جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مردم نگاری انتقادی » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Using the critical ethnography method, this research examines the effect of developmental interventions on the social space and economic activity of local communities in the Middle Zagros site (Ilam and Lorestan provinces). The findings indicate that the development has put the pre-intervention life world, which was dominated by social issues, under the attack of economic issues. In the process of developmental intervention, the cultural capacities and traditions that connect and help local economic activities have been neglected. Instead, official and capital-oriented government programs have been expanded in objective and subjective dimensions. The result of the weakening of popular traditions is the rise of new pseudo-technocratic groups that consider local cultural values such as hard work, contentment, cooperation, and generosity as symbols of backwardness. In fact, native activists, as new self-directed productive managers, have become those who are caught in the trap of donations, loans, and hires to market their labor force and provide their livelihood. In order to show this reduction, the metaphor of the walnut tree as a symbol of a hardworking, connected, and diligent nature-oriented society, and the eucalyptus tree as a symbol of borrowed intervention, a consuming, pretentious, and discrete society have been used. With the deterioration of the local community, cooperative economic actions, hard work, and contentment have been limited, and consumer-oriented, discrete, and completely profitable economic competitions have taken their place.

Child labor is a widespread phenomenon in many big cities of the world. But in the meantime, some small cities are also experiencing this phenomenon. The desert city of Meybod, with its Special history, in the heart of Iran, witnessing this phenomenon. With a population of 100,000 people, Meybod has a large number of immigrants and is experiencing rapid social, cultural and economic changes. The growth of immigration and the experience of rapid changes have occurred due to unbalanced industrial development in the last decade. The result of this situation is the expansion of the social consequences of this process, including the appearance of working children in this small town. For this reason, in this research, an attempt has been made to study working children at the intersection of unbalanced industrialization and the large body of immigrants. This research has tried to use methodological pluralism with a pragmatist paradigm by using of critical ethnography with the Carspecken approach. In the meantime, by using participatory and non-participatory observations, initial reconstruction was done in the data, and then dialogue-oriented data was collected with in-depth interviews. The main categories extracted from these interviews were presented in the form of categories including the solidarity of working children and the growth of industries, the spread of fake jobs, organized context, children's emotional labor, family exploitation, instrumentalization and traumatization, the cracked city, and the law in a coma. The results showed that working children are at the intersection of excessive immigration and unbalanced industrial development.

Unbalanced industrial development and the lack of coordination of cultural, economic, and social structures in attracting the development criteria will lead to rapid developments in some structures and backwardness of other structures of society. The result of such a process is what we see in industrial cities today. In fact, the focus on industries in industrial cities has led to a massive flood of immigrants and created a variety of patterns of life in these cities, which causes many social damage, one of which is the phenomenon of Dumpster diving. In fact, Dumpster divers are a group of people, who informally collect, sort, process, and sell urban waste, thus earning their living through the collection and recycling of waste and its sale. It is important to address the issue of Dumpster diving from different angles. Firstly, it is crucial to thoroughly examine the negative consequences of Dumpster diving on Dumpster divers themselves, the general public, and the city as a whole. Secondly, the deprivation of fundamental rights for Dumpster divers is a pressing issue that needs to be addressed. Thirdly, the nature of their work and the conditions, under which they operate, give rise to numerous problems and injuries, posing a threat not only to the individuals involved, but also to the overall health of the community. Meybod, a small yet fully industrialized city, has experienced a significant rise in Dumpster diving. Consequently, both immigrants and native residents of the city, who are responsible and law-abiding citizens, express deep concern regarding this matter. The prevalence of this issue is evident in small cities like Meybod, where a significant number of waste collectors, who are part of the Dumpster diving community, operate. This situation is largely a result of the imbalanced industrial development witnessed in the past decade. Over the course of the last three decades, Meybod has experienced an annual influx of over 1,000 immigrants, leading to rapid social and cultural transformations within the city. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the phenomenon of Dumpster diving within the context of unbalanced industrial development and mass migrations. 

This research employed a methodological pluralism approach within a pragmatist paradigm, utilizing critical ethnography with Carspecken's approach. The data collection process involved a combination of participatory and non-participatory observations. Initial data reconstruction was conducted followed by in-depth interviews that focused on dialogue-oriented data collection. A total of 20 individuals were purposefully selected for interviews using a snowball method. The selection process prioritized diversity in terms of gender, education level, age, and other relevant factors. The researchers employed observation techniques, as well as semi-structured and deep interviews, to collect data. The findings from these interviews were categorized into several themes, including Dumpster diving contexts, Dumpster diving economy, exploitative family profiteering, waste city, living with problems, Dumpster diving as a gateway to crime, and institutional promotion of Dumpster diving.

