جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « other making » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

The politics of friendship comes directly from discussing the conditions of human beings with one another.Living and communicating with others is important and undeniable based on human social nature.Now a day,with the expansion of private space, as opposed to the narrowing of the circle of human common space, friendships have faded. The issue of violence and enmity in the Islamic world has gained particular prominence with the rise of jihadi takfiri groups, as often theorized and elaborated by scientific and academic research.However, the issue of friendship, which is otherwise a political issue from Schmidt's point of view, has been less addressed, especially in domestic research and especially in political philosophy. Contemporary Muslims have not been followed.Therefore, the present study seeks to discover indicators of friendship in the political thought of Imam Khomeini as a contemporary Muslim thinker and leader of the Islamic Revolution based on the theories of Hanna Arendt and Jacques Derrida (with emphasis and adjustment). To accomplish this, it is important to use the approach Schleiermacher's hermeneutics used qualitative content analysis, indentation and inference method. On this basis, the main question of the research is “How does the concept of friendship in Imam Khomeini's thought make sense of politics and politics in the Islamic world?” and its hypothesis is that categories such as vows and covenants, power, acceptance of differences, acceptance of differences, acceptance The other is that forgiveness, responsible friendship, and negative self-negation are decisive in the form of friendship politics in their thinking system.

Smuggling of goods and currency is one of the problems that has its roots abroad. The consequences of trafficking go beyond mere economic loss. Trafficking can destabilize communities and contribute to wider regional tensions. A large part of these problems is related to communication between countries, so the purpose of this research is to examine the problems and provide solutions for changing Iran’s policy and convergence with the Central Asia and Caucasus region in the face of this event. The main question of this article is how to change the approach to combating the smuggling of goods and currency between Iran and the region of Central Asia and the Caucasus? The major challenge we face in dealing with the problems of trafficking is the difficulty in conceptualizing the complex issues of collective action, which, with the involvement of many local actors and social networks, takes on another challenge. Public administrators around the world operate very differently in political and socio-economic contexts. As a result, the resources and capacities of public administrators in these areas vary greatly, as globalization has intensified in recent decades, national and regional boundaries, economic, social, political and ideological issues have increasingly been transcended. In fact, many of these issues are beyond the norm. Traditional patterns that emphasize the role of formal organizations are insufficient to address many problems, including trafficking. As a result, concepts such as multi-level governance are increasingly studied. To address complex social, political and economic issues it is necessary to use multi-level policies and multi-level personalities to create solutions to deal with smuggling of goods.Research question: Each of the problems that occur in countries has an external nature and effect. In other words, internal crises have regional and international roots and with the continuation of the crisis, these consequences will spread and with its continuation, all its effects and consequences can be recognized. Meanwhile, the manner and type of governance within countries has a significant effect on creating and solving problems. In the meantime, there are multi-level governance that can strengthen and improve the fight against trafficking. The main question of this article is how can we change the approach of combating smuggling of goods and currency by considering multi-level governance in regional policy making?

Research hypothesis:

 In response to the main question, the hypothesis is raised that multi-level governance strengthens and improves regional policy in the field of combating goods and currency smuggling.

In this research, the method of text and content analysis of the type of "content network" introduced by atride - stepperling will be used. This method tries to access the text from main themes, organizing themes and inclusive themes; therefore, first, the text analysis of all interviews and the extraction of basic themes, in other words, the delivery of the text, will be carried out. Then, the method of abstracting and extracting the themes of the organizer and finally discovering and explaining the network of themes of governance factors related to the fight against smuggling of goods and currency will be done. Therefore, qualitative and visual analysis methods based on data and content analysis have been used in this research. In fact, by viewing the relevant documents and receiving the primary data, documents, recordings and results of the interviews are accurately and regularly evaluated and analyzed, and objectives and questions are explained with a qualitative method.  The data collection method is interview, and the data analysis method is thematic analysis. The sampling method was targeted and snowball, and smuggling experts were contacted to collect data. The data and findings of the research include the opinions of interviewees about the proposed strategies for policymaking in the fight in different dimensions, which were analyzed and presented in the form of comprehensive themes. According to the findings of the research, the re-design of the police to fight the smuggling of goods and currency has been investigated at the transnational level and in operational and executive dimensions. To determine the validity of the research, the research tool was approved by several elites in the field of security and law enforcement concepts, and to check the reliability of qualitative research, there are several strategies that are used here to verify the reliability of data by the experts. Therefore, after extracting concepts and themes and drawing a network of themes between them, they were asked to confirm the researcher's understanding of the data by sending the results to several elites. The aim of this task is to ensure that the researcher has correctly analyzed and classified the data correctly.

