جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تک فرزندی » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Childlessness and one-child style in the world have been deep and significant consequences of rapid fertility decline in the 20th century that has brought several challenges. This study investigated the prevalence of childless and one-child families and the factors affecting them in Tehran city. The statistical population of this survey included the married people of Tehran city, among of which 1273 married men and women were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The analysis was done using SPSS software and binary logistic regression. There have been 2.4% childlessness ideal, 16.5% one-child ideal, 4.1% childlessness intention, and 24.9% one-child intention. The childlessness and one-child ideal and intention are affected by a set of contextual, attitudinal, structural, and marital variables. The childlessness ideal is affected significantly by egalitarian attitudes and decreased feeling of security and childlessness intention is significantly affected by egalitarian attitudes, decreased feeling of security and decreased marital happiness. One-child ideal is significantly more reported among men and young people and people of higher income, lower religiosity, egalitarian gender attitudes and a lower feeling of security. One-child intention is reported significantly more among men, young people, people of having higher degrees, lower religiosity, egalitarian gender attitudes, and lower feeling of security. Generally, it can be said that childlessness intention and ideal are not common and one-child intention and ideal were more common. Childlessness and one-child intention are more than childlessness and one-child ideal. The attitudinal variables have been more effective than other factors. Taking proper policies will reduce the gap between the intention and the ideal of childbearing and will increase fertility.

The present research aimed at identifying the causes of the tendency for low childbearing action or family without a child in women. This is an applied, qualitative-grounded theory method research. The participants of the research were 11 married women who were selected with respect to some criteria and through purposive sampling and theoretical approach. The research tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview carried out through analysis of the content of the interviews by tripartite stages of open, axial, and selective coding. The validity of the data was assessed based on the viewpoint of the participants of the research and the experts from outside the research. The reliability of the research was examined through recoding by the assistant encoder and the reliability coefficient was calculated to be 80%. The findings indicated that from the viewpoint of the participants 10 axial themes affect the tendency to low childbearing action or family without a child in the married women. These themes include economic challenges, the inefficiency of a large family, body management, dual tolerance, destiny, emergency and fear, incurable and unwanted infertility, conditional agreement, their past and the past of the other, and social pressure. Finally, a paradigm model of the tendency to low childbearing action in women was presented.

In recent research in many countries to explain low fertility, gender role attitudes and role division has been a major challenge. In this study, the effect of gender division of labor and attitudes on second birth interval in Tehran is investigated. The sample comprise of 363 married women aged 15-49 years old and having one child. The Kaplan-Meier test was used to determine the second birth interval, and to identify the effect of attitude and gender division of labor on its, survival models including Cox proportional, exponential, Weibel, Gompertz, Log Normal Logl Logistic and Gamma Generalized models were fitted. In order to consider the dependence on survival times, a common fragility model with gamma distribution was tested. Based on the Akaik criterion, the generalized gamma model was selected as the most appropriate model. Results showed that the median time of first birth to second birth was 84 months. The results of the generalized gamma model showed that the participation of men in domestic work had no significant effect on the second birth interval. But having a modern gender attitude and the lack of participation of men in child affairs increases the second birth interval. Therefore, while striving for a sustainable economy and an optimistic outlook for the future, population-building policies and family-friendly policies must embrace a broad framework of cultural values that support men's participation in domestic affairs and reduce gender inequality, thereby preventing Further delay second birth and increase fertility to replacement level.

This research paper focuses on the key issue of one-child parenthood and examines its main patterns and determinants from a demographic perspective. The issue of one-child parenthood is identified as one of the most important components of the so-called process of “the transformation of demographic characteristics”. The literature review clearly indicates that while the general themes of fertility and childbearing have received a large body of studies in more recent years, it lacks substantially studies with specific focus on one-child parenthood. The present study not only contributes filling this research gap, but also is amongst the first studies focusing simultaneously on both sides of one-child parenthood: having one-child, wanting one-child. The results of this paper are based on a survey that includes 2557 married males and females aged 30 years and older residing in the selected rural and urban areas of Iran. The research results presented and discussed in this paper have shown that not only one-child parenthood is insignificantly accepted, but also the proportion of respondents ‘wanting one-child’ is almost half of the proportion of those ‘having one-child’. In sum, the conclusion of these research findings is that the one-child parenthood is overwhelmingly driven by socio-economic determinants rather than individual choices, suggesting the fundamental role of governmental policies targeted largely towards socio-economic and occupational provisions in order to enable individuals to go beyond the one-child parenthood.

The family in our current society has undergone changes, transformations and injuries, one of which is monogamy. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze single child injuries for parents. The findings indicate that although there is no direct discussion of monogamy, quantity and number of children in religious teachings, the totality of verses and narrations on childbearing emphasize the importance of this issue. Monogamy is not only endorsed by religion, but is also known to be a problem that can cause many harm to parents. In this study, the physical, psychological, educational and spiritual injuries of a single child have been studied. Physical injuries of single parents such as the effect of pregnancy, breastfeeding and childbirth on maternal health, psychological injuries such as increased anxiety, stress and depression of parents, educational injuries such as childbearing, reduced family cohesion and time consuming education and spiritual injuries such as deprivation of virtues and childbearing rewards. Deprivation of spiritual support after death and reduced help in old age. The method of collecting documentary and library research and the method of processing descriptive and analytical materials has been the results of previous research.

