جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سازمان های بین‎ المللی » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Terrorism is one of the most important global dangers, which has been carried out for a long time either in the form of actions against ordinary people or political and military officials. With the formation of the nation-state in the modern era, violent acts in the form of terrorism entered another stage, and in this new procedure, countries tried either directly or by using forces in rival or enemy countries, do life against them. However, the approach of international organizations, including the United Nations and its related institutions, plays an important role in preventing or spreading terrorism in the world. Therefore, the present research aims to investigate and analyze the decisions of international organizations regarding state terrorism after the Islamic revolution. The question is, what role has international law, which is reflected in the decisions of international organizations, played on the challenge of state terrorism against the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis is that international law has a weakness due to the non-authoritarian and advisory aspect of its rulings and laws, as well as the lack of sufficient independence to deal with the political demands of its influential members, as well as the dual treatment of terrorism cases, which results in not addressing Terrorist activities against Iran have also had an effect.

Mansorel's article (2021) entitled "Fighting terrorism in East and North Africa; "Regional Perspective" has stated that the experience of political terrorism and violence in the Middle East during the years 1980 to 1990 indicates the adoption of an anti-terrorism strategy in the region, which also gives us valuable experiences. Among other things, based on the rules of the case that are used by the international assemblies and the member countries of these assemblies, in many cases, it is wrong strategies that are not only not effective, but sometimes have the opposite result. Yazdan-Panah Daro's article (2018) entitled "Tracing the root causes of the creation and growth of extremist and terrorist groups in the West Asian region" states that although terrorism has spread globally and has caused international concern, the causes its formation and fighting against it in a hasty and piecemeal manner has not worked. Basiri and Aghamohammadi's article (2016) under the title "The future of Middle East research in the next three decades; Analyzing the trends of countering terrorism at the international level", has addressed the role of the cooperation of the international community with the role of the United Nations. The authors concluded that strengthening solidarity, cohesion of the international community, more serious leadership of the United Nations, commitment to respect human rights in the fight against terrorism, acceptance of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, are among the best strategies for fighting terrorism in the future. Aghaei (2012) in the article "Analysis of Political-Legal Solutions to Counter International Terrorism" has paid attention to the political and legal dimensions and the role of great powers in countering terrorism. Also, the international legal mechanisms, which appear to be very powerful in theory, but in practice have problems in fighting terrorism. Eftekhari and Shabestani's article (2013) entitled "Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Countering Terrorism" has concluded that the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran is linked to the phenomenon of terrorism and has been damaged by terrorism in a dual way.

In this article, critical theoretical framework and descriptive-analytical method are used.

the decisions of international organizations, including the United Nations, the Security Council, the Human Rights Council, and the International Court of Justice, show disregard for international principles and rules on the one hand, and the violation of rights and obligations towards member countries due to damages. Life and money are caused by terrorism. In some cases, for terrorist killings, the Security Council has initiated a special court (the case of Yugoslavia and Rwanda) and in the case of the assassination of Sardar Soleimani and even Iran's nuclear scientists, it has not even tried to convict. International institutional double standards show the relative weakness of countries' political influence and the use of terrorism as a tool, which drives its spread worldwide and the spread of terrorism victims. Violation of political sovereignty of countries, violation of independence and encroachment on their territory are among the achievements of this approach. It seems that the solution is to upgrade the judicial actions from the domestic level to the international level and give them a legal aspect. The country's diplomacy should focus on filing lawsuits in international legal institutions from a specialized aspect and refrain from accepting the positions of influential governments as rhetoric. Even filing a lawsuit to identify and introduce the perpetrators is a positive step, and you cannot refrain from filing these complaints on the pretext that powerful countries have international legal institutions to answer for their actions. Considering that the physical removal of the country's scientific, military and security capitals, taking action to increase the cost of terrorist acts for its perpetrators through proposals in legal forums or mutual response, can be on the agenda of legal diplomacy and military approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The objective of this research is to politically assess the strategic approach and positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the findings indicate that the mutual interests of Iran and the two major powers within the SCO, Russia, and China, in preventing American influence in Southwest Asia, particularly Central Asia, have brought them closer together within the framework of bilateral relations and also within the SCO. To counter American hegemony at the regional level and ensure its national interests against the security threats posed by the United States, the Islamic Republic of Iran has taken steps towards permanent membership in the SCO. Permanent membership in the SCO has provided structural opportunities for Iran, which, on one hand, can create a balance against American hegemony in the region with the support of the powers within this structure, and on the other hand, enhances Iran's political and security status in Central Asian equations and Middle Eastern developments. Therefore, with the aforementioned high capacities in the Middle East region, Iran has the necessary strategic capability to become a regional power.

