists of inferring the rules by referring to relevant regulations, customs and procedures, and the method of analysis in the evaluation of the consequences of this action is based on the trend impact analysis.

The findings of this study are discussed under the following themes:1.Legality of Russia’s Ratification Withdrawal International law, the CTBT provisions, and United Nations Secretariat Practice do not prohibit a state (Russia) from withdrawing its ratification from the treaty (CTBT). 2.Negative Effects on Treaty Implementation Given Russia’s significant nuclear capabilities and its historical role and efforts to facilitate entry into force of the treaty, its withdrawal of ratification from the treaty will pose challenges to the CTBT’s implementation and increase harnesses to the implementation of the treaty.3. Impact on Non-Proliferation and Disarmament regime and international peace and security.  The CTBT plays a crucial role in preventing nuclear weapon proliferation and promoting nuclear disarmament. Russia’s withdrawal of ratification from the treaty intensifies challenges related to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament and international peace and security.

Analysis:

From the very beginning, Russia has played an important and effective role in drafting and concluding and then facilitating entry into force of the CTBT. The Russian Federation was among the first states signed the treaty in 1996 and ratified it in 2000. However, following escalating tensions between the Russia and the United States, especially in the aftermath of the Ukraine conflict in February 2022, Russia made the decision on November 3, 2023, to withdraw its ratification from the treaty. The central question pertains to the compatibility of Russia’s action with established norms of international law. Does the de-ratification of the treaty by Russia conform to the rules of international law?”Under international law, there is no explicit prohibition preventing a government from withdrawing its ratification of a treaty. Consequently, Russia’s decision to withdraw from the CTBT cannot be construed as a violation of its legal obligations. However, this withdrawal will impact entry into force of treaty and   will have consequences for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament regime as well as peace and international security. Russia’s withdrawal has the potential to dissuade states from joining the treaty or prompt existing contracting parties to retract their ratification Russia’s withdrawal can   discourage states to join the treaty or encourage existing contracting parties to withdraw their ratification from the treaty. Given the pivotal and consequential role played by the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in curbing the proliferation of nuclear weapons, Russia’s withdrawal from its ratification may undermine the bedrock of the nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament framework, rendering it less effective. This development raises legitimate security apprehensions and concerns on the global stage.

While international law and practice do not explicitly prohibit Russia from withdrawing its ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), this action poses significant challenges for the treaty’s future implementation. The withdrawal may have negative consequences for the global regime of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, as well as international peace and security. As a signatory state to the CTBT, the Islamic Republic of Iran must closely monitor developments related to Russia’s withdrawal. The potential international and security implications require Iran to carefully assess the various consequences and adopt an appropriate approach in response to this issue.

The emergence of Covid-19 has proven the ineffectiveness of the security-oriented state structure. Given the short-term effects of this crisis, it is imperative that governments change their global security debates and policies on infectious diseases for the future. With the emergence of Covid-19, the reexamination of the relationship between pandemics and global security has become more serious, forcing countries to rethink the scope and concept of national and international security. Based on this, the main question of this article is to answer the question by focusing on Iran, what effect did the pandemic have on the role of governments in the field of national and international security, especially in the era of Covid-19? The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and library and internet information gathering tool. Based on the theory of human security and Bozan's theory, it can be argued that there are non-military and non-violent threats such as pandemics for the individual's existence, which should be included in the discussions related to national security in Iran along with traditional threats and focus on ordinary people instead of the government. Based on the findings of the research, Iranian statesmen should consider the field of national security beyond the traditional defense-war model and be more responsive to human security and ensure the security of their citizens against all threats.