Identity is a process that, in addition to the personality traits of individuals, many external structures, such as the family, have an effective role in formation it. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between only-children and sibling groups (with sister, brother and sister and brother) on four identity status (Identity achievement, Identity Moratorium, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Diffusion). The method of retrospective study (causal-comparative) and F-test of multivariate analysis of variance was used. The statistical population of this study was high school students (male and female) in Qom and 448 students were selected by multistage stratified-cluster Sampling. The data were collected with the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status( EOM-EIS). The findings showed that the mean scores of Identity achievement in the only-children group were significantly higher than any one of the groups. On the other hand, the mean scores of adolescents with sister at Identity Diffusion, adolescents with brother in Identity Foreclosure, and adolescent with sister and brother in the Identity Diffusion and Identity Foreclosure are significantly higher than only-children.

There is a significant difference between the two groups (only-children and sibling groups) in terms of identity variables. The greater need for only-children social support and their confrontation with parental expectations is an element of transition from early childhood to adolescence.

This research, by adopting a theoretical and methodology approach of phenomenology, describes the lived experience of girls in Tehran. Data were collected through a deep interview with twenty girls over the age of 18 years with Purposive sampling and analyzed by Smith's six-step technique. From data analysis, there are twelve themes. The themes are: "only-child benefits, re-thinking of position, extreme expectations, feeling alone, need for family support, compensatory alternatives, credit linkage, weakness in emotion management, destructive worries, upbringing manner, self-adjustment, and stereotyping" Which describes the Lived experience of Actors, was extracted. The findings of this study could provide a clear picture of only-child lived experience. In a conclusion, the lived experience actors show that only-child usually in terms of life skills and individual capabilities, different from other and this is often in the form of going to extrmes show. Of course, it should be noted that only-child because of the lack conflict of interests, usually have more Features and prosperity That this Cause in some of the specific themes Listed above.

The purpose of this study is to identify the experience of women from one -child with emphasis on its reasons and consequences. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with 20 women with one child over 5 years of age in Shahriar city in 2017. The findings showed single-child experience is synonymous with a process for balancing between the individual domain, such as the mental-physical condition of the mother and the child; the family domain, such as financial position of the family and relations with the spouse, social domains, such as the work environment. Having one - child is the result of delayed marriage and childbearing, avoiding dangers and social harm, feeling the lack of family and social support, The difficulty of balancing work and family and attitudinal changes in the values and goals of childbearing. Despite the benefits of providing more opportunities for the child, having more time for mother and less discussion in the family, one-child is not considered a good model for Iranian families by respondants. In their opinion, the negative consequences of one-child are lesser skills in problem solving, less discretion, excessive independence and dependency, individualism, selfishness, jealousy, shyness, isolation of the child, early parents' loneliness in middle age and aging and early emptying of the family space from children.

Below replacement fertility )

The family as the foundation of society, throughout history, has been changed under the influence of various economic and social Evolutions. Certainly Iranians today family issues are different from fifty or one hundred years ago. During recent decades the trend of population growth and childbearing has led some families to have one child. This study has tried to explore the actions of one-child women of Ahvaz, and has recognized challenges of participants in relation to family and parenting that leads to this behavior. To achieve this goal, qualitative methodology and grounded theory have been used. Twenty women, who had just one child, were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. Data analysis was done by open, axial and selective coding. The results included 17 sub-categories, 6 main categories and the core category of “facing the difficult challenges of childbearing”. Results show that the lack of adequate protection of women and families and not having enough time due to work or study are conditional challenges for childbearing. Women facing with these challenges in the context of the financial and housing problems and previous unpleasant experience of large size family, and risk of Intervention of the social climate and high cost of raising children, chose the one-child strategy.

This study assesses the effects of population age structure on economic and social anomalies was conducted. The importance of this study it can be concluded that such surveys can be used in crowd control and abnormal control as well as social and economic benefit. The research method is descriptive - survey and statistical society where people are Rodhen of which 360 were chosen.
The data collected in theoretical books and has been previous research in the field of self-administered questionnaire was used to the reliability of the amount of (83%) was confirmed.
The data were analyzed in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics and the results showed:Changes had the effect of age on education. Age changes on income, employment and housing affected. As well as changes in population age with parenting, religious, educational environment and the prevalence of crime is involved.

This paper aims to assess prevalence of intention for having single child and its determinants among new cohorts of marriage. For this paper, the data of the first phase of the survey of a mix method study conducted in 2012 among 871 men and women were analyzed. Sample was selected using stratified cluster sampling from among men and women who attend government based premarital counseling centers in Tehran. The findings revealed that a significant proportion of young men and women (46% of men and women) intended to have single child, while nearly 43% intended for two children. Determinants of intention for single child among men comprised of individualism (OR=1.34), lower concerns on consequences of having single child (OR=0.74), greater gender equality beliefs (OR=4.66), and greater social concerns of childrearing (OR=1.10), while determinants of having single child among women comprised of older age (OR=1.08), greater social concerns of childrearing (OR=1.11), greater individualism (OR=1.31), lower concerns on consequences of having single child (OR=0.60), and greater idealism in child rearing (OR=1.71). These results reflect some sorts of transition toward greater internal controls on fertility decisions in developed urban areas such as Tehran, which is consistent with second transition theory.