جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "مدرنیزاسیون" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

Considering the discontinuity of modernity and modernization in Iran, this article tries to look for the effect of discontinuity in the process of development and counter-development while briefly reviewing the national origins of these two concepts in Western countries. The flow of development in advanced industrialized nations proceeded naturally. Due to the long conflicts between the three centers of political, economic and religious power, these countries succeeded in creating legal systems that ensured development. But after the Second World War, when the flow of development entered the countries that faced structural and territorial barriers and lack of legal guarantees, they turned into an anti-development flow. In Iran, this phenomenon started in the form of modernization from the constitutional era. But there were several factors that fueled social and political discontinuity and created major obstacles in the path of development. The discontinuity between modernism and modernity was part of a historical process and caused by insecurities and as a result the concentration of political power. This article intends to explain the effect of political power on social discontinuities, focusing on the issue of development with a political sociological approach The main question is, what factors caused the discontinuities to emerge , and how can these factors be removed?

 Developmental idealism provides a strong framework for conceptualizing the psychosocial effects of developmental theory in everyday life. Developmental idealism implies that several aspects of modern development originate from Western thought. This article has been carried out with the aim of investigating and sociologically explaining developmental idealism among young people. The research data was collected through a survey and using a questionnaire among 608 youths of Yasouj city who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The findings of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the variables of economic class, materialism, use of virtual space and the Internet, religiosity, individualism, gender attitudes, attitudes towards marriage and developmental idealism, and the age variable has a significant relationship with developmental idealism. didn't have Based on the final model of the research, seven variables that were most related to developmental idealism were selected. These variables are, in order of importance (based on regression coefficients), religiosity (negatively), gender attitudes, use of virtual space, individualism, masculinity and attitude to marriage, which explained the developmental idealism variable. The model of developmental idealism showed that during social changes, social values and norms also change. And in order to prevent any problems from occurring, it is necessary to make decisions regarding any policies and planning in the society with regard to these changes. 

The institution of the family in Iran has faced important changes during the last few decades, such as a transition from extended family to a nuclear family, an increase in marriage age, a decrease in the marriage rate, an increase in absolute celibacy, a change in criteria for choosing a spouse and increase in divorce. The purpose of this study is to present a picture of the evolution of the family and introduce theoretical approaches with an emphasis on the state of marriage and divorce. To explain the evolution of the family, three theoretical approaches have been used, "modernization theory", "second demographic transition theory" and "postmodern theory". In this study, two methods of "documentary" and "secondary analysis" were used. First, the topics related to the background, literature and research theories have been used from available scientific sources. And then, by referring to the data of the results of the censuses, the civil registration organization and the national survey report, the developments of marriage and divorce have been explained. The results showed that during the last four decades, the share of extended families has decreased and the net marriage rate has decreased, the average age of marriage and divorce rates have increased, and the criteria and methods of choosing a spouse and the attitude towards divorce have changed from traditional dimensions to modern ones. To make policies to increase the marriage rate, reduce the age of marriage and reduce the divorce rate, because the causes of most of the changes that have emerged are socio-cultural, it is suggested that instead of providing loans and facilities for marriage or issuing a directive to reduce divorce,special measures should be takenin the field of cultural issues and to change the lifestyle components in the country.

“The Impression of a City: Tehran Today (1977)” by Khosrow Sinai is one of the leading Iranian documentaries that aspires to represent the experience of living in the modern metropolis of Tehran. It has remarkable differences from common urban symphonies, in form and structure, and Sinai doesn’t try to convey the rhythm and pace of the metropolitan life, and he is more in to the representation of some evanescent sparks of metropolitan living experience in the Iranian, traditional to modern, transitional society. The author’s educational background in architecture shows itself through the aesthetics of the film and his exploration in the nature of the modern city. This study, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, using library sources, and an interdisciplinary approach, tries to investigate, how the film represents the metropolitan experience of life, and analyzes the filmmaker’s critical perspective on the process of urban modernization in the Pahlavi’s era

Al-Ahmad's radical critiques of the concept of Westernization due to the widespread popularity of various sections of Iranian society at the time of its introduction played an important role in the intellectual and political orientations of Iranian society. Research Findings1- Westernization is a reaction related to modernizationHis views entitled "Westernization" in its technological, economic and social dimensions should be considered as a reaction to the pattern of modernization that was being formed rapidly in the second Pahlavi era and regardless of its consequences. The strong dependence of this process on global capitalism and the prominent role of multinational companies in investing in Iran's domestic industries, along with the growing import of foreign products from oil revenues and the prevalence of consumerism in the urban lifestyle, was a phenomenon that many intellectuals of that period in various forms. It was criticized and Al-Ahmad was one of the pioneers in criticizing this modernization in this direction.2. Critical Westernization of Superficial ModernismThe dependent and accelerated modernization of the Pahlavi government was rooted in a superficial and ignorant modernism that dominated the thought and culture of the elites and constitutionalist and modernist intellectuals of Reza Shah's era and in the Ahmad's era by the formal education system, press and cultural magazines and even some new intellectuals and educated people. dominated. The modernism that prevailed during this period undoubtedly lacked philosophical depth or precise knowledge of the nature of modern culture and civilization, and for this reason it promoted imitation of the modern lifestyle as the main manifestation of modernity. He was involved in cultural and identity debates.3. Weakness of the positive aspects of the concept of westernizationThe lack of philosophical aspect and the emphasis on economic and political aspects of Al-Ahmad's critiques of the accelerated modernization and superficial modernism of the Pahlavi era in the context of the critique of the phenomenon of "Westernization" indicate if his superficial acquaintance with modern European civilization. Except for the strengthening of anti-Western political currents in the form of political and cultural anti-Westernism.