Governments throughout history have been confronted with political and security problems related to diseases, as they are widespread and claim many lives. The virus COVID -19 became a global crisis in a short period of time due to its dynamic transmission and unknown nature. This situation challenged the economic structures of the world and created security problems at the level of relations between countries Therefore, using the descriptive and analytical method and based on the theory of the Copenhagen School and specifically the issue of security, this study attempts to answer the central question of what impact the Corona Crisis has had on the traditional concept of international security, and also to answer whether this will lead to a recognition of health issues as a non-traditional threat in the security priorities of countries and international organizations? And what will be the consequences of these changes? This study hypothesizes that the emergence of the recent crisis has accelerated the difference in the traditional conception of security, as the absence of military confrontation between national governments has led to a change in the role of health care issues in domestic and international security. On the other hand, the intertwining of health and security sectors during the outbreak of the Coronavirus has resulted in the mobilization of political will and the allocation of economic resources to address this issue. This can be seen as a positive step towards enhancing the overall level of health. Still, placing a strong emphasis on health security has adverse effects on internal democracy and international cooperation.After the recent experience of pandemics, there has been a strong emphasis on health and global health by theorists in this field. An article published 35 years ago (Thomas, 1989) addressed the issue of health and international relations by Carolyn Thomas. The article demonstrated how global health can play a pivotal role in this field. In addition, Susan Peterson, in her article titled "Pandemic Diseases and National Security," examines the economic, social, and political effects of pandemics on different countries and societies. She mentions that biological agents pose a serious threat to the security of countries (Peterson, 2002). Moreover, McInnis and Kelly Lee discussed the relationship between these three variables in their joint article titled "Health, Security, and Foreign Policy" while emphasizing health concerns. They believe that epidemic diseases pose a significant security threat because they can cross borders and weaken a nation's economy and internal stability. They should give more attention to national security policies.In this article, we aim to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the political, economic, and military domains of countries. Additionally, we aim to discuss the significance of reassessing the conventional notion of security and integrating health concerns into the framework of the Copenhagen school's security theory. Furthermore, we aim to address the potential consequences of securitizing health issues on international peace and security. Through an examination of the effects of the COVID-19 crisis, we aim to test the hypothesis that prioritizing security will foster political resolve and allocate economic resources to this sector.However, overdoing it brings countless ill effects and not only will not lead to progress in the field of health and health, but may also overshadow the process of internal democracy and international security.In this regard, dealing with the epidemic of Covid-19 under the title of a security issue can have two different consequences: firstly, by revising the traditional concepts of security, it will increase the importance of governments and international organizations to health affairs. In this way, the amount of attention of countries to their healthcare infrastructure as a security investment increases.Excessive measures in addressing the aforementioned matter can lead to numerous adverse consequences. It is important to note that such actions not only hinder advancements in the realm of healthcare but also have the potential to overshadow the development of internal democracy and international security. Consequently, treating the epidemic as a security concern can lead to two distinct outcomes. Firstly, reevaluating traditional concepts of security will enhance the importance of governments and international organizations in relation to health matters. Consequently, nations are increasingly recognizing the importance of allocating resources to enhance their healthcare infrastructure as a way to ensure security.

Today, many critical infrastructures in the fields of energy, health, transportation (sea, air, land and even outer space) and telecommunications are highly dependent on computer systems and internet networks, Such a platform has changed the concepts of armed attacks and force as hostile states conduct their hostile operations in cyberspace, In some cases, these attacks destroy the infrastructure of a country, and the destructive effects of such actions will be far more than military operations, Therefore, the importance of developing international mechanisms is an inevitable necessity, The question is, based on which propositions do the current rules governing international relations make it possible to deal with subversive operations? And does international law have the capacity to identify cyber attacks as an example of resorting to force or not? It seems that the answer to the questions depends on the analysis of the existing international realities, Until now, binding international rules have not been established in this field, and governments only respond to these operations based on the principle of legitimate defense, However, there is no rule in the issue of compensation for damages and dividing the boundary between legitimate and illegitimate actions and it is difficult to identify cyber attacks as an example of force, In this article, the author tries to analyze a logical and descriptive interpretation of the rules of international law, the application of the said rules, focusing on the instrumental, goal-oriented and effect-oriented approach in the cyber space.

