جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "آزادی بیان" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

 The digital age has been accompanied by profound transformations in the field of information and communication technology. These transformations have significantly impacted all aspects of human life, including the media sector. Media, as a powerful tool for shaping public opinion and advancing democracy, plays a central role in modern societies. However, these rapid and extensive changes have brought new challenges for legal systems and increasingly highlighted the need to review and adapt media laws to new conditions.In the digital age, media laws serve as a legal framework for media activities, playing a vital role in preserving freedom of expression, regulating cyberspace, developing the digital economy, maintaining national security, and ensuring public order. These laws help create a safe and healthy environment for information exchange and the free expression of ideas by defining the rights and obligations of various actors in the media sphere. Additionally, media laws contribute to greater transparency and accountability in the media by regulating the relationships between the government, media, and citizens, and preventing the misuse of media.The rapid evolution of technology and the emergence of digital platforms have created multiple challenges for media laws. Among these challenges are the high speed of technological changes, the definition of abstract issues such as freedom of expression and privacy, conflicts of interest, the globalization of media, and the accountability of online platforms. For instance, artificial intelligence and machine learning have raised new questions regarding the accountability of algorithms and the dissemination of misinformation. Furthermore, determining the boundary between freedom of expression and the dissemination of hate speech or fake news has always been a subject of debate.To address these challenges, there is a need for comprehensive and collaborative approaches. Some of the most important solutions include: flexibility of laws, international cooperation, engagement with stakeholders, development of media literacy, and the use of regulatory technologies. However, it is essential to ensure that these technologies are designed to respect user privacy.Research in the field of media laws is particularly important for better understanding the challenges and opportunities present in this area and providing appropriate solutions. By conducting comparative studies on media laws in different countries, one can identify the strengths and weaknesses of domestic laws and take steps to improve them. Additionally, research in this field can contribute to the development of legal theories concerning media, strengthen international cooperation, and enhance democracy.Given the complexities of this era, the formulation and implementation of effective and efficient media laws require special attention and comprehensive collaboration. Comparative analysis of media legal systems can help develop democracy, strengthen human rights, and combat global threats.In this context, studying and analyzing the legal system governing media in various countries is recognized as a powerful tool for better understanding the role and position of media in diverse societies. In this research, using an analytical-comparative method, and utilizing legal sources, previous studies, and analysis of laws and judicial practices, the similarities and differences in the media legal systems of Iran and the United States have been examined. The main focus is on concepts such as freedom of expression, the right to access information, press responsibility, press offenses, and media regulation. The results indicate that both countries believe in freedom of expression as a fundamental value, but in practice, we observe different limitations and interpretations. Additionally, the structure of media ownership in these two countries shows significant differences: in the U.S., ownership is primarily private and diverse, while in Iran, a significant portion of the media is under the ownership or supervision of the government and state institutions. The research concludes that understanding these differences and similarities is essential for improving media laws in both countries.Furthermore, the research addresses the contradictions of a country that claims to be the cradle of freedom of expression. American history is filled with examples that show that this country, despite its claims of defending freedom of expression, has in practice suppressed various social movements. From the civil rights movement of African Americans to anti-war protests, we have always witnessed restrictions on freedom of expression. In recent years, student protests against the Gaza war and the "Black Lives Matter" movement have faced harsh police responses. Additionally, the extensive restrictions imposed on social media for political and economic interests highlight the existing contradiction between the claim of freedom of expression and the reality. The reasons for these contradictions include ambiguous definitions of freedom of expression, changing political priorities of governments, new tools of repression, and the conflict between freedom of expression and political interests.Ultimately, while freedom of expression is a fundamental value, there are many significant limitations to this freedom in practice, and when conflicts arise between this claimed freedom and political interests, it is attacked in the most severe and unjust manner.