This study compares democratization in Iran and Turkey. We show that Iranian and Ottoman society experienced the wave of democratization in 1906 and 1908 respectively. Our argument is that democratization is the result of the combination of three causal conditions, educational development and the agency of political actors and the agency of social actors. Theoretically, educational development only can potentially facilitate the process of democratization, but this is dependent on how political elites respond to it. The strategic choices made by the élites determine the main process of democratization. This study uses comparative historical analysis. Methodologically, the comparative historical analysis focuses on both historically interpretive and causally analytic.The findings indicate that the educational development as a structural resource in combination with the strategic choeces of political and social actors such as negotiation or coalition or the creation of a social movement has led to democratization.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the most important factors in the occurrence and epidemic of emerging infectious diseases such as Covid-19 and their relationship with modernization and globalization based on the concepts presented in the sociological perspective of risky society Irish Beck and the demographic view of health transition. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on existing documents. According to the findings, the most important reasons for occurrence of emerging infectious diseases is environmental change (climate change and global warming and deforestation), which is related to human interventions in nature. Urbanization, high density in cities, air pollution, the increase in migration and the growth of spatial mobility are also among the most important factors in the spread of diseases such as Covid-19. All these causes and factors are related to modernization, globalization and its risks. On the other hand, social, economic, health and geographical inequalities also play an important role in the continued presence of the Covid-19 epidemic within and between countries, especially in middle-income countries such as Iran. These inequalities have become more pronounced, especially after the discovery of the vaccine. Therefore, occurrence, global prevalence and differences between countries in this field can be explained with the risky society and the health transition approaches.

Jalal Al-e-Ahmad as a realist novelist in his works sought to reflect the events and social and cultural issues in Iranian society. Like his other works, the School Principal is a reflection of the failure of the experience of modernity in Iran. In fact, the narrated story of the school by Jalal is an expression of the Iranian community, which has experienced the simultaneous presence of traditional values and beliefs and modern releases in opposition to each other. The present study seeks to investigate and discover the evidences of modernization in the School Principal novel of Jalal-al-Ahmad with the approach of social semiotics. The results of the research, based on the twelve steps of the social semiotics approach to Theo van Leeuwen, showed that the Iranian society, regardless of the traditional beliefs and values, has renovated and entered modern elements in the field of education and other areas of social life, and in spite of material costs And a remarkable human being, in practice, the process of Iranian modernization has survived.Although the author does not offer a particular alternative to this situation, the evolution does not seem to be unattainable.

Among development theories, perhaps the theory of modernization can be considered the most sociological one. The main presumption of modernization theory is that changes in material conditions lead to changes in attitudes, values, and lifestyles. One of these material processes is “Urbanization”. The main question of the present study is whether in line with modernization theory, living in a city that has a higher level of socio-economic development than a rural one, has it been a factor that makes women more willing to work or not? In fact, the purpose of this study was to identify the differences between urban and rural women in Isfahan province in their tendency to work in different types of jobs.The main method of conducting this research has been survey, using multi-stage sampling. In the first stage, among the twenty cities of Isfahan province, three cities of Isfahan, Shahreza and Semirom were selected with high, medium and low levels of development. In the second stage, individuals were selected and studied based on two variables of age group and residential area by quota sampling method. The total sample size is 1815, of which 1017 are urban and 798 are rural. In the present study, the tendency of women to 29 jobs in three categories: "Traditional jobs", "Traditional jobs in the new form" and "Modern jobs" was studied. The findings show that although rural women in general are more willing to be employed in a variety of jobs than urban women, this difference in tendency is not significant for most modern jobs. The main finding of the present study is that in the current situation of Iran,modernization and socio-economic development, rather than affecting the level of women's willingness to work, affect the type of their tendency to work in a variety of jobs. Urbanization causes women to be less inclined to work in traditional jobs and to avoid jobs associated with traditional feminine roles.

The present article attends to detection of social factors influential in expansion of soccer in the Iranian society during the Second Pahlavi era. The aim has been proposing a model for the process of soccer expansion in the mentioned period, with a qualitative perspective. The research data have been collected through reference to books, documents, evidences and also interview with knowing people and witnesses to the occurrences and have been analyzed using Grand Theory. After performing three stages of open, axial and selective coding, on the all, from the 20 extracted sub-category, 5 main category, "westernization," "the expansion of group media," "power and ability of Great Britain" and also "opportunities" and "functions" that a phenomenon like soccer can bring for rulers have been proposed as the paradigm model. “Modernization” is the core item of the research which explains the other category. The findings show that the expansion of soccer in the studied period, more than being the product of the sport's features, is the logical result of the strategy of the contemporary government and its supporting powerful parties for modernizing and westernizing the Iranian society in the form of modernization.