The significance of regional organizations in restoring regional peace and security is undeniable. The Arab League, as the first regional organization in the Middle East, exhibited diverse reactions to the situation in Syria following the events of the Arab Spring. The primary inquiry of this research focuses on how this organization utilized its capacities to prevent the escalation of the crisis and facilitate the restoration of regional peace and security concerning the situation in Syria. Using a descriptive-analytic approach, this article delves into the underlying causes of the prolonged crisis in Syria and subsequently analyzes the decisions and stances taken by the Arab League, such as the suspension of Syria's membership and the imposition of political and economic sanctions. These analyses are conducted through the lens of constitutional commitments as well as political and legal considerations. The findings indicate that the twelve-year suspension of Syria's membership, despite its status as a founding member of the Arab League, not only underscores the complexity and multifaceted nature of the crisis at regional and international levels but also suggests that, in line with the fundamental objectives and principles of the organization, its approaches largely align with the interests of powerful Western governments and the expansionist policies of the occupying regime in Palestine, while running counter to the interests of the regional Arab and Islamic communities. Presently, the Arab League faces challenges such as dual approaches, decision-making influenced by its anti-Iranian members, issues related to immigration crises, and normalization of relations with Israel. From a regional perspective, the league's track record hardly reflects its role as an effective regional organization capable of resolving domestic crises within its member states or addressing international crises such as the Palestine-Israel conflict in line with the preservation of regional peace and security. Consequently, the Arab and Islamic region may continue to exist in a "region sans regionalism."

The age of information, which involves new methods of transferring information and free access to information, has caused human rights laws to become international custom and ultimately a binding principle in international law. Human beings should be placed beyond the territory of the internal sovereignty of countries and human rights should be promoted from the second-class position to the first-class position in politics. The research question is, what will be the status and application of human rights in the information age? The hypothesis of the emergence of information technology, information, education, implementation of human rights becomes more operational, practical and enforceable. In this article, the following topics are addressed to answer the research question, which are: Human rights education, which is considered an international obligation and has a decisive role in the development of human rights in the information age. Human rights movements that have played a role in shaping and guiding global public opinion, protests and creating serious challenges for governments. International organizations related to human rights that have made extensive efforts to promote the principles and standards of human rights in the last two centuries. Also, the compilation of international conventions and the public domain of human rights, which can be considered the press as one of the most important institutions of the public domain, whose purpose is to inform, criticize the government, familiarize the government with the needs of the people, and finally, the formation of the world governmentHuman rights are one of the legal and political achievements of the modern era, however, the crisis that arose in its foundations has also spread to this achievement, including signs and symptoms that indicate the existence of this crisis in the concept of human rights, failure to act It is the countries that voted positively for the provisions of this declaration. The countries that are the birthplace of modernity and the concept of human rights, consider these provisions to be applicable within their own country and in a better situation, and they do not have this policy for other people who live in other places. But with the entry into the information age, which involves new methods of moving information and free access to information, human rights and freedoms in the cyberspace will be very controversial, and we want to show in this research what human rights are in the information age. finds a situation. The research question is what is the status and application of human rights in the information age? The hypothesis of the emergence of information technology, information, education, implementation of human rights becomes more operational, practical and enforceable.

Theoretical Framework :

Constructivism is an approach that was proposed in sociology before the plan in international relations and has become one of the main theories of international relations since the late 1980s and early 1990s. In terms of content, this approach is placed between two paradigms and the main stream, i.e. realism on the one hand and idealism on the other. Alexander Went believes that the world does not have a certain future and it cannot be said that it will reach certain conditions based on predetermined algebra. But the transformation that has occurred in people's understanding of the world can inevitably lead us to a world government. And his opinion is that a world government will emerge between the next 100 and 200 years, but nothing can be predicted for sure. According to his opinion, as long as the international system is a single system, the formation of a world government can be a development This research, based on the constructivist approach of Alexander WentThe theoretical framework is the constructivism and completion of Alexander Went's theory about human rights and global governance is used.