The media is a means of conveying a collective message, and this communication is the cornerstone of a democratic society. People's contributions and benefits, and on the other hand, the activism of the media and their agents, are subject to legal requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to compile and revise media laws, which include collecting, classifying and distinguishing effective and valid laws from others. In order to solve the mentioned problems, taking advantage of the participation of groups related to the law in the legislative process, making more use of the capacity of legal bills as a law initiative, increasing the use of expert capacities in the process of drafting and approving laws, reducing the speed of legislation and paying attention to revising laws, determining The guarantee of effective implementation for the implementation of the law and the like were introduced as effective solutions for the implementation of laws in Iran's legal system. The most important finding of this research is the presentation of desirable principles in limiting the freedom of the media, based on which conclusions and evaluations have been made. The results of this research indicate that the Nordic regulations accepted in the Scandinavian countries have a correct understanding of the category of media freedom; .

In today’s world, the transparency of activity and performance is one of the main indicators of democratic organizations and governments in gaining public trust and legitimacy. Based on this, the current research was carried out with the aim of "identifying strategies for promoting transparency in Iranian media". For this purpose, 48 managers, specialists and professors of communication sciences, media, sociology and law were selected using purposeful sampling and studied with qualitative content analysis method with inductive approach. The research tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview and the interviews continued until information saturation. Glasser coding was used for data analysis. After summarizing the interviews, 145 codes were obtained in open coding, 36 codes in selective coding, and 14 codes and main categories in theoretical coding. Also, member control technique was used to confirm the validity of the findings and the opinions of the steering committee members were used to confirm the reliability. The findings include creating a free flow of information; promotion of media freedom to the government; formation of the media system organization; Strengthening independent and specialized activist media; strengthening civil institutions; Education and training of media forces; providing media training to managers of organizations and public relations; Implementation of public media education plan; Developing a comprehensive media transparency system; promoting the culture of demand and criticism; media stylistics and audience studies; media accreditation; media future studies; It was the provision of technological media infrastructure. The findings showed that in order to promote transparency in Iranian media, it is necessary to apply strategies at the micro and macro levels of the country's media system.

The present research was conducted in order to explain the relationship between media law and human rights and to identify its requirements, obstacles and necessities. For this aim, it was studied documents and sources, the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and international human rights treaties, principles related to media law and freedom of speech in the Constitution of Iran. In this regard, the requirements of media rights include: comprehensiveness between rights and ranges; generality and media-oriented; Emphasis was placed on union and civil supervision, and compliance with the principles of law writing. And the most important obstacles to freedom of speech in the media were in four fields including: organizational structure; limitation of financial resources; hardware problems; and government interference in media news. According to the findings, the right to freedom of speech has always been recognized for the people both in the Constitution of Iran and in the way of the Prophet of Islam and Imam Ali, and there is for the media, as representatives of public opinion and the fourth pillar of democracy.

In the world of communication, virtual networks and internet media have broken the media monopoly of old activists - governments and media owners, and every person with a digital device and a social network can own a media and, in this way, he can expose his thoughts, ideas, beliefs and lifestyle to the public and even advertise. In fact, the public sphere has moved from the philosophical cafes of the 18th and 19th centuries to social networks and internet media. In this so-called cyberspace, conflicting interests, including individual and public interests, or national and ethnic interests, etc., are raised, along with the unmatched media freedom that has been created, the desire to remove and block certain ideas and thoughts is also expanding. Therefore, the main question of this research is the investigation of the justified bases of the blocking of social networks and internet media in opposition to the freedom of speech and the media, which is tried to be explored in this field with a documentary method and a descriptive-analytical approach, and the dimensions Let the matter be known. In the meantime, it should be carefully considered that the blocking of social networks does not turn from an exception to the rule, and freedom of speech and media does not become a victim of the interests of a particular group. Also, the blocking mechanism and the possibility of protest and fair and transparent proceedings should be foreseen. In this article, the challenges of blocking social networks in the light of international conventions related to media freedom and the free flow of information and its limitations, such as the 1936 international treaty under the banner of the United Nations, as well as some internal laws related to this the matter will be treated as Section 230 of the United States Communications Decency Act.

