جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « security challenges » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

One of the important capabilities of the BRICS group can be in the direction of cooperation among its member countries in dealing with common security challenges in the world and specifically in the Middle East. The purpose of this article is to examine the mechanisms and effectiveness of BRICS cooperation in dealing with the complex security landscape of the Middle East region. With the descriptive-analytical method and the review of internet and library resources as well as in the framework of game theory and obtaining the best interests for BRICS members, it was concluded that BRICS security opportunities include diplomatic approaches, conflict resolution mechanisms, regional cooperation and the potential benefits of cooperation. It increases the position of this group in strengthening the regional security of the Middle East, which results in the synergy of security in the Middle East. But concerns about potential power struggles, mistrust among member states, differences in national interests, geopolitical tensions, competing regional alliances, political dynamics, and historical conflicts that may prevent effective cooperation hinder their effectiveness in addressing security challenges. It becomes the region.

In the past few years, we have seen developments in the Middle East region. The Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are two important and influential countries in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. During the last four decades after the Islamic Revolution, Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran have undergone many changes in their relations. The purpose of this research is to investigate the security challenges caused by globalization in the Middle East and its impact on the adoption of foreign policy strategies of the two countries. Was. The method used in this research is the descriptive-analytical method. In this method, the analysis of information is based on the historical review of the events related to the subject, as well as the data based on the analysis of details in the overall structure, and the foreign policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are identified using reliable sources. The results of the research showed that Saudi Arabia seeks to improve its regional position against the Islamic Republic of Iran, and with this goal, it has entered into regional crises, and in this regard, the policies adopted by the two regimes have caused divergence and divisive tensions in regional level, the result of which has been nothing but the rise and spread of terrorists in the region, the presence of western countries under the pretext of fighting it, and the overall decrease in the security of the region.

The United States has played a complex and ambiguous role in European Union -Russia security relations since the end of the Cold War, especially under Obama and Trump. The United States is implicitly interfering in European Union -Russia security relations. Tensions and cooperation between the United States and Russia have had a significant impact on the European Union -Russia Security Challenges. The main question of the forthcoming research is how and by what mechanism has the United States influenced the European Union -Russia Security Challenges in the last two decades? The answer is that the United States is engaged in a Hybrid wafare with Russia, and has used the tools of Hybrid wafarefare to perpetuate and deepen the European Union -Russia Security Challenges (Ukraine crisis, EU enlargement and NATO enlargement). The method of the present study is documentary and data has been collected from related articles and books and has examined and analyzed the role of the United States in the European Union -Russia Security Challenges using the Theoretical framework of hybrid warfare Cullen & Kjennerud. The findings of the study suggest that the United States is continuing to contain Russia, using the tools of Hybrid wafarefare (intelligence, economic, political, military, and civilian) in the European Union -Russia Security Challenges (Ukraine crisis, EU enlargement, and NATO expansion) and the deepening of these challenges has had an impact. The most important US tools in the Hybrid wafare with Russia are intelligence, political and economic tools.

These days, the issue and concept of security comprise a significant, complex, and novel perception in the world, in political, social, and economic regards. The purpose of this study is to investigate the place of security and defense issues in the three decades of the leadership of the Supreme Leader. Hence, this research is intended to answer the question relating the role of the leader in progressing and solving security and defense challenges facing the Islamic Republic in these decades. What measures the Commander-in-Chief has taken for the progress of the Armed Forces? This is a descriptive-analytical research whose data is collected by library and documentary methods including books, specialized articles and the internet sources. The results of the research signified that during his blessed leadership, the Supreme Leader has managed war and peace eras quite wisely with dignity and expediency, and has repeatedly saved the Islamic Republic from the danger of wars that threatened the country. He has paid quite a lot of attention to strengthening the military and security forces and has directed and managed them in the best way with his managing power. In the most dangerous situations that Iran has faced, he has been able to lead the country tactfully and attentively, and has restored security to the country.

Cyber ​​threats are a new phenomenon that has spread with the evolution of new technologies in the world. Although cyber warfare has not actually taken place yet, but daily cyber attacks indicate a terrible prospect of future cyber warfare. With the increasing development of this field and the dependence of the armed forces of countries on this technology, it can be concluded that the wars of the coming decades will be cyber warfare, and this article seeks to answer the question of what are the new cyber threats against the armed forces and what are the solutions? In response to this question, in order to train, improve the security, safety and stability of the vital infrastructure of the Armed Forces in the face of possible cyber threats of the enemy, effective measures have been taken at the level of the Armed Forces organizations. Therefore, it can be said that information and cyberspace, as much as it can create a lot of opportunities for the armed forces of our country, can also create great threats for this sector. Accordingly, increasing the capability of the armed forces, improving cyber skills, training elite forces, recognizing new cyber threats and their challenges in future cyber information wars, to deal with security threats, is the most important way to protect national interests and vital infrastructure in cyberspace. The success of the defense strategy should be recognized as a weapon for military commanders and defense and military experts of the country.