This article aims to show the applications and methods of using information technology on human rights. In this sense, in Kant's time, that is, in the modern era, there was no technology to implement and operationalize human rights, but now, step by step, the realization of human rights is being implemented objectively. According to the theoretical perspective of the article, the method used in this article is the interpretation method.

The increasing development of new information and communication technologies in the first decades of the 21st century has changed the technology paradigm governing societies from industrial technology to information-communication technology. The information age, which is also called the computer age, the digital age, or the age of new media. The impact and application of information technology on human rights is analyzed in the table below. Element an impact. Type of influence - analysis .1- Teaching human rights. In the age of information, with the availability of human rights education methods have changed and are followed with more speed and quality. Currently, human rights education environments provide the most efficiency for human rights education by making the internet available. Technology has made it possible for people to follow their educational process regardless of time and place. 2- Human rights social movements. Human rights social movements existed before globalization; For example, there was a global social movement against the slave trade in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Since the transformation of the global communications network by electronic means, globalization has intensified and accelerated the capacity of civil society to organize. Through e-mail and the Internet, civil society activists have quick access to knowledge, quick capacity to criticize policy decisions of governments, international organizations, transnational corporations, and quick capacity to interact with each other.Social movements form transnational advocacy networks that exert pressure simultaneously on local, national, and international fronts and use both formal and informal means to achieve their goals. 3-Related international human rights organizations.International human rights organizations, with the diversity of their activities, have influenced the human destiny in an increasing way and have penetrated into all fields of international relations and have ended the isolation of governments in the field of international relations. Organizations on a large scale make the international community aware of the dire state of human rights. These organizations can be effective in helping victims of human rights violations. 4- public sphere of human rights. Fast and cheap access to information causes rapid publication of news, events and promotion of public awareness in the society, and with the use of information technology, all existing systems undergo tremendous changes and transformations; In a way that makes it possible for people to participate as much as possible in political and government processes and public opinion increases the responsibility of governments in human rights demands. 5- The formation of world government. In the age of globalization, governments are increasingly under pressure due to a set of external and internal factors and are forced to answer for their actions before the international community. This issue limits their freedom of action and causes them to participate and interfere in many cases to improve the human rights situation in their country.

Conclusion and Suggestions:

Until the end of the 20th century, all the paradigms of the philosophy of political science and international relations considered it impossible to create human rights regimes, but in the 21st century, Alexander Went, like a technologist, declares that the world government is inevitable, and if in the past Leviathan Globalization could not be realized due to the limitation of technology, now we are moving towards the world government at a high speed. According to Wendt, the future world is not certain and it cannot be said that it will reach specific conditions based on predetermined algebra. But the kind of transformation that has occurred in people's understanding of the world can inevitably lead us to a world government.

Peace and security, development and welfare, human rights, environment, migration, terrorism, and health are now among the transnational challenges that have remained unchecked due to structural and normative problems of the world government system. These challenges have been identified as various cases (e.g., multiplicity of institutions, their poor collaboration and uncoordinated performance, insufficiency of conventional arrangements for transnational management of problems, instability of equilibrium in power, lack of integrity in administration of global governance, anarchic extremity, liberal bias, normative contradictions in execution of human rights, democratic legitimacy and violation, and adaptation to or negligence of global transformations). Due to its unique characteristics, the rights-based world government can integrate, coordinately manage, and develop a hierarchical collaboration system between the relevant activists in order to achieve integrity and unity in structures and procedures. Accordingly, this government is able to manage and tackle the foregoing challenges. This study aims to address a serious question: what major challenges does the global governance face now in the absence of the rights-based world government? Bibliographical references are used in this paper through a descriptive-analytical approach to identify the dimensions of unfavorable global governance and determine the necessity of establishing the rights-based world government to tackle the major challenges to this type of governance.  The research results indicated structural and normative challenges to global governance, something which necessitates the establishment of a universal state to solve these major challenges.