Academic Freedom may include both freedom of expression in and on academia. Recently, there has been hopes for technological possibilities of free speech in virtual classerooms, more interactivity in student-professor (& professor-student) communications, and emergence (and prevalence) of academic participatory cultures (and participatory academic cultures) over the internet. Still the question is if students believe they possess freedom of expression (or not)? If yes, why they have not practiced it, or how they performed it alternately? If they don’t feel like this, what are the barriers of free speech and what are the limits of freedom of expression in technology-mediated communications in higher education in Iran?

This paper is based on an auto-ethnography of an online learning experience. Data were collected from graduate students in MA program in Information Science, University of Tabriz, Iran, 2020-2021. This fieldwork was chosen through a convenience sampling technique.

Most course instructors finished classes by ending their lectures, and never asked if there was a question, challenge, or comment. I hardly ever observed students asking questions, posing challenges, or expressing disagreement. Many students preferred not to participate in class activities or even community discussions. Some students expressed they were not interested in expressing their ideas in social media or the public sphere either. Students describe their initial encounters with instructors in terms of ambiguity, anxiety, avoidance, respect, or subterfuge. Students who did not participate in discussions, excessively appreciated instructors. There was a spiral of silence in the class: others did not express opinions; neither do I. There were three main reasons for not expressing almost anything in the class: I do not care about the course and/or class; I don’t have a piece of information, opinion, or any comment to share; I am worried about the class instructor or other students’ potential reaction. This reaction could  be muting, moralizing, marginalizing, censorship, threatening, enticement, bullying, mockery, rowdiness, or inadvertency. I referred to Rancièrean concepts of police, politics, impasse, dissensus, and subjectification, to make sense of students’ perceptions of (not) possessing freedom of expression, their acts of (not) exercising free speech, and their wider social contexts of communications.

Freedom of expression over the internet, in academia, and within the digital university is restricted, censured, or even blocked. More than a space for expression (even with tension), Adobe Connect classes and WhatsApp groups were spaces of silence and dominance. Muting or marginalizing are not the only means and methods for neutralizing and naturalizing not to participate, or reducing participation to expression of agreement or even concensus. Over-stressing (in the name of motivating) to express ideas, or even making (pseudo)participation as compulsory, were alternative techniques and technologies of oppression and repression. The question is whether silence is a passive and minimal reaction to others’ expressions, or it can be a form of active and agentic dissensus or resistance against dominance or repression. Freedom of silence is a communication right, as important as freedom of expression; silence is an expression also, an out-and-loud expression.

The aim of this study was identifying barriers to news media transparency in Iran. For this purpose52 members of managers, researchers and activists in media, communication, sociology and law were selected with Purposive sampling and studied by qualitative content analysis and a semi-structured deep questionnaire. Findings included barriers to media transparency in both "Intra-Organizational" and "Extra-Organizational". Extra-organizational barriers included 13 categories: "Lack of job security of media owners", "Financial problems of the media", "rent in the media", "lack of meritocracy", "lack of professional content", "lack of hardware infrastructure", "self-censorship" and external barriers included 15 categories: "lack of job security", "lack of media freedom framework", "lack of a media organization", "state media monopoly",... .Findings show that creating free flow of information and paying attention to media transparency is one of the practical solutions to deal with social and economic crises and fight against structural corruption.

Freedom of speech, based on inherent human dignity and according to his individual independence, is an immanent value. Although the right of freedom of speech has been recognized as a civil and political right in civil rights system and in pro-democracy debates, a second glance at its extensive concept, including written, oral and artistic creations, places it among effective factors of cultural rights. The majority of human rights and freedoms are either included under cultural rights or there is a need for cultural rights to realize them accurately and effectively. The principal question of this study concerns analysis of the relationship between freedom of speech and cultural rights. Any access to the fundamentals of freedom of speech in the structure of cultural rights primarily requires contemplation on the status of these rights in legal system of Islam, Iran and a review of international documents. With respect to the effects of Imam Khomeini’s views on consolidation of the essential rights of the nation, reviewing his approach toward freedom of speech and the basis and criteria of culture in his system of thought will be very helpful in picturing this structure