More than three decades have passed since the victory of the Iranian Islamic Revolution, and now we are witnessing the maturity of the security school with Islamic characteristics in the region and the world. This security school has faced other security schools and has left special security effects. It has changed and even changed the behavior of some schools. The Zionist regime, in contrast with the security school of Islamic J. Iran, is not exempt from this and the security challenges of that regime have been affected. Therefore, it is natural that the reactions of this regime will have negative effects on our security school. Therefore, knowing the effects of the security school of J.A. Iran in other schools and examining the possible reactions in preventing surprises is considered one of the most necessary and central topics in the issue of dealing with threats, providing security and defending a nation. Commander of the Faithful Ali (peace be upon him) says in this regard: "I am the name of Adwa Anbahte Al Makaid. He who falls asleep in front of his enemy (is oblivious to him) will wake him up from his (enemy's) tricks." (Gharr al-Hakm: 344). This research, while examining the dimensions of the security school of J.A. Iran, seeks to answer the question of how the political dimension of the security school of J.A. Iran is effective on the security challenges of the Zionist regime?

The aim of the research is to illustrate the continuity of the transition period after Libyan revolution on February, 2011, which has been turned into political crisis and security challenges. In other words, the aim of the research is to analyze and explain the reasons of continuity of the political crisis and security challenges in Libya after overthrow of Muammar Qaddafi Regime. The methodology of the research is descriptive-explanatory and its scope, geographically, includes North Africa (Libya), and in terms of time, includes 2011-2019. In this sense, the authors consider a set of factors, such as tribal structure of Libya’s society, ideological oppositions among victorious groups, variable of oil, and intervention of external powers in internal affairs of the country, as some of the reasons of the continuity of the crisis and security challenges in post-Qaddafi Libya. Libya’s situation, after overthrow of Muammar Qaddafi, unlike other North African Countries such as Tunisia and Egypt, have been dominated by chaos, civil war and secession. As a result, there can be no imagined clear prospect, at least until near future, for Libya.

VoThe study is aimed at investigating the attitude adopted by the Chinese toward the issue of security. The main question is what approach and methods China has employed in recent decades to provide security in the country. The researchers argue that the new generation of Chinese leaders have realized the ineffectiveness of a negative attitude to security in this era and have adopted a positive stance in this regard, which calls for a comprehensive security approach and cooperation with the international community to address security challenges and ensure security. This way they have managed to deal with many of domestic and foreign security challenges at a lower cost.

One of the goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy in four decades has been maintaining stability and security in the framework of cooperation with the countries of the Persian Gulf region and expelling non regional troops from this region. Unlike America's efforts on the expansion of Iran-phobia in the region and remove the Islamic Republic of Iran security relations in the Gulf, authorities were trying to improve political relations with countries in the region. And thereby to create the Cooperative Security in the Persian Gulf, but despite considerable efforts by the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Gulf still faces many security challenges. The purpose of this paper is to examine the security challenges ahead, for the purposes of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the region. Thereby, to offer the best solution available to solve this problem.

After World War II, what was considered as security generator was the existence of high military capacity. With the collapse of soviet, various levels of security appeared which did not reduce security studies to military dimension. Today, multiple issues of security have significant position in contemporary world and is interesting to many researchers. To understand the security issue and take action to ensure it, we must have numerous looks at it.
Also, due to various changes in the era of globalization that is the era of change and variation, it is possible that cases and issues that are considered common and normal, in near future, enter into the area of security cases and be considered a security gap that accurate recognition of them is very difficult in order to achieve national and international goals. In Iran like all countries, security is composed of various dimensions. For this reason it is said that the areas of threat will be very different.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to survey the most important challenges facing the Islamic Republic of Iran in the 21st century and then to survey the role of these challenges on the national security of Iran. By analysis of available information, we can discover the reasons of their increasing importance and the way of their effect on national security. A topic that is discussed in this study is the existence of situations that each one of them is involved securitization capability and thus imposing costs on the Islamic Republic of Iran.
The research method in this study has been based on positive paradigm and analytical-explanatory approach (Copenhagen School and its broad vision) to assess the challenges and their impact. The reason of choosing Copenhagen School as framework of this research is that this school, due to its security view to issues, provides context in which various security discourses can be discussed. Also, it should be noted that in the era of globalization, following the complexity of the threats, various security levels have been complicated and according to the researchers, this school has the ability to cover the various levels, as well.
Findings: These findings show that Islamic republic of Iran is faced with different types of security challenges of current era. These Challenges have military, political, economic, cultural and environmental dimensions and need urgent solution by statesmen. Therefore, government and governmental organizations must pay attention to new trends in security to reduce the amount of damages in the future.
Originality/Value: Since, so far, no research in this domain has dealt with the most important security challenges facing the Islamic Republic of Iran in the 21st century, we can say that innovation of this study is to investigate the most important security challenges that the Islamic Republic of Iran faces.