The data and findings of the research include the opinions of the interviewees about the proposed strategies for policy making in the struggle in different dimensions, which were analyzed and presented in the form of 7 overarching themes and 23 strategies. According to the interviews conducted in the field of operations and implementation of the fight against smuggling of goods and currency, there was a lot of emphasis on the need to change the structure of the relations between countries in dealing with smuggling. These changes are expressed in dimensions such as decision-making and operations, budget, participation of foreign parties.

According to the interviews conducted in operational and executive fields in the fight against smuggling of goods and currency, the need to change the structure of relations between countries in combating smuggling was emphasized. These changes are expressed in dimensions such as decision-making and operations, budget, participation of foreign parties. In an operational and transnational framework, the most important solutions provided by the interviewees are the creation of security agreements and information sharing between different countries.

 As a sec country Iran is dealing with environmental challenges including water crisis. Iran has been confronted with water problem in its history. This problem has been multiple by its neighbor’s water policy; Afghanistan and Turkey.  Policies. The water problem in Iran is caused by the lack of power in the governance system, I call it power disruption. Politics in the most basic narrative is the exercise of power and who gets what, when and how. Planning is also how to turn knowledge into action. This transformation itself is a kind of embodiment of power. Exercising power is a chain that consists of two elements: power and decisions.

Water policy of Iranian government has been analyzed with different approaches and from different perspectives. This article uses a mix approach including analytical, discourse, institutional and historical analysis to elaborate a theory of power in policy cycle. The fundamental mechanism that consolidates policy cycle is power. The lack of power causes disruption in the chains of policy cycle, i.e., disruption in policy making in Iranian water policy.what can organize all these problems in a comprehensive theoretical and methodological framework is the analisis of power. From our point of view, all these problems can be solved under the title of power: from the content power of a policy to the power of design, implementation, feedback and evaluation of water policy. Our effort is to show how power and decision are not formed in water politics, and politics is emptied of its main content: which is power.

The findings of this study are discussed under the following themes: First, the most important disruption in Iranian water policy is the disruption of power, in the sense that, first, there is a conflict of multiple powers, from farmers to industrialists, bureaucrats, rent-seekers, etc. Second, power does not flow from top to bottom in water policy process and its components.Second, decision-making disruption in Iranian water policy suffers from various dimensions: the perspective of the inherent element in collective action; the perspective of deciding what issue should be placed on the agenda of the government; and who should decide. The term “disruption” here confirms the dispersion and lack of public power.

Analysis:

In the analytical framework (MSF) of John Kingdon, the role of a policy entrepreneur is emphasized. In the same way, to transform the decision from one policy stage to another, "political power" is needed to undertake this task. Power here is a set of institutional elements and components that organizes and implements the "decision" and undertakes the task of transferring power. These institutional components of decision-making can include legal, administrative, systemic, group, traditional and even individual procedures. When the stakeholders of the issue, including farmers, industries, environmental NGOs, and the government, are active in all the agenda stages of public policy (from agenda setting to policy formulation, implementation and evaluation) the governance system is formed adequately and in participative manner. Consequentially the governance power is emerged.

“Self-awareness” of the governance problems, “discussion”, and “will” provide the native discursive solution. The pillars of this discourse include the development pillar, the environmental pillar, and the security pillar. Improving general decision-making skills, although technical, but is one of the suitable solutions to overcome the decision disruption in the governance of water policy in Iran."Regional Water Council" can be another solution for overcoming disruption in decision-making in the governance system. This council assembly is a collection of regional stakeholders, expert, and officials. This is a regional parliament consists of representatives of different sectors of peasants, industries, NGOs, social trustees etc.Integrated Water Management, as recommended by the Technical Committee of the Global Water Partnership, is another recommendation of this article, which is a process that involves the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources in order to maximize economic and social outcomes and promote well-being in an equitable manner. In order to institutionalize this action, it is possible to form an executive policy secretariat in the relevant ministry, which will follow all the steps until the final realization. This secretariat consists of experts from relevant departments within the Ministry of Energy and representatives of the program organization.