The aim of this study was to identify the experiences professors of communication sciences in dimensions of freedom of speech in the Iranian media. The research method was phenomenology and the participants were 12 professors of communication sciences, that were selected by purposive sampling method, and were studied using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Also, the collection of findings continued until the Information saturation, and were analyzed by Colizzi method. Then, 62 codes were extracted, and classified into five dimensions, including: 1. Media status; 2. Media diversity; 3. Ownership and content; 4. Legal and 5. Barriers to freedom of expression in the Iranian media. The results showed; for to promote freedom of speech in the media, it is necessary to pay attention to all the above dimensions in decision-making and policy-making impartially, and revise the rules and procedures to make them more transparent and the media less Limited.

La crise du coronavirus a été l’occasion pour les institutions regionales et internationales et d’autres institutions specialisees en matiere des droits de l’homme de rappeler l’importance qu’il y’a  de respecter et de proteger en periode de pandemie, les libertes fondamentales telles que la liberte d’expression, la liberte des medias, la liberte d’internet, le libre exercice des journaliste, etc…L’urgence sanitaire ne devrait  aboslument  pas servir de pretexte pour museler la presse, en ligne mais aussi hors ligne. Le droit a l’information fait partie integrante de la liberte d’expression, et c’est surtout en periode de crise sanitaire que les citoyens ont le plus besoin d’avoir acces a des informations credibles, afin de pouvoir prendre les decisions judicieuses concernant leur propre sante et la sante de leur proche. Une societe informee est sans aucun doute mieux armee face a des situtations exceptionnelles de pandemie. Or de nombreux Etats ont pratique la censure durant cette periode, ce qui a amene des institutions telles que l’Unesco, Le Conseil de l’Europe, le rapporteur special des Nations Unies en matiere de la liberte d’opinion et la liberte d’expression, entre autres, a condamner de telles actes et d’affirmer qu’il convenait tout en essayant d’attenuer la crise sanitaire mondiale, de preserver la liberte d’expression et d’information. Des medias libres, independants, et pluralistes mais egalement  un environnement numerique ou l’acces a internet reste libre et sans obstacle, demeurent indubitablement les  indicateurs permettant de garantir non seulement la sante des etats democratiques, mais aussi  la sante tout court des citoyens.

Although satire is not a new issue in Iran's social history, it enjoys a shorter background in the realm of media. Naturally, the presence of this newcomer in newspapers, has brought new issues alongside itself. Experts have considered two main features or purposes for satire. One is criticism and the other modification. The latter can be considered the result of the first, if everything ends up fruitfully. These two purposes can be thought of as the most effective functions for satire, though overgeneralization cannot be done in this regard either. However, a satirist should be familiar with media ethics, freedom of press, and privacy. He should also know the functional concept of satire and apply criticism and modification principles to his writings. In the present research, we have discussed the effect and role of media ethics in the field of written satire of nationwide journals so as to have paid the due attribute from this viewpoint as well. Media theories, the fundamental theories of ethics and media, and normative theories of media have been used in this research. The research method was measurement and the means of data collection was questionnaire. The statistical community which has been considered totally consists of 84 members composed of journal satirists and caricaturists throughout the country.

Finally, it is also an important right in a free society to be freely allowed tocontribute to society’s well-being. However, if that is to occur, it must be possiblefor society’s state of affairs to become known to everyone, and it must bepossible for everyone to speak his mind freely about it. Where this is lacking,liberty is not worth its name. /…/These words were written by Peter Forsskål, born in 1732 in Helsinki, Finland,which at that time was part of the Kingdom of Sweden. He was a philosopher,theologian, botanist and orientalist, as well as one of Carl Linnaeus’ disciples.Forsskål wrote these words in 1759 in the last paragraph of 21 in his publicationThoughts on Civil Liberty.Another of the most challenging statements in Thoughts on Civil Libertyis paragraph 9, where Forsskål states that the only alternative to violence isfreedom of the printed word.§ 9/…/ Freedom of the written word develops knowledge most highly, removesall harmful statutes, restrains the injustices of all officials, and is the Government’ssurest defence in a free state. Because it makes the people in love withsuch a mode of government /…/ A wise government will rather let the peopleexpress their discontent with pens than with other guns, which enlightens onthe one hand, appeases and prevents uprising and disorder on the other.