In recent decades, advancements in science and technology have significantly improved the quality of life for people worldwide, addressing numerous diseases and poverty-related issues. However, these advancements have also led to a widening global inequality. This inequality has far-reaching consequences, not only economically, but also politically and socially. It can give rise to various social issues within each country and region, such as large-scale migration. These migrations, in turn, result in significant damages, one of which is the practice of Dumpster diving. Dumpster diving can be attributed to several factors, including unemployment, insufficient income, job loss, lack of government and organizational support (including insurance coverage), addiction, and lack of family support. Individuals may also turn to Dumpster diving due to their reluctance to beg for assistance. Additionally, some individuals perceive Dumpster diving as a lucrative option. In conclusion, while science and technology have brought about positive changes, the widening inequality poses significant challenges. The consequences of this inequality, including Dumpster diving, have profound social implications. Addressing the root causes of Dumpster diving, such as unemployment and lack of support systems, is crucial to mitigate its negative effects and promote a more equitable society. The findings indicated that Dumpster diving was a growing phenomenon directly linked to visible economic and class disparities. While individuals facing adversity in their lives engaged in Dumpster diving, it was the vulnerable and marginalized groups, including women and children, who were most affected and derived minimal economic benefits from this practice. The primary beneficiaries of this industry were the local managers, who controlled its profits. Consequently, this situation further exacerbated the complexity of structural class inequality.

This paper puts emphasis on the necessity of discussing positionality in qualitative research methods, especially ethnography. Evaluating a qualitative study requires the reader to get information about the researcher's positionality with respect to their various social identities (like gender, race, class, ethnicity, ability, geographical location etc and with their intentions for doing the fieldwork, their feelings and emotions, and their relationships with the informants. This paper ties to analyze eight published papers and one book based on qualitative and ethnographic studies in the Iranian society. It examines the harms and consequences of failure in discussing a researcher's positionality by applying a critical ethnographic and reflexive approach. Indeed, the paper analyzes the writers' use of language, their reasoning for doing the research and the reflexive discussion of their positionality while doing the research and later in writing a research report. It argues that not observing the reflective approach in research and concealing the researcher's positionality deprives the reader of the possibility of identifying possible bias. The paper also discusses two other consequences that are more recognizable in academic writing in Iran: "Self-heroism" display of research. Consequently, instead of clarifying their intentions and understanding the field and its relations, researchers solve problems and offer quick solutions.

The current research aims to analyze the mechanisms of capital preservation by non-institutional actors and how to deal with Kolbary through the description of Kolbary field. In order to achieve this goal, the Structuration theory of Anthony Giddens was used to formulate concepts. The research method is critical ethnography with Karspeakan approach and the study field of Baneh border region, 25 informed and involved people were selected for semi-structured interview by purposeful and snowball sampling method. Based on the results, Kolbari field has the characteristics of authoritarian-exploitative relations, one-sided planning of the Kolbary process, absence of collective agency, unfair distribution of profit and risk, and the priority of goods over Kolbar. Actors beyond the appropriate and natural channels of situation, invisibility, breaking camouflage; The creeping advance is trying to stabilize the position and continuity of Kolbary.Through the mediation of Kolbary, as the main survival tactic, in various ways, by rebuilding a kind of moral life, and through mechanisms such as compromising acceptance, accepting the dangers of Kolbary, justification, and negative struggle, they accept and perpetuate Kolbary. In the end, the existing inequalities in the field of border trade between the inferior groups and other groups should be evaluated in their weakness in mobilizing resources and non-participation in the dialectic of control, in other words, the lack of agency.