The crisis of climate change is a new threat to humanity, which has led to the emergence of the concept of environmental security. Historical and technological developments, as well as the process of globalization, have led to the emergence of the concept of global security versus international security. each of the two concepts of international and global security have a different attitude towards the issue of the environment. Differences in identifying the type of security issues, diversity in security elements, differences in attitude towards threat and anti-threat factors. It is possible to explain more practical why and how these distinctions are made in international security with the help of rationalist approach and liberalism theories, as well as in global security with the help of normative approach and constructive theory. diversity in decision-making and adoption of strategies in global politics regarding the climate-changes, caused by the distinction in the position of environmental security in each of the two macro-security approaches in international relations. This research aims to achieve a practical definition of each of these concepts by explaining the semantic boundaries of international and global security with environmental security, international and global to formulate the concept of environmental security, so that he can answer his main question: what is the position of environmental security in international and global security? Answered, and to prove his hypothesis based on the ontological connection of global security with environmental security and the marginality of environmental security in security issues in international security, pay.

This research aims to review and evaluate the form and content of papers published in “Strategic Studies Quarterly”. The study employs a qualitative, content analysis-based methodology and a descriptive-analytical approach to assess the contents. The research population consists of 178 papers published between issue 75 (Spring 2017) and issue 98 (January 2023). To objectively and qualitatively assess the contents, the review was conducted systematically using eleven parameters. The results reveal that the papers can be classified into three general categories related to Iran’s security: 65 papers pertain to internal security, 38 to external security, and 39 to both internal and external security. The evaluation of participant numbers was favorable, with 131 researchers contributing to the writing of 142 papers. Among scientific institutions, Tehran University had the highest contribution with 32 papers. An examination of research methods revealed that the descriptive-analytical method was the most popular among researchers. In terms of the level of analysis, the national level accounted for the largest share of papers at 47.18%.

Since 2001, the anti -terrorism policy making of European Union unlike United States of America has concentrated over the reinforcement of existing domestic law enforcement instruments and on multilateral action internationally creating at least the outlines of a specific European model. Structural models either realist or culturalist provide partial explanations for this. Neither to say that the drug trade, organized crime and terrorism into the general category of internal security issues and to pose as an organizing question whether a European Model encompassing a generalized security response to these three problems might be emerging. West of the Atlantic, at least since the elections of 2000, terrorism has been emphatically removed from the category of internal security issues to be reframed as an external , and primarily a military threat , As such, it has led to a thoroughgoing reorganization of the command structure or the armed forces, with a renewed emphasis on unilateral pre-emptive and even preventive action and a defense of the "homeland" as well as militarization in style if not always in institutional responsibility on internal security. European states, including UK, on the other hand, have continued to treat the threat of terrorism first and foremost as a matter of internal security to be dealt with by courts and law enforcement agencies, Action beyond borders for the states of Europe has typically taken place in multilateral contexts, with an emphasis on collaboration among intelligence and law enforcement agencies.

From a methodological perspective, the pathology of sanctions on states poses daunting challenges because it is not only difficult to separate the consequences of sanctions from various other factors that affect the human rights conditions of civilians, but also to collect data on the actual impact of sanctions. This research intends to answer this basic question by taking advantage of the scientific analysis approach and using valid raw data: What are the characteristics of the Western economic sanctions against Iran and North Korea and why were they applied? And what have been the most important consequences of sanctions on the economic and social structure? For this purpose, he discussed the history of sanctions, the types of sanctions and their legal bases from an international perspective, the ripple effects of sanctions and the review of the resolutions applied in the countries under study. and at the end, solutions were presented to identify the damages of sanctions on governments and citizens' rights. As a result, the findings indicate that ignoring the consequences of sanctions on future generations significantly increases their total economic costs and harms the society.

The treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons  (TPNW) is a significant international achievement and a stable multilateral regime. It imposes limitations on developing, testing, producing, accessing, having at the disposal, storing, or threatening to use nuclear weapons. The pact was ratified in September 2017 and enacted on Jan. 22, 2021. Making this treaty universal takes purposeful political effort. Persuading nuclear and nuclear-armed countries to participate in enforcing the agreement is difficult. It will face vehement political opposition. Such involvement requires a different approach and a discourse-oriented atmosphere. Criteria associated with human rights, humanitarian rights, international ethics, and international security should be introduced into this matter. Sadly, despite the extensive efforts of peace advocates and the goodwill of numerous countries, the governments have taken no disarmament-oriented measures. This paper uses a descriptive-analytical method to answer the question, “How can we realize nuclear disarmament through TPNW?” Our results indicate that the wording of the treaty provisions makes nuclear disarmament possible through the global consensus of the member states.

Climate Change is an Objective, Global, Actor-Less and non-Governmental Security Threat that is Fundamentally Different from Past Threats. The Main Research Question was what are the Effects of Climate Change on International Security? Our Hypothesis was that Climate Change has Transformed the Concept of Security, Created More and Bigger Security Risks and Threats, and with the Increase of its Consequences, Security at the Global Level and in Different Dimensions of Political, Social, Economic and Human Security is more than ever. Based on the Findings, It should be Said that due to Climate Change, there is no Safe Place in the World Today, and Various Forms of Security at the Individual, National and International Levels are Facing Challenges and Threats. Climate Changes Intensify Existing Security Threats and Make them more Dangerous, and New Aspects of Insecurity, such as Food or Environmental Insecurity, Threaten more People. Consequently, no Limited Legal Agreement or Climate Action of One or Few Countries can Eliminate its Effects, and Global Governmental and Public Cooperation is Essential. The Current Research is Written in an Explanatory Way, Using the Security Theory of the Copenhagen School, Especially the Opinions of Barry Buzan.

The systemic transition to the post-Cold War international system has functionally and fundamentally transformed the nature of the international peace and security, such a way that the building blocks of the sustainable international peace are conceptualized as including the regulations against environmental, economic, social and human threats at the national, regional and global levels. In the present article, the research method is explanatory-analytical, and using documentary sources, the role and position of the environmental security in promoting global peace and stability and the challenges and obstacles to address this issue are explored in addition to examining the importance of the environmental security as an emerging and dynamic security phenomenon. The main question is how the environmental security can consolidate the sustainable peace in the 21st century? In answer to this question, it is hypothesized that the environmental security reduces systemic disorder and entropy in the international system by controlling and organizing human, social and economic threats, and will pave the way for a sustainable state of peace in the international system. Findings show that the environmental threats threaten the sustainable world peace through the integration of other destabilizing components in the international system (i.e. economic, social and humanitarian threats), and in this regard, the consolidation of the sustainable international peace depends on the establishment and maintenance of a sustainable environmental security within the framework of a public and active dialogue and action.

Global security has principles and frameworks that in order to maintain global security, any security effort is aimed at protecting the values ​​of global security or preventing its weakening. With the collapse of the bipolar system and the change in the international system, the concept and foundations of global security underwent changes that weakened these foundations and had many consequences. In the light of global security developments, new actors such as individuals, NGOs, social movements and identities entered the int er na ti o n al arena and the scope of global security threats expanded. In this article, while explaining the principles and frameworks of global security, the threats of the principles of global sec u ri ty have been studied and analyzed in order to obtain a proper explanation of the global security situation and its threats.