The Covid-19 pandemic has created challenges and concerns for the whole world, so that it has forced international organizations to take measures at the global level in this critical situation to reduce the problems of governments and people. In this article, an attempt has been made to answer the question of what measures international organizations have taken to protect children's rights during the outbreak of Covid-19. For this purpose, the actions of a number of these organizations, especially those that have the mission and claim to protect children's rights, have been examined. Investigations showed that with the spread of the pandemic and the resulting crises that put children's rights under serious threat, each of these organizations tried to take appropriate measures to protect children during the pandemic. Among these measures, the cooperation of these organizations with the governments has been in the form of providing solutions, guidelines, as well as providing humanitarian aid and health items and financial support to the governments involved in the disease and in need of help, especially the developing countries. Although these measures have been of great help to the governments involved in the disease to adopt a strategy appropriate to the rights of the child to control and contain the epidemic, it has not been enough, because we witnessed the occurrence of severe damages in the field of children's rights, which can be said that it has even overshadowed the progress of the past years.

This research aims to analyze and evaluate the United Nations’ activity to settle the crisis in Afghanistan by applying a qualitative method based upon data gathering using the United Nations archival resources and descriptive-analytical method to answer how the United Nations' activity to settle the crisis in Afghanistan has been. the research revealing theory is: The United Nation -one of the most influential intergovernmental organizations- had excessive efforts by implementing and executing political (Through the sixth and seventh resolutions of the UN Charter), diplomatic enterprises (Through the Secretary General and his Special Presentative) and institutionalization (By monitoring the implementation of resolutions and action) through It reduced and confronted crises and empowered and rebuilt the country at some point in time main institutions e.g. security council, general assembly and secretary-general to settle the crisis in Afghanistan, although the aim wasn’t quite accomplished; the research findings according to Micheal Bercher international crisis analysis model and principals indicate that the united nation organization hadn’t been eminent in settling Afghanistan crisis due to organizational weakness and conceptual dependency, despite having high independency and legitimacy level at the international level, and acted passively and nonstrategic. The end of the Second World War was the beginning of the development of organized and regular international and regional relations and dependencies and the comprehensive growth of multilateral cooperation of governments in all fields such as political, economic, and social in international arrangements. In this context, the United Nations as the best and best model and example of an international governmental organization to provide and protect world peace and security, steps into the field of international relations; Therefore, the role of this organization is to protect peace and create security has been revealed today in the form of deterring and preventing conflicts or limiting them. Therefore, despite the many existing deficiencies, he has tried to objectify his capabilities and competence in political fields as a peacemaker and as a reliable and serious broker and agent in bilateral or multilateral relations; Although in this way, due to structural weakness and material dependence, it has not achieved much success. For example, in the Afghanistan crisis, which is considered one of the most complex and long-lasting international tensions, the United Nations has tried to resolve the issue by issuing many resolutions in most of the sixth and seventh chapters of the United Nations Charter and appointing its special representative and sending them to the center of the crisis. and to play an active role in ending crises. Despite this, in reducing or eliminating the crises that have occurred and even now, the performance of this organization has often been passive, proactive, and non-strategic. For example, in 2001, under the pressure of major powers, this organization recognized the invasion of Afghanistan by the US and NATO coalition. Therefore, the activities of the United Nations in Afghanistan show that the operation of this organization has legitimized the will of the great powers in the occupation and their movements against the opposition of the world. Of course, it cannot be denied that some of the so-called democratic actions of this organization, such as holding and monitoring parliamentary and presidential elections, have shown the positive performance of the United Nations in Afghanistan. In this article, while making sense of the crisis from Michael Brecher's point of view, we will discuss more the performance of the United Nations in solving the Afghanistan crisis. This article is written by stating the question, what is the function of the United Nations in the process of solving the Afghan crisis? We implemented and moved forward. In this way, by examining the role and performance of the United Nations as the most influential international organization in the arena of the international system, we examined the duties and performance of the three influential pillars of this organization in the process of resolving the Afghan crisis and the measures that each pillar takes in reducing or reducing the crisis as the keyword of crisis management. He has done in Afghanistan in the years 1947 to 2021. Actions that during a period of time led to the reduction, confrontation and empowerment, and reconstruction of Afghanistan through legal measures (with resolutions under the sixth and seventh chapters of the Charter), diplomatic and political measures (through the activities of the Secretary-General and its special representative) and institution building (monitoring the implementation of resolutions and actions) and these actions were further realized through cooperation with other regional organizations such as the European Union and NATO and the supervision of the United Nations. Among them, it is possible to evaluate the role of the United Nations as constructive, effective, decisive, and active in terms of financial, political, planning, and management of the various periods of presidential, assembly, and provincial council elections. Despite this, the Afghan crisis has continued due to the structural and substantive weakness that has been repeatedly repeated by the member governments and various secretaries-general in this organization. In such way that the existential philosophy of this organization was based on the multipolar system, but during the cold war, this organization was a bipolar system and at the end of the cold war, it was practically dominated by a superpower, which is not only in contradiction with the existential philosophy of this organization, which is currently It has become the most important problem of the United Nations. Also, the fact that the five great powers have the right to veto and its illegal use and abuse are evident in the continuation of the Afghan crisis. For example, the Soviet Union vetoed several resolutions condemning and immediately withdrawing its army from Afghanistan. As another permanent member of the Security Council, with its support for Pakistan, China has considered the crises formed and highlighted in Afghanistan as an internal matter and has continued this situation until now. Also, the United States of America, which is one of the main members of the United Nations Security Council, has repeatedly abused its membership privilege in the Security Council. The issuance of a resolution by the Security Council in 2001 regarding the attack on Afghanistan by the military forces of the United States and its allies (NATO) and the occupation of this country for a period of twenty years is one of the examples of the weakness and structural problems and the substantive dependence of this organization in solving crises, including the Afghan crisis.