shortly after the Web 2 revolution and the emergence of interactive virtual space, we have witnessed the rapid expansion of social networks. With the birth of the new world, all human societies are now faced with a divided world. Many researchers came to investigate and understand the relationship between humans and this new field. In order to find the coordinates of this new world, many of them evaluated human concepts in cyberspace and redefined these concepts. Conversation is the main action in Web 2, and this issue shows the importance of examining the coordinates of the public domain as a platform for public conversations in virtual space. A platform for conversation between users that both shapes the construction of the network and distributes power throughout the network. The countless capacities of virtual space promised the realization of the public sphere; On the other hand, challenges build a barrier against every human ideal, including the public domain. The purpose of this research is to understand the equations in virtual networks by looking at the rules of the public sphere; Then we can have a proper understanding of the Iranian society and we can hope for the formation of a public sphere that can bridge the gap between the private sphere of individuals and macro-political and social issues and promote them. MethodologyIn this research, critical ethnography has been used. In this research, the five main steps of Karspeakan method are used. The first stage of collecting documents and observational data has been done. In the second stage, we have made a preliminary analysis of the observational data collected in the first stage. Then, in the third stage, through interviews, we have received the opinions and points of view of the participants. Then, in the fourth stage, we have explored and identified the systemic relationships between what was discovered in the field of research and broader fields. Finally, in the fifth stage, the findings of the previous stages have been linked to the larger sociological structures. We know that no population can represent the whole truth. Each society has its own perspective that can be evaluated and compared with other groups in the social environment. In this research, the voices of different social groups have been heard and used in the research. Sampling from the number that are available directly and non-probability sampling method is used for some members of the social network to be anonymous. It starts with targeted sampling and continues based on theoretical sampling until data saturation.Results and discussionfive strengthening components and eleven weakening components of the normative and prescriptive public sphere in the context of social networks include "lack of Coherence, the lack of historical progress of the conversation, the issue of elites, the commercialization of social networks, the priority of streamlining over the creation of conversation, the limitations of the platform, the criterion of likes and followers instead of logic, context-oriented culture, "the other" hostile and polarization, lack of belief in "Social construction, disruptive groups, facilitation of communication, diversity of narratives, facilitation of the speed of information transmission, and a new arena of representation" were identified. In the end, by analyzing the components, it was found that all kinds of speech acts are taking place in social networks, if we consider the public domain to be public conversations. We must admit that all three approaches need to pay attention to the sub-discourses within themselves and the statements of other users in addition to mutual dialogue. This issue is beyond the current discussion, but one can observe changes in the various sub-discourses that are under these three main approaches in the last decade, and these changes are still ongoing. If these changes are not understood correctly, we will soon see a change in the arrangement of discourse in cyber space. In the end, it should be said that if the purpose of the current research is only to investigate the existence of virtual social networks in the public sphere at the moment. The researcher believes that this has not been achieved, but if we look at the future, we consider this possibility. It should be mentioned that the multifaceted equation of the future of Iran's complex society, on the one hand, and the hope of promoting the virtual space even beyond Web 2, i.e., the formation of Web 3, promise very diverse and sometimes exciting situations, in some of which it may be possible to form the virtual public sphere was promising even in its ideal form.

With the progressive withdrawal of some governments from social responsibilities, cross-border trade has become the primary source of income, and residents of border areas and institutional agents are considering it as an alternative to development. In this way of life, the smuggled goods porterare a symbol of alienation and rejection, as they are perpetually exposed to conflict due to the absence of favorable conditions. The purpose of this study is to examine smuggled goods porter’s social exclusion from the perspectives of non-institutional actors and institutional agents, mediated by life experience and smuggled goods porter’s situation in cross-border trade. In the theoretical section, the critical perspective of theorists such as Foucault, Bourdieu, and Vranken has been utilized to formulate concepts in accordance with the objectives and questions.In accordance with the critical paradigm, critical ethnography was used to conduct research operations in the method section. The target population consists of institutional and non-institutional actors associated with smuggled goods porters in the border trade sector in the town of Baneh.Using targeted and snowball sampling methods, 49 informed and involved participants were chosen for semi-structured interviews.The results demonstrated that smuggled goods porters’ life experience in cross-border commerce was characterized by powerlessness, bureaucratization, suspended citizenship, institutional discrimination, degrading, increasing marginalization, spectacle, an insecure and painful living environment.Smuggled goods porting is a structural and historical phenomenon that has been shaped and maintained by mechanisms, as stated in the conclusion? The social exclusion woven into the fabric of border areas is one of the most significant of these mechanisms. Smuggled goods porting behavior is a result of exclusion, and its perpetuation has been accelerated.

The dam projects in the country are carried out with the aim of development at the macro level and the distribution of their benefits at the local and national levels. Generally, these projects are implemented with a technocratic approach and decision making is done at the highest level of policy makers and with the least participation of local people. This has the most challenging, sustainable, and widespread multidimensional economic, social, cultural, and environmental consequences at the national, regional, and local levels. The aim of this research is to evaluate development plans and policies focusing on dam projects in Ilam province.