In recent years, household size has undergone a plunging trend. Social, economic, cultural and structural changes in society affected household size through proximate determinates such as the age of marriage, marital patterns, fertility, mortality, divorce, and widowhood. The primary purpose of this research is to determine the proximate and socioeconomic factors of the household size determinants. This research has been performed by using the data from census in 396 townships of Iran in 2011. Among the Iranian townships, the average household size changed from 4.8 members in 1996 to 3.5 members in 2011. Also, the average household size varies considerably between the privacies of the country, from 6.6 in the province of Kangan to 2.9 in the province of Taleghan. Path analysis shows that fertility reduction is one of the most critical factors in reducing the size of the household. The average age of marriage decreased somewhat after fertility control. Fertility, the average age of marriage and unemployment have a direct relationship with household size. On the other hand, the indicators of modernization and employment of women have an inverse relationship with household size. Fertility has the most positive association (β = 0.61) and modernization has the most inverse association (β = 0.41) with household size.

This article examines the effect of the modernization process on social security and policing in Lorestan during the historical periods of Pahlavi I, Pahlavi II and the Islamic Revolution.
The research method is of a historical type based on documents and secondary data. The units of analysis are Lorestan's socio-political system in historical periods.
Findings: The findings indicate that tensions between groups and tribal unions were predominantly on pasture before the Pahlavi period. In Pahlavi period until 1961, the tensions between the tribes took place for more land ownership. But in the 1960s and 1970s, they fought for militancy and employment of government offices and affairs. In the aftermath of the revolution, tribal conflicts and tribal disputes have also caused disorder and social insecurity.
The process of modernization in Lorestan led to violence, instability and incoherence in the absence of effective political institutions. These disruptions, mainly caused by rapid social change, indicate the contradictions of state modernization and have always been accompanied by local resistanc

In recent years, Lorestan province has witnessed rapid social-cultural changes due to newly introduced interventions, followed by social issues and social damage. To the extent that the issue of social security has been placed on the priority issues of the province. This article seeks to present the effects of socio-cultural changes brought about by modernization on crime and social insecurity. In this regard, using the combined (quantitative and qualitative) approach, the structural equation modeling approach in crime explanation as well as the method analysis approach to present a crime pattern in Lorestan have been used. The results of the data analysis using the structural equation modeling technique showed that the research model is fitted with data with acceptable accuracy And the variables of urbanization, unemployment, poverty, literacy and migration have the most direct and indirect impact on the rate of crime and insecurity. According to the information obtained, the field of provocation, temptation, and tendency to commit crimes in the community is very high, and on the other hand, factors that can lead to self-control and increase the threshold of tolerance and resilience of individuals to crime and offense are very weak. The argument of this article is that the prolongation and somehow stopping the process of transition from traditional society to modern society is the most important factor of social anomy in Lorestan province, and it is necessary to adopt instigating measures in accordance with the local context in order to re-establish the institution.

The studies about ethnicity have a long history, which roots in the exoticism that in turn is affected by the Orientalism viewpoint on other cultures. The procedure of nation-building and modernization of Iran drastically changed the tribal life in Iran. This procedure was accompanied by extensive researched by Western researches on the tribal communities of Iran. During the last two decades, we have seen a decrease in tribal studies and a growing interest in ethnic studies from the perspective of political and social sciences. The new ethnic terms such as Kurds and Balouchs became the substitutes of the former tribal names. However, the transition of the tribe to the ethnic is mostly neglected in the scholarship. These studies have not paid attention to the mechanisms and conversion process form tribe to ethnicity.
For this reason, analyzing the group's dynamics and multiple influential factors in this transition, and also the role of cultural content in the transition process has been ignored. This study is trying to take a fresh look at the issue of the tribal and the ethnic in Iran from a process approach and to emphasize the role of cultural content.

The procedure of modernization has caused economic, political and cultural changes and increased the extent of the individualization. Consequently, personal life has become a matter of choice and personal plans. These changes are not endemic in the urban centers; indeed, rural communities have also been affected so as the familial relationships in rural communities are now out of the control of social obligatory norms and turn into an optional action. Even though, Islamic values highly encourage the relationship with the kin and discourage breaking with them. This paper studies the changes in familial relationships in a rural community and tries to delineate the factors affecting them. Hesar Kharvan village in Qazvin province was selected to examine two families over three generations in terms of relationships. To do this, the life history method was used to study the evolution of family relationship with a retrospective approach. The results indicate that the political changes along with economic and social change, have been effective in these transformations. These political and social changes in the country since last few decades caused a significant decrease in Hesar Kharvan Village family relationships. This situation has brought about such consequences as the spread of individualism, the importance of money and luxuries, the importance of personal decisions, decreased cooperation, aspiration for communication with the people in urban areas, lack of attention to indigenous knowledge, reduce of the paternal authority, and little attention to the elderly in the family.