The evolution of terrorism throughout the 20th and 21st century has led to the increasing involvement of children in terrorism. Traditionally, children have been treated as expendables and signal desperation on behalf of the terrorist organization, thereby commonly participating in suicide operations. The Islamic State, while reinforcing this trend, has begun to change the nature of child participation in terrorism. ISIS uses children in a systematic and organized manner, ISIS is therefore unmatched by other terror groups in regard to its use of children. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of ISIS sophisticated tactics in recruiting and using children and the multiple roles that children play in this mission are needed to assess the threats posed by ISIS child soldiers to future international security and provide solutions. Therefore, this study attempts to answer the question by using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and Internet scans that “How and for what purpose children are recruited to ISIS??” In response to the research question the hypothesis is: ISIS has recruited children voluntarily and compulsorily as guardians of its ideology to survive and continue to achieve its goals in the future that it would be a serious threat on the future of international security.

Terrorism can be evaluated as acting geopolitics in the Middle East, this phenomenon has been able to gradually increase its influence in the region and to attract new followers from different parts of the world. In recent years, the number of terrorist groups have significantly increased and terrorist activities has now become very important in the Middle East and global security issues. This article using "Trend impact Analysis" as a qualitative method and the emphasis both on the teaching of the theory of “Totalitarianism” and David Rapoport “The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism”” Theory. post-event field studies in this article, show what is the nature and distinctions of ISIS (The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) terrorism with previous waves of modern terrorism. According this point of view, a new wave of international terrorism as "Totalterrorism" with exotic and quasi-religious nature and yet distinct from Islamic fundamentalism is emerging. This study could demonstrate a different perspective of the developments in the Middle East and shows what threats, poses to Iran's national security.

The research is about compilation and validation the optimal future model of security in international council. From this perspective, the qualitative research strategic and analysis the contents have been used. The research's data were collected with using of semi standard interview with 15 experts of security field , elected with using of theoretical sampling method and with using from method of contents analysis and type of contents network , was analyzed and the conception model of network measurement was made. The findings of the quality research showed that the optimal future model of security in international council includes 7 comprehensive contents: 1- consideration to the security treaties of bioenvironmental issues, 2- consideration to World Independent Civil Society Mechanisms 3- consideration to constant development of societies in achievement to international peace and security 4- being necessary of presence of women in achievement to international security. 5- Development and coping with misuse from human rights mechanisms in international level. 6- Consideration to cultural convergence and coping with its inconvenience in international level. 7- Furthermore, for validation of the contents and the made model, two methods of validity assessment to communicative method and audit method and for reliability testing , two methods of reproducibility and transferability or generalizability have been used.

What are the consequences of expanding the use of armed drones by states and non-state actors on international security? This is a question that has been on the minds of many IR scholars recently. The unique drone capabilities such as eliminating the risk of loss of forces and remotely piloted, deniability, simple technology, surveillance, etc. is introducing it as one of the main option to powering projection. Drones have a direct impact on international security in at least two ways: first by emergence of new international threats, and second by improving the ability of state/non-state actors. In this article, these two levels are analyzed and examined. Also considering the role of armed drones in the security regional of the Middle East, we suggest some strategic points for the defense doctrine of the Islamic Republic of Iran. We conclude that the use of drones should be understood in relation to the military innovation move toward automated and robotic systems. So the role of drones will become more highlight in the future.

Editing the future scenarios of peace and security of contemporary national council emphasizes on the comprehensive security. From this perspective, after expansion of the conceptual space of the subjective, while studying the components, effective on security such as 3 components of economic, environment and Human right, based on method of scenario- writing will determine the next probability scenarios of international scenarios. The findings of the research indicates that firstly, the comprehensive security is a approach in which security category has not been considered from view of politically and military, but is including the intertwined components such as human rights, global economic and environment , secondly, the security category in contemporary international council, still is usually military & Political oriented , despite the efforts, performed for achievement of its comprehensiveness. This subject has caused to security in political and military forms can’t create peace and stability in an international council, but the comprehensive security components such as human rights, global economic and environment are that can supply the part of peace and security for future of the contemporary international council. This article indicates that with consideration to increasing growth of environmental crises throughout the world , the scenarios , related to environment is probable and preferred in the future security of contemporary international council, so the environmental critics are more effective on international security proportional to economic and human rights.