This study used the qualitative method and a critical ethnographic approach to investigate dam projects in Ilam province to determine local communities’ understanding of the dam project, their role in the decision-making and implementation process, and the balance of power among project beneficiaries. Data collection was conducted through participant observation and ethnographic interviews.

The research findings show that cash payment policies, lack of decision-making and political will, and lack of a coherent resettlement and relocation plan were the most prevalent aspects of policies and programs in dam projects. 

The results of this research show that the policies and programs undertaken in development projects,have created challenges for the villages affected by the projects. By treating the local population as strangers, they have ignored the participation and accompaniment of local people and the use of local and indigenous knowledge.

Human beings have numerous needs and try to satisfy them in different ways. One of their most important needs is shelter. Having a shelter is very important since having a proper house has been stated as a right for every Iranian family in the 31st principle of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Also, providing a minimum shelter for all Iranian citizens has been considered as the duty of the government in the 29th and 42nd principles of the constitution. Housing has an important role in the economy of a country and since a house is not transportable, it has a capital value that can affect any country’s development. Owning a house has become more difficult in recent years due to economic fluctuations and households’ decreased purchasing power. Hence, renting a house has become a common phenomenon. In fact, both the number of tenants and even duration of renting are increasing. Meanwhile, each social class may be involved in different levels of intensity related to this social problem. Therefore, it can be said that the difficulties imposed on the middle- and lower-class households have more intensities. This procedure is more prominent in larger cities, especially in Esfahan where new marginal towns are being formed. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the role of unequal political and economic relations in this process and show the issues and complications of the mentioned groups of people.  

The present research followed the method of critical ethnography with Carspecken's approach. Critical ethnography has been widely used as a study method for dealing with the issues of low-income groups in recent years. This approach aims at redefining some social situations and phenomena by revealing the hidden hypotheses and utilizing the principles of critical theories with the aim of making a link between social phenomena and socio-historical events.Carspecken's 5-stage approach starts with non-participatory field observations so that the researcher first acts as an anonymous observer in the research field and makes initial notes according to his/her observations. The second step is to do a prior structural analysis. In this stage, the researcher organizes his/her in-filed observations and provides an initial analysis of them. He/she raises his/her interpretations in the form of basic categories by using an etic approach and then prepares the conditions to enter the 3rd stage that involves a clear conversation without intermediaries. In this stage, the researcher enters the field again by informing the participants. The second step in this stage is gathering information from the subjects’ ideas and views obtained from personal interviews. The extracted data from these interviews can verify or reject the researcher’s knowledge obtained in the former steps. The 4th and 5th stages are followed together through an etic approach. In these 2 stages, the data obtained via available theories and intersystem relations are analyzed. Accordingly, after conducting primary studies based on the etic approach, filed investigations, initial observations, and identification of tenants in this research, 19 tenants were chosen for a deep interview through an emic approach. Then, the gathered data were coded. The main categories included political and economic inequalities, trading in the housing market, inefficient tax system, economic and political de-subjectifications, tenant merchandising, unequal life and subjectivity, experience of an added class gap, and fear and hope of economic protest.

   The present study sought to investigate the situation of tenants throughout Esfahan City from a critical view. Renting is not a new phenomenon, but a struggle for the households, most of whom are from the middle class and have no power for buying a house. It is not a choice for experiencing different houses, but a coercion for the middle-class people. It is a permanent coercion that destroys some family members’ personal development opportunities. Since the families’ incomes are mostly paid for rent day after day, this situation makes them less capable for long-term planning. The biggest concerns imposed on tenants are financial worries and economic fluctuations, unbalanced average income and everyday expenses, as well as the lack of management in the housing sector. Since political affairs affect people’s lives, along with economic affairs, especially more intensely in developing societies, tenants are more involved in the implacability of life capacities. In fact, when both economic and political fields play roles to decrease citizens’ welfare, people fall by default at a distance from their decision-making fields. These people usually get a defensive position in response and decrease their needs though suffering from their social class decline anyway. The results in this study showed that economic fluctuations had disrupted Esfahani tenants’ lives, which were fluctuating themselves like financial markets. Their life qualities had decreased, while they were experiencing an increasing class gap. As a result, marginal living around big cities was being increasingly formed.