The present study seeks to analyze the policy making of Basij jihadi camps based on a process model that, with a qualitative approach and an inductive approach, using the analysis of relevant documents and also existing interviews (24 people) from national, provincial officials and activists of jihadi camps, the process of the said camps in 5 steps (identification of problems and dilemmas, determination of goals, formulation and formulation of policy solutions, implementation and obtaining feedbacks, evaluation of the implemented policy) were analyzed, and finally, the analysis of policy making for the realization of upstream documents has been analyzed. The findings of the research from the interviews in the stage of implementation and receiving feedback included three main categories including managerial, organizational and environmental factors. In the field of organizational factors, the categories of "lack of educational program", "weak continuity of goals", "incomplete identification of the region" and in the field of environmental factors, the categories of "exaggeration of deprivations", "damage to native culture" are among the challenges of the implementation field. It is camps. The results of this research also show that the quality of implementing the policy of jihadi camps requires the attention of the officials and preventing the application of taste and politicking in the more favorable implementation of these camps.

For sure, experimental science and engineering’s products are used as tools in human science and in fact, human science is policy making in different fields such as economic, policy, culture, technology, and security. Despite this position, human science is not developed in Iran.Our country is among the wealthiest countries by its resources. These resources include underground, ground and even human resources. But unfortunately despite these prominences, we do not have appropriate situation in different fields to other developed countries.The purpose of this research is to survey requirements and present solutions to human science evolution in economic, politic, social, and cultural policy making in Ayatollah Khamenei’s sight. This research’s data is qualitative and the method is theme analysis.According to survey and analysis which is done on Ayatollah Khamenei’s speech, we find out themes like human science theoretical basics, what is human science evolution, why human science should evolve and how human science should evolve, as research’s findings.

More than four decades have passed since the victory of the Islamic Revolution, and the Iranian Revolution entered its fifth decade, while many opponents and opponents did not see the revolution's 40th anniversary, but the revolution remained and witnessed its 40th anniversary and entered its fifth decade. . The decade that the supreme leader of the revolution mentioned as the beginning of the second step of the revolution. How the revolution was able to cross this path with strength in spite of all the internal and external conspiracies, among the astonishment of many analysts, needs a deep sociological investigation.In a sociological study, many factors are involved in the formation and continuation of a phenomenon. The Iranian revolution is not exempt from this, but among these indicators, according to the experts, the leadership factor has had a great impact on the maintenance and continuation of the revolution. Therefore, our question in this research is how the index of leadership in Iran after the revolution has played a role in preserving and continuing the Islamic revolution? Our hypothesis is that leadership in the form of the principle of the absolute authority of the jurist with wise, rational, duty-oriented and beneficial decisions. The most important factor in the preservation and continuation of the revolution in overcoming internal and external conspiracies has been the principle

The increase in the importance of governance knowledge along with recent scientific researches and productions necessitates the formation of a network and a system of scientific communication around the governance knowledge.

Therefore, the present research aims to use the scientometric method and the technique of co-word analysis; To draw a map of the field of knowledge of governance based on all 1136 internal scientific-research articles that have been indexed in the Persian Islamic World Sciences database and Noor specialized magazines in the period from 1390 to 1401. Excel and VOSviewer software have been used to analyze the network of concepts, prepare data and draw a scientific map.

The findings of this research consist of 196 keywords related to the governance network.

Also, after the keywords "good governance" and "good urban governance", keywords such as "urban management and planning", "public participation" and "sustainable development" are among the most frequent keywords in governance research; which have the most co-occurrence.

 Decision-making is a process that includes all the activities of the organization and actually affects all the members of the organization either individually or as a member of the group. Due to the existence of various nodes (command and control centers, sensors, weapon systems, etc.) and the links between them, the integrated air defense network is a military network-oriented organization that is responsible for controlling the country's space and taking tactical action against air threats. Due to their inherent mission, the operational staff of the command and control centers of the integrated air defense network of the Islamic Republic of Iran must always make decisions in order to advance the goals and react in time to the events. In this research, the main goal of the research is to investigate and quantify the factors influencing the decision-making of operational staff in the integrated air defense network and to introduce a model for it. The researchers, with the aim of identifying the factors influencing the decision-making of the operational staff of the command and control centers of the integrated air defense network, conducted an applied research using descriptive and analytical method. and the mixed approach by using the study of valid scientific documents and documents and conducting interviews with experts in the field of command and control network, while using the MaxQDA software, it examined the factors affecting the decision-making of the operational staff of the integrated air defense network, and then using studies It has been done and the opinion of experts has identified and introduced the dimensions and components effective on the decision-making of the operational staff of the network in the form of a conceptual model including 5 dimensions of individual conditions, family conditions, organizational conditions, equipment and technology, information dimension and 31 components.