The purpose of this research is examination and analysis of the UN performance in settling the Afghanistan crisis from 1979 to the end of 2021 which has been conducted using the descriptive method based on collecting data through looking into the archived sources of the UN and with the Descriptive-Analytical method. The paper intends to answer the question, How has the UN performance been in solving the Afghanistan crisis? The thesis of the research is indicating that, though the UN as one of the most influential international governmental institutions, has made great efforts to resolve the Afghanistan Crisis using  its main institutions like the Security Council, the General assembly and the General Secretary , and by implementing and executing the legal measures, under the resolutions 6 and 7 of the UN Charter , as well as political measures by the general secretary and his special envoy , and Institution-Building through supervising the execution of the resolutions and measures for settling the Afghanistan crisis , in resolving the crisis in Afghanistan it has not been completely successful. The findings of this research have been examined using the Michael Brecher rules and principles of the analytical model of the international crises, and are indicative of the fact that the UN, despite enjoying high levels of independence and legitimacy on the international level, has not had a successful performance in resolving the Afghanistan crisis, and has acted passively and non-strategically, due to its structural weakness and substantive dependence.

China, in the status of a peer competitor to the US, has recognized the need to reap the benefit of such power by using it in different parts of the world including the African continent; since Africa has always been one of China’s areas of interest throughout history. China has used Smart power to assert its position as one of the world's great powers in the foreign policy. With regard to the significance of this type of power in China’s policy towards Africa, this article, through mixed research, seeks to answer the following question: What are the tools employed by China to have an active presence in Africa? The research hypothesis is that, firstly, by stablishing close ties and a strong foothold in international organizations, secondly, by stiving at various levels of diplomacy including cultural, media and exchange to introduce its culture and values to the Continent, thirdly, by scientific, research and technological cooperation as one of main parts of mutual relation, fourthly, by close economic relation in fields of trade and investment, and finally, by performing an active role in improving development indexes including food security, infrastructure, healthcare and environmental protection, China has been able to have an active presence in the continent.

Waters of the South and Southeast Asia have long been some of the most important hotspots for various sea-based organized crimes. As a result of the continuously rising threat of terrorism and its spread all around the world, along with the access of terrorist groups to more efficient and modern military equipments, the danger of terrorism has become more imminent and widespread, taking many forms and finding its way to the seas. Maritime terrorism, especially within regions where other maritime crimes are prevalent, is considered, because of the probable links between the offenders, as one of the most serious threats against peace and security at seas. Considering the organized nature of these crimes, effective suppression of them is only possible through collective and cooprative initiatives. Thus, regional organizations have an undeniably important role in combating maritime terrorism. This article, using the descriptive-analytical method, aims to assess the performance and function of a selected number of regional organizations active within South and Southeast Asia and to examine their achievements and shortcomings, as well as their challenges, in combating maritime terrorism. This article concludes that the activities of these organizations have been essential but insufficient, and the most important challenge ahead is lack of collective strategies at the regional level.