La liberté et le pluralisme des medias en tant que corollaires indispensables du droit a la liberté d’expression, revêtent une importance cardinale pour la démocratie. Or la révolution numérique a eu un impact considérable sur le fonctionnement du secteur des medias et sur le pluralisme des medias. Des avancées qui suscitent d’une part des espoirs, puisque l’on peut désormais accéder a une multitude d’informations et de contenus en provenance de sources diverses, mais aussi d’autre part des préoccupations concernant le pluralisme des medias. Conformément a leurs obligations positives en matière des droits de l’homme, ce sont les Etats qui doivent jouer un rôle de premier plan dans la promotion d’un environnement propice au pluralisme des medias. Soutenir par ailleurs les recherches universitaires dans le domaine des concentrations des medias et du pluralisme, notamment en ce qui concerne l’impact des nouvelles technologies, ne pourrait que les aider dans cette voie.

In the begging of last decade of 20th century with daily growth of amount of internet users, governments and powers accordingly have started some strategies to keep the area safe and have regulate them with respect of the growth speed of this technologies. In this case, there have been some criticisms against the perspective of governments. In this context, the kind of view that governments have had on the issue of creating constraints and filtering in cyberspace has been criticized. Some believed that principle of filtering is against the freedom of speech rights while some others believed that a cyberspace without control (monitoring) which ends up giving unlimited freedom to its users would be harmful. Although at the same time, another group of people criticize the over-filtering of cyberspace while were fine with minimal filtering and had accepted it.Nowadays it appears that in some developing countries the filtering reason is mostly because of some specific political orientations, personal preferences and groups’ profits. The result of this research shows that the filtering policy of internet websites has a positive effect on social reliability in city of Tehran.The research has been done by the surveying method with a questionnaire for sample size of 600 people among youth individuals aged between 18 to 33 years old who living in metropolis of Great Tehran in year 2018 (1397 AH).The sampling method being used in this research is going to be multi-step clustering. Data/findings of this research show that the filtering policy for domestic media internet websites has led to an increase of social reliability whereas the foreign media network websites filtering policy has decreased the reliability amongst the society.Also there was no correlation between the level of filtering of domestic and foreign media networks and interpersonal trust/reliability however there has been proven that there is a positive relation between the amount/level of filtering of national/internal media whose context is popular and generally trusted and on the other hand there is contrary relation between the amount of filtering of international media and mentioned trusts.

The internet is an important tool to support the right to freedom of expression; through facilitating publication, search, and access to information, it has prepared the ground for the application of this fundamental right. Today, there is no doubt that the development of the Internet and the continued application of the new communication tool requires a developed and coherent legal system. In addition to supporting the fundamental freedoms of media, and avoiding possible abuses of this freedom, the expected legal system should be able to ensure cheap, sustainable and secure access to the media. This paper attempts to examine and study the most important issues of the legal system of news websites, including the regulations around such issues as establishment, monitoring, assessment, as well as blocking. The results of the study shows how despite the effective measure, the existing legal system for news websites is not efficient and cannot meet the current needs.

At the beginning of the last decade of the twentieth century the number of the users of internet increased quickly and the governments started actions to organize this sphere and guarantee its security. In this regard the way the governments made limitations and filters has raised criticism. While some consider filtering as opposing to the concept of freedom of speech, others see unlimited freedom in the uncontrolled internet space harmful. Some other, while accepting the concept of minimal filtering, criticize vast filtering policies. An issue that is growing mostly in developing countries is filtering based on political agendas, ideas of specific individuals and the interests of specific groups. This paper is looking for the answer to the following question: are the current filtering policies effective? Performing a secondary analysis of 9 research articles, I have tried to address the harms of different ways of filtering and explore the negative results of intensive filtering practices. The results of this study show to what extent the filtering policies are effective and what policies can be productive and effective in this regard.