Macro policies, which are formulated and announced by the Expediency Discernment Council, are considered to be one of the most important upstream documents of public policy in the country. The pathologies that have been made about the failure of macro policies have mainly focused on the policy implementation stage. The current research has tried to deal with the pathology of the formulation stage of macro policies. For this purpose, by relying on the theoretical literature in the field of policy making and interviews with experts in this field, it has been tried to identify the harms of the policy formulation stage, which has led to the failure of the policy in implementation. Also, based on the pathology, a proposed framework for policy reform has been presented in the drafting stage. This research, based on qualitative methodology and thematic analysis method, and conducted through interviews with policy makers and implementers, shows that the implementation of fundamental changes in the policy formulation stage is necessary to prevent policy failure in the implementation stage. Among the most important harms identified in this research, we can mention the ambiguity in the legal and substantive status of the policies, the lack of clarity of the strategy, the undesirable multiplicity of policies, the lack of appointing a supervisor, and "not having an executive guarantee".

A country’s level of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita over time had frequently been used as an indicator of economic development. Iran’s per capita income in 1977 (shortly before the 1979 revolution) has been higher than its average income earned per person recorded for all the years of the post-revolutionary era thus far. Therefore, a question is raised whether the country’s lower level of economic development (as measured by its per capita income) has been a result of the religious nature of the key governing bodies of the Islamic Republic of Iran established on the basis of Article Four of the Constitution. It is crucial to investigate the accuracy of the assertion that these institutions might have indeed contributed to the vicious cycles of underdevelopment of the country in order to find alternative solutions to the slow-down in Iran’s economic development process.The authors attempt to answer the following two research questions: 1. In accordance with Douglas North's chain of belief-institution-transformation, how has Iran’s level of national development been influenced by the religious nature of its key political institutions established after the revolution based on Article Four of the Constitution? 2. To what extent have the Guardian Council (Shorā-ye negahbān) and the Expediency Discernment Council (Majmaʿ tashkhis-e maṣleḥat-e nezām) influenced Iran’s economic development in the 1980-2020 period? A careful investigation of this issue is important in order to facilitate the policymakers’ better understanding of the underlying causes of the persistent vicious cycles of the country's underdevelopment in the hope of averting a worsening of the situation. Based on the theoretical framework of Douglas North's notion    of the  belief-institution-economic  performance,  the  authors  hypothesize that religious beliefs have had an impact on the enactment of laws and ultimately on economic development in Iran in the 40-year period from 1980 to 2020. Thematic analysis is used to collect and interpret qualitative data pattern on themes in the data set provided by the Guardian Council (GC) Research Institute related to the GC's decisions and opinions on the laws introduced and forwarded by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e shorā-ye eslāmi or Iran’s parliament) since 1980 (i.e., the starting year of the GC’s function). The main focus of this paper is on the role of the Guardian Council which is an influential institution—because its members perform the task of screening each legislation concerning its constitutionality—and thus has veto power over legislations introduced by the unicameral parliament (Majles). The Expediency Discernment Council (EDC) also has a significant impact on the legislation process by settling disagreements between the Majlis and the GC over laws and deciding which of the two political institutions is right.The findings revealed that a total of 3339 legislation were screened by the GC during the 40-year period, only 175 legislations (5.24 percent) were disapproved, 12 legislations (0.36 percent) remained ambiguous, and 3152 legislations (94.40%) were finally approved. 171 cases (14.73 percent) had also been referred to the EDC at the request of the Majlis. 175 legislations had been rejected by both the GC and the EDC because they were deemed as non-congruent with Islamic law as emphasized in Article four of the Constitution. Among all the rejected legislations, no important piece of legislation with economic implication was observed, with the exception of the case related to the Financial Action Task Group (FATF).  However, the impasse on the FATF legislation as well as the other undecided legislations—particularly on the most challenging foreign policy issues—can be seen as the weaknesses in the political institutions’ decision-making processes. Only the accrued cost of the month-long delays caused by the drawn-out process of screening the legislations might be considered a monetary factor with adverse impact on economic performance of the country, but there might be less evident factors which have indirect development implications. Considering the impact of these issues on the country’s national interest, it is the duty of the experts to further examine the economic and political implications of these delayed legislations and persuade the policymakers to work towards conflict resolution and reach a consensus.