The present study examines the corrective and critical positions of J.A. Iran, including examining the views of Ayatollah Khamenei. The question is, in Ayatollah Khamenei's view, what are the basic strategies for reforming the structures of international institutions, including the UN Security Council? The hypothesis is: Ayatollah Khamenei's thought in a negative dimension, based on exposing the involvement of members of the Security Council in belligerence, violation of international peace and justice, and in a positive dimension, including giving veto power to Islamic countries and strengthening legal institutions Humanity is based on non-Western teachings. The results of the research show that reforming the structure of international organizations requires a return to the internal logic of these organizations, the initial goals and positions of its founders, including the design of the slogan of international peace and security. Efforts to spread the slogan of international peace and security for the participation of all countries of the world and complete disarmament of nuclear weapons, efforts to bring independent and effective international countries among the permanent members of the Security Council can lead to pluralism in the field of governance Be international. His view can be considered as a basis for proposing veto power among Islamic countries, Islamic human rights in international institutions and the need for independent and free nations to intervene in major international decisions. The method of the present study is to analyze the content of Ayatollah Khamenei's views and to use a critical theoretical framework.

International responsibility law is considered as an international legal entity and the international responsibility regime is a set of international rules and regulations related to the issue of responsibility of countries and international organizations, which play the role of creating cooperation, stability, assign rights and obligations for the states. This study, through a descriptive-analytical method of documents, conducts legal review of the regime of international responsibility of governments and international organizations in the face of US purposeful sanctions against the safety and security of Iran's aviation, which is in serious danger. Therefore, first the international responsibility of governments and international organizations for aviation safety and security in international law and then the elements of fulfillment of responsibility, ie commitment and assignment are examined. The findings indicate a violation of Article 44 of the Chicago Convention, the Charter of UN and aviation sanctions are inconsistent with the principles of international law.

The present article examines the evolution of China's behavioral characteristics in the three governing systems over the past century; Article divides this Era into four historical periods, examines and analyzes Chinese political ethics within the concept of "international organization diplomacy". The article hope to answers the question of “how the relationship between the behavioral evolution and the policy of the leadership power in China, which has always been directly influenced by the ruling ideology, has an impact on the presence and role of Chinese in international environments, including international organizations?” This article also briefly examines China's interests through its relationship with international organizations and Count some of the benefits of this relationship for the Chinese Communist Party.