This essay is mainly pursues to analyze Iranian elections to explain the fact that, in addition to positive and security-building functions of elections in Iran, there are also election-related factors that prepare ground for different levels of political instability, social crisis and security challenges in the country. Those above mentioned factors are rooted in interactions between three electoral actors: 1) governmental administrative and monitoring institutions; 2) competition pattern of political parties and groups; and 3) electoral behavior of public and social groups. Applying David Sander's approach, this essay explores security-political consequences and challenges of people's electoral behavior and pattern of electoral competition among political parties and groups on political instability indicators (political regime and socio-political solidarity).According to findings of our research, and based on framework of electoral actors interaction pattern, there have been a circle of security situation in Iranian elections consisting of a threefold pattern: 1) fairly calm elections; 2) challenging elections; and 3) electoral crisis. Considering the vulnerabilities of election system in Iran, it seems that electoral behavior pattern of actors tends to be more challenging and destabilizing.

Adopting descriptive analysis, this research has studied Zionist regime's foreign policy regarding Islamic awakening uprisings. Foreign policy of regional countries have been with changes in nature, foundation, forms and tactics corresponding with span, speed and intensity of these developments.. Zionist regime has made some changes in its foreign policy from the outset of these developments. This research tries to first explain whether changes in Tel Aviv's security and foreign policy have been fundamental or with a merely tactical approach, second, what aspects of decision making levels of Tel Aviv's foreign policy have been strengthened and what aspects have been weakened by developments of Islamic awakening. Current article has chosen "James Rosenaus" fivelevel decision-making model and has tried to investigate Tel Aviv's foreign policy from the outset of Islamic awakening (November 2010) up to the end of this regime's thirty third government (April 2015).

In countries like Iran where there is ethnic and religious diversity the question of attracting the ethnic group to national mainstream which leads to national integration is important for maintaining a durable and sustained security. The present article wants to examine the obstacles on the way of attracting the Kurdish ethnic group to national mainstream and formation of a national identity. The Iranian Kurdistan province due to its proximity to Iraqi Kurdistan, Turkey’s Kurdish populated provinces and separatist and ethnic propaganda and unrest and tension gets affected. For this reason it becomes necessary to pay special attention to this region for maintaining peace, stability and security. The underlying hypothesis of the present article is that Iranian Kurds have kept their affinity with mainland despite distorted and divisive propaganda but this relation is facing challenge and obstacles. These challenges relate to economic problems, unbalanced regional development and separatist propaganda and security oriented look to the region. Therefore there is a need to have a comprehensive and expert look at the region to evaluate the problems and find solution for it. The present article gives suggestion for solving the problems of Iranian Kurdistan province in four sectors, i.e. political, cultural, economic and religious. The authors are of the view that the existing approach to region should be revised.

The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the fall of the bipolar system dominating the international system had significant repercussions on the national, regional and international scales. Central Asia region as a part of Iran’s civilizational sphere enjoys a special place in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. There are suitable grounds for the expansion of bilateral relations because of historical and cultural commonalities and affinities between Iran and Central Asia, huge oil and gas potentials, an appropriate market for Iranian products and more importantly the landlocked character of the region leading them to use Iran as the best economic route for transportation. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, this region has attracted the attention of many powerful regional and international players. The Islamic Republic of Iran is among such actors, which is intensely challenged by others due to its historical and cultural proximities with regional nations. Drawing upon a theoretical framework, the author examines the possibility of Iran’s strategic ties with the region and its key countries. Moreover, the ways to promote Iran’s partnership with Central Asian nations will be particularly studied.