In today's extremely complex and evolving world and limited available resources, without looking to the future and making policies and planning correctly, it is not possible to reach the destination, and perhaps societies that, due to neglecting the future and suffering from everyday life, are doomed to fate. They were infected with failure. Policymakers need to formulate policies for unknown and uncertain futures, and futures researchers have a significant contribution to this process, but futures research is often overlooked as a policy-making element. This writing with descriptive analytical method and using documentary and library method, its main goal is to examine the relationship between future research and policy making and to improve the relationship between future research and policy making and to examine the possibility of establishing a relationship between this research and policy analysis. It is the way of typology of indeterminacy. In this article, a conceptual framework is proposed for the relationship between policy analysis, policy making and the field of future research so that they can mutually benefit from a common approach and tool. This integrated framework is intended to guide policy analysts in the appropriate use of futures research approaches so that they can improve their analysis and contribute to better policy. Also, activists in the field of future studies are encouraged to align their approaches with the needs of policy analysts and in this way lead to an increase in the absorption of future studies works in policy analysis.

Policy-making in social spheres represents rationality and efforts to guide and lead the society and organize the social situation with the great authority of the ruling power. Therefore, one of the important areas of policy making is ethnic diversity. In this regard, ethnic groups are one of the important areas affected by the process of globalization, which has made the Islamic Republic of Iran face many serious issues. The purpose of this article is to present the desired requirements in ethnic policy with an emphasis on the era of globalization. In this regard, the current research seeks to answer this question: "What are the requirements and requirements of ethnic politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran, considering the era of globalization?" In the present research, descriptive-analytical method was used and the method of data collection was library method. The hypothesis of the research is that the Islamic Republic can be considered as a suitable model for ethnic policies in Iran by adopting the pluralistic and unitary model based on Iranianness-Islamism as the main component of comprehensive and balanced development. The obtained results indicate that elements such as; Employing ethnic elites in local jobs and positions, establishing the citizenship model as the basis of politics, cultural pluralism, economic solutions as the requirements and requirements of ethnic politics in Iran are mentioned with regard to the issue of globalization.

Ethnic policy, in countries with multiple ethnicities, has always been a concern of society and government. The nature of these policies and their appropriate model, and in particular the components of this policy, are very important. There are various models for this policy, from "assimilation" which is a model for eliminating ethnic differences to "equal" and "unequal" pluralist models. Meanwhile, for the Iranian society, in which various ethnic groups have lived for centuries and formed a nation called Iran, ethnic policy can be based on the model of "unity in plurality" that is more compatible with the nature of the nation and its government and closer to society and government. Is. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, upstream documents have more or less addressed the issue of ethnicities and its leaders have always paid attention to the rights of ethnic groups and their participation in affairs, and considering these two, the present article seeks to answer the question that components of ethnic policy model in What is the Islamic Republic? In addition, by analyzing the statements of the leadership and upstream documents, seeks to extract these components and considers them as these five cases: 1. Religiosity; 2. National unity; 3. Coexistence of relatives; 4. Existence of diversity as an opportunity; And 5. The rule of law, the main purpose of which is to create a conceptual system for achieving a policy based on the "participation" of ethnic groups in all aspects of the country.

The diverse and numerous issues concerning women in the Islamic Republic of Iran lack a singular characteristic and vary in their significance. For this, policy-makers cannot address all these issues simultaneously. Hence, effective decision-making necessitates a comprehensive understanding of these and their appropriate prioritization. This study aims to identify and categorize these issues based on their impact and relevance, thereby aiding policy-makers in their decision-making process. The key questions we seek to answer are: What are the current critical issues concerning women? What challenges does the decision-making structure encounter in the realm of women’s issues? How do these issues interrelate? Which of these issues should be the primary focus and priority for decision-makers and politicians?In scrutinizing these issues, prioritizing governance frameworks and policy-making necessities is crucial. However, the perspectives and attitudes of women towards their social, political, legal, and economic world - their current demands - are equally central. Essentially, women’s issues are characterized by their emergence from the interaction between political system and society. The persistence of these issues could pose challenges for governance.