Expanding the external relations of a capital city will create opportunities for a country to internationalize and take advantage of the interactions with the state and non-state actors in the international system. Global cities today are the centers for the spread of different cultural and economic ideas; and they can  promote specific brands and  positive images of the countries to which they belong. The presence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the big cities would help the international diffusion  of the unique brand of that city. A non-governmental organization, which has no definite history of origin, is a concept that cannot be defined precisely, accurately, and comprehensively. Nevertheless, the undeniable fact is that the growth of these organizations and the gradual expansion of their role have been indicators of globalization. NGOs are increasingly becoming involved in providing assistance to governments to find solutions to  many problems ranging from economic decline to the rising threats to public health and other issues regarding socio-economic development at all levels.  It is assumed that the presence of international organizations in major cities can help countries to become more international. Today, a metropolis must have its own strategic document for internationalization aimed at encouraging transnational communication with different organizations. Tehran, as the capital of Iran and one of the largest and most modern cities in the Middle East, can be the center of international interactions between Iran and other countries; and considering its geostrategic location, it could eventually be the hub of the Middle East.The main purpose of this study is to analyze the consequences of the expansion of the activities of international non-governmental organizations in Tehran for the transformation of this metropolis into a regional and international center. The key research questions are as follows: 1. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of encouraging more activities of international non-governmental organizations in the metropolis of Tehran?  2. How will the increase in these activities affect urban development in Tehran? To answer these questions, the method of qualitative content analysis is used to examine and explain the official documents related to Tehran’s international relations, the effects of interactions of international non-governmental organizations in the internationalization of the city of Tehran.  The research hypothesis illustrates the authors’ assertion that the activities of the international NGOs will increase Iran’s influence in the international system by facilitating international relations of Tehran at regional and global levels, and even the country’s bilateral and multilateral relations with other actors.There were attempts to formulate and adopt a flexible and forward-looking strategy for the urban development of  Tehran based on dynamic documents, which would take into account changing environmental and social conditions of the city, particularly the rapid growth rate of the population. Urban development documents in Iran before and after the 1979 Islamic Revolution have repeatedly emphasized the internationalization of Tehran through the presence and activities of international organizations. Farmanfarmaian Urban Development Plan (FUDP) was one of the first urban plans in Tehran, which was approved in 1966. For the most part, FUDP recommended  policies to regulate land-use in Tehran, elucidated some aspects of the internationalization of Abbasabad hills, and also determined the appropriate location of the international airport in Tehran. Pahlavi’s Shahestan plan was another pre-revolution attempt at city development in Iran and was meant to provide the groundwork for the globalization plan of Tehran which was the first such plan in the entire Middle East region. The first post-revolution urban development plan in Iran was approved in 2007. The long-term vision plan of Tehran municipality was designed in line with the country's 20-year Vision 2025 document, and aimed at turning Tehran into a global city by promoting activities of regional and international scope. The most important aspects of internationalization of this urban development plan of Tehran include: 1. Transforming Tehran into an information city (Iran's gateway to the information age); 2. Turning Tehran into a smart and global city with increasing share of modern economy; 3. Providing space, infrastructure and necessary communications in Tehran to promote the viability and activity of the city globally and regionally.The city planners are aware that they must act swiftly to provide the basic services for the residents, and thus they are advised to rely on collaborations with the influential NGOs to confront the  common health, environmental and socio-economic crises, and more urgently deal with the adverse  impacts of climate change through formal and informal interactions. According to the vision document, by 2025 Tehran will be in a situation where 50% of its GDP will be allocated to knowledge-based economic activities. Tehran's advantages for internationalization include: 1. It has good infrastructure;     2. The city enjoys a valuable geostrategic location because Iran can be the center of regional activities for international organizations in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf; 3. Tehran can also act as a gateway for such activities in Southwest Asia and Central Asia; 4. Tehran is located in a country with relative stable and secure environment for the activities of these organizations in a region where many countries are subjected to internal security threats, wars and terrorism. In contrast, the disadvantages of internationalization of Tehran by relying on the NGOs activities are as follows: 1. The poor communication between Tehran and specialized UN agencies and other international organizations; 2. Lack of sufficient attention to scientific research in the field of international NGOs; 3. Weakness of local governments’ specific laws and regulations for urban diplomacy and international relations of Tehran; 4. Lack of national understanding and consensus about Tehran’s collaboration with international NGOs; 5. the clash between ideological orientation of the Islamic Republic and the capitalist value system; 6. Anti-Iran  sanctions aimed at its economic- political isolation. In their research findings, the authors explain the relationship between the activities of international non-governmental organizations in Tehran by helping to improve the level of Tehran's international relations at the regional and global levels, and expanding the Islamic Republic's foreign influence.

In democratization approach, the root of war and insecurity in the international system is the lack of democracy. Therefore, democratization of the governments has changed to an important procedure in the cold postwar world. This important issue is in progress sometimes in the form of process, and sometimes in the form of project, by the international organizations that have legitimation and universal acceptance. The objective of this research is to analyze the role of the international organizations on democratization of the governments that are in non-democratic status. Hence, by focusing on the role of the UN as one of the most effective public international organizations, this question is raised that what is the role of the international organizations, especially UN, in democratization of the governments? Hypothesis of the research, which is conducted in descriptive- analytical method, is that “the UN plays an active role through its major institutions such as Security Council, general meeting and secretary-general by implementing and executing the legal and political (or diplomatic) actions and institutionalizing for accelerating anti-authoritarianism and fixing democracy in the non-democratic countries”. Findings of the paper show that the high levels of independence and legitimation of the international organizations such as UN have made the democratization of the non-democratic governments possible. The case of Afghanistan will be reviewed for clarifying this interaction.

One of the most important concerns of countries, both domestically and internationally, is the issue of "security". This issue has caused governments to choose specific orientations and strategies to maintain security and achieve their national goals and interests due to domestic needs, geographical and geopolitical conditions and also under the influence of the structure and function of the international system. Among these strategies is the strategy of alliance and coalition. A clear example of this is the NATO alliance. But other threats such as terrorism, extremist nationalism, drugs, environmental pollution and the proliferation of nuclear and chemical weapons, etc., with the question of whether NATO can play its role in developments. Important international to play well? NATO's unnecessary interventions in Southeast Asia and the Caucasus, and its claims of chemical weapons, are often false and baseless, and it seeks to dominate and influence the Middle East.

In the present article, the role and performance of theMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Iran incombating the prevalence and managementof coronavirus has been investigated. After examining the relationship between foreign policyand health security as one of the components of human security, the authorexamines the performance of the Iran’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs in twoperiods: the outbreak of coronavirus in China and the outbreak of corona virusin Iran by using inductive Methods&Accessible and non-confidential data. Studiesshow that Iran’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has pursued fifteen measures fromthe time of the outbreak of the corona virus in China to its outbreak in Iranand eventually the pandemic, with a comprehensive human security approach thatplays a key role in the country's relative success in combating the prevalenceand management of coronavirus. In addition to analyzing of Iran’s Ministry ofForeign Affairs performance, the paper summarizes the country's weaknesses indealing with the outbreak of the coronavirus based on the government'smacro-approach and offers suggestions for future research.
 

The national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran has external dimensions in terms of its impact on international organizations and is also influenced by the actions of international organizations. The present study seeks to investigate the relationship between the actions of international organizations and national security in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The question that arises is: How do the actions of international organizations affect the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The answer that can be provided is that different governments after the Islamic Revolution have each provided a specific interpretation of the position of international organizations, which in turn has a bearing on national security. Iran is also effective. The two approaches of opposition and interaction with the actions of international organizations are among the most important approaches after the Islamic Revolution. Meanwhile, for reasons such as a new definition of rights and responsibilities, policy-making and governance, as well as a cross-border approach to humanitarian and global issues, the Islamic Republic of Iran pursues the actions of international organizations with a critical and cautious approach. Indicates a lack of definition of national security and a lack of consensus regarding the actions of international organizations. However, a critical approach to these organizations indicates a different and new approach. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and using documentary and library resources.

International organizations can promote democratization, but how exactly can they achieve this goal? We argue that in order to assess the impact of international organizations on democratization, we must be able to distinguish between avoiding the return of authoritarian regimes and promoting the establishment of democracy. While international organizations cannot directly prevent the return of authoritarian regimes to unsustainable democracies, through capacity building they can increase the likelihood that transitional democracy will be established. An empirical analysis of the transition of democratic governments from 1965 to 2001, in fact, confirms the hypothesis that international organizations promote the establishment of democracy without preventing the return of authoritarian regimes to unestablished democracies. We have also noticed that international organizations are the most important factor in the establishment of transitional democracies in the difficult circumstances created by the historical background of military dictatorial regimes.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the Islamic countries of Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia exploit international organizations in the field of science and technology and the neglected capacities and opportunities of Iran in this field. In this regard, first, the most important international organizations in the field of science and technology were identified in the regional and global dimensions and the presence and exploitation of these countries were compared with Iran. In this article, interviews and analysis of the experts’ opinions in the field of science and technology show that although Iran's presence in the international multilateral processes in this field is acceptable in terms of quantity, it is not desirable in terms of quality. The most important reason for this is the lack of skilled manpower in the field of international science and technology cooperation and the low level of specialized knowledge of activists in this field. Iran's membership in international institutions is often decentralized, and Iranian representatives are unaware of each other's presence and cannot make use of the most of existing experiences and capacities. The inconsistency and lack of the representatives’ alignment in these organizations is very serious. among the main challenges of the presence of representatives in international institutions can be mentioned these cases: the interaction with key responsible organizations, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the lack of seriousness of other organizations in their interactions, the lack of transparency in domestic law, and the lack of oversight of international law and law.