This study employs a methodology that includes gathering expert opinions through surveys, brainstorming sessions, and elite meetings. These insights are then processed using MicMac software to measure the indirect effects of the components on each other, thereby determining the position and priority of each strategic issue within the Islamic Republic of Iran. To address the research questions, the study is structured into five sections, in addition to the introduction. These sections include an examination of strategic issues in the women's field; ranking of women's issues; issue analysis; cause chain analysis; and strategic recommendations.

The primary focus of policy-makers should be on transforming four key components: lateness of religious jurisprudence (ijtihad), the crisis of political representation, securitization, and politicization. Without progress in these four areas, significant development in other issues is far-fetched. The common thread linking these four challenges is the lack of a genuine and accurate understanding of social changes in the realm of women. Precise and authentic knowledge, facilitated by intellectual elites, is the government's first necessary step toward addressing these issues. These elites can equip policy-makers with a comprehensive and inclusive perspective on Iran's social changes concerning women.The “insufficiency of domestic authorities to address women’s issues” in comparison to foreign ones, and “the opposition’s exploitation of the government’s neglect of women’s demands” are two dependent variables. These variables are influenced by all factors but have minimal impact on them. To address these issues, policy-makers should concentrate on key determinants and reinforcing factors. These include “the gap between women’s formal and informal lifestyles” and “neglect of women’s emerging demands.” Identifying an effective solution to these two issues could significantly enhance governance efficiency in relation to women and mitigate costly repercussions. Abandoning the “marginalization” approach and adopting policies that acknowledge and respect diverse preferences is the fundamental basis of policy-making in this field.While identifying all aspects of women’s informal lifestyle may challenge certain facets of the Iranian-Islamic identity desired by the state, articulating the current situation and future outlook necessitates flexibility to surmount serious challenges and threats. Indeed, the state should treat this issue with utmost seriousness to prevent civil disobedience from becoming a societal conflict with itself. In other words, policies that could potentially transform women’s lifestyles into a battleground against the political system should be avoided.It's worth noting that employing harsh methods to address this issue could potentially amplify its scope and depth, fostering growing empathy with manifestations of disobedience and ultimately leading to a decline in domestic authority. Demonstrating pliability towards some of the women's demands and acknowledging certain aspects of their lifestyle does not conflict with the values of the political system. Rather, it is a necessary action, which can help prevent certain outcomes that could disrupt social order.For instance, objections to granting motorcycle licenses to women may drive them to obtain international licenses, which are also recognized by Iranian courts. Ultimately, this means that policy-makers have to accommodate a demand related to the informal lifestyle. This situation sets a precedent where people realize that their demands will only be met through coercion and civil disobedience; a model that could have costly implications for the political system.Another aspect that policy-makers are compelled to consider and effect changes in, pertains to regulatory issues that serve a moderating role. Given that most regulatory issues are agent-oriented, policy-makers encounter fewer constraints in managing and controlling these issues compared to structural ones. In this context, the political system can make proper changes in these types of problems with measures that are not overly long-term or structural.In this study, “Policies conflicting with women's sense of discretion and dignity” have been identified as a regulatory component. This issue pertains to policies that, whether at the advertising and announcement stage or the implementation stage, wrongly target women. To mitigate the impact of this problem and address its consequences, policy-makers should reassess some of these policies and pursue the intended objectives through alternative approaches.

In general, the study’s findings highlight the following as key factors impacting women’s issues:  Neglect of women’s social developments in religious jurisprudence (ijtihad); Crisis of political representation and the predominantly masculine structure of decision-making andpolicy-making; Perceiving women’s demands as a threat and securitizing those; and Politicization of women’s issues and incorrect prioritization of their concerns.

In the hybrid battle, as a new type of battles, multiple tools and methods are used in combination with each other in order to create ambiguity and strategic attack. Especially since the focal elements in such a battle are the media and especially social networks. For this reason, it is very important to have powerful media and the ability to manage and guide public opinion in the context of this battleIn addition, the strategic prerequisite in hybrid battles is the ability and effective media and virtual governance. The scope of this capability has a high position in order to solve the problem of managing and directing public opinion and with the aim of media defense and deterrence. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the needs of public opinion management in the hybrid battle. Therefore, the main question of the research is formulated as follows: "What are the political requirements of public opinion management in the hybrid battle?";In this regard, the document analysis method has been used to advance the research and the phishing tool from various sources has been used to collect data. Based on the findings of the research, exercising governance over the virtual space, having a coherent and up-to-date media strategy and roadmap, rebuilding the authority of the national media, increasing the competitiveness of native social networks and so on. It is among the policy requirements aimed at managing public opinion in the age of combined battles

Educational inequality is one of the most pressing issues of our time, leading to differences in opportunities, resources, and outcomes for certain groups of students compared to others. The main question of the current research is that what policies have been developed in Iran during the six development programs after the revolution to develop equal educational opportunities and reduce educational inequality? By using the systematic review method, educational policies were examined from the perspective of 6 principles related to the legislative framework (prioritization, strategy selection, implementation solutions, specific implementation, having indicators and evaluation capability, appropriate implementation guarantee) and the results showed that in developing development plans The legislator paid limited attention to the priorities and despite the fact that in most of the articles and notes there is an approach to achieve the set goals, but the solutions are very general or no solutions are provided, the main executor of the government's decrees and the executive organizations had a lesser role, also in none of the programs. A specific executive guarantee for accountability was not specified from the point of view of the law.

One of the areas of policy-making that, like other areas of policy-making, requires efforts to adopt a policy based on evidence and science, is policy-making in the field of higher education. The purpose of this research is to present a model of policy impact assessment in Iran's higher education.

Grounded theory method is used in this article. In this research, the theoretical foundations and existing backgrounds in internal and external dimensions were examined through in-depth study. The statistical population of the research was selected from the policy makers of the higher education system, experts, managers and officials in the field of higher education and experts in the field of policy making in higher education. In this section, until theoretical saturation was reached, chain or snowball type targeted sampling was used. In this way, 12 interviews were conducted.

The findings of the research showed that based on the findings of the research, goal setting, research and education as causal conditions through the final effect of policy in higher education on the strategic categories of competitive advantage, formulation and implementation of policy, quality of policy and practice, resource management , communication and coordination, strategy, transparency and accountability and effective models, and taking into account the environmental and interventionist categories, it leads to the consequences of speed of action, performance of development and growth, effectiveness, change and transformation and social impact.

Paying attention to the effect of politics in higher education helps policy makers and administrators in the implementation of policies. Reviewing the policies and redesigning the country's higher education programs is in line with the rapid changes and developments of science and technology and is one of the proposals that can solve the aforementioned challenges, solve the relevant crises, existing requirements and adopt new initiatives. Higher education should be included in the order of reviewing the country's governance and policy-making system.

Tehran metropolis does not have a specific, defined and formal system for managing the institutional capacity of urban management; But this system is managed and transmitted by relying on the structures, methods and common norms of urban and rural governance. The fragmentation and fragmentation of urban management in the city of Tehran due to the different institutions and organizations that originate from the city government model, the lack of capacity for inter-institutional and intra-institutional interaction can be seen as the result of the official dominance of the power institutions and the non-alignment of informal institutions with their policies and programs. The purpose of the research is to policy the key factors and variables affecting the institutional capacity of urban management. The research method, from the point of view of the goal, is of the type of applied-developmental research, in terms of the main research methods, it is in the category of descriptive-analytical research. Also, the type of data in the research is a survey, and the main tool used to collect data is interviews with managers, experts of Tehran municipality and university professors in the form of a questionnaire, which is a suitable narrative tool. The sampling method in this study was simple random sampling and the sample size was determined to be 100 people with a measurement error of ten percent. The findings of the research show that the strongest component of the desired institutional capacity is the readability and transparency of laws and regulations, with an average of 3.37, and the lowest average belongs to the component of inter-institutional capacity, which indicates the weakness of the institutional capacity in Tehran metropolis. The results show that the components of communication resources and the ability of institutions have a far greater contribution compared to other components in predicting the dependent variable, such that a unit change in the standard deviation of communication resources and the ability of institutions causes the standard deviation of the variable to increase. dependent (institutional capacity of urban management) to change by 28 and 18 percent. While a unit change in the standard deviation of participation only causes the standard deviation of the dependent variable to change by 2%.