Student violence is an undeniable social phenomenon in many schools. What is missing in explaining student violence is the school itself. Research on school performance suggests that schools can also act as agents of social exclusion (Booth, 2011; McCluskey, 2008; Osler, 2006). The present study seeks to describe and analyze the forms of exclusion and violence of students and to understand how social exclusion of students creates violence in school.

The method of the present study is critical ethnography. The research field is high schools and vocational schools for boys in Sanandaj and schools were selected that, based on information, field observations, and inquiries from informants, experienced the most manifestations of student violence. Among them, 19 individual interviews, 6 group interviews with students and 10 interviews with teachers, deputies and the school principal were conducted.in In performing critical ethnography, an experimental activity has followed the Carspecken research program.

According to the present study, students experience some form of social exclusion through school. Students have their own meanings of social exclusion. Students' experiences of being expelled from school are categorized as "boredom and alienation," "recognition disorder," "disciplinary order," "coalition care policy," and " One-dimensionality of life." Student violence in the three main categories of students, teachers and the school was categorized.

violence and social exclusion in school, it is a cycle that is primarily related to the experience of rejection by teachers as well as to places outside the school. Often, students who are excluded from school are also excluded from home. In critical ethnography, after exposing the rejectionist aspects of school, attempts are made to suggest ways to reverse inequality and expel students. From the students' point of view, the duality of special-ordinary schools needs to be deconstructed. By strengthening social skills, teachers should refrain from blaming and rejecting dissident students and repair their relationships with them on the basis of respect. The transition from one-way and monologue education to democratic and participatory education and valuing the knowledge and needs of students is necessary, especially in marginalized and underprivileged areas.

With increasing water crisis and rural poverty, especially in arid and semi-arid areas where famine and floods have increased, access to safe water for livestock and home consumption has become more important than access to education and health services. The water crisis has gradually endangered food security and social satisfaction and has emerged in the form of migration, social conflict, and violence. In Iran, the water crisis has led to public dissatisfaction. Recently, there have been some  protests in various cities of Iran as a result of the water crisis, water transfer, and related policies. This is especially the case in small towns and cities that are among the driest areas (including Isfahan, Khuzestan, Borazjan, etc.). In the light of water shortage and migration problems in rural areas of Mamasani County, the purpose of this study is to provide a critical ethnography analysis to investigate the challenges associated with the water crisis in the villages of Mamasani County. The study of this issue at the micro-level is important because in the study area, in addition to water shortage, actions and activities done to manage water resources  have led to some conflicts  between users and policymakers  and potentially have created many problems and complications for the rural residents.

This research isdone usingthe critical ethnographic method. In this study, purposive sampling, which is a type of non-probability sampling, was used. The instruments used  were  observation, interview, and field notes. Data analysis was done through the thematic analysis method. The participants were 25 local residents of rural areas affected by the water crisis in Mamasani. In terms of employment status, 13 participants in the study were both farmers and ranchers while  7 participants were engaged only in livestock. In terms of age, the respondents were from 31 to 65 years old and their education was from illiteracy to high school diploma. In terms of the marital status, all participants were married.

In Iran, the water resources policy suffers from non-specialist decisions to solve the problems related to water resources. In fact, the governance structure of water resources, which includes many beneficial owners in the management and utilization of water resources, has led to increased competition and conflict between stakeholders in the field of water resources.In general, it can be said that the development programs of organizations and institutions have been done to control the natural environment than nature management. Therefore, environmental water crises and drying of permanent rivers in rural areas and wetlands are the results of the instrumental and technical views governing the management of water resources in order to technically control the natural environment.Through the six stages of data analysis, one thematic network was derived. The thematic network of ‘Human Water Catastrophe’ includes 28 basic codes, 10 basic teams, and 3 organizing teams (inefficient governance of water resources, vulnerability, and rural deprivation) that are formed around the axis of the comprehensive theme of ‘Human Water Catastrophe’. The frequency and severity of the water crisis in the studied villages have caused water shortage to become an unusual phenomenon and a human disaster. Catastrophe is considered an unusual phenomenon that affects the physical and social structure of societies. In addition, the thematic network analysis in this study revealed that this crisis has brought about consequences for the villagers resulting  in vulnerability and rural deprivation. The critical model emerged from the rural residents' perception of the water crisis has shown that in this situation where the water crisis has some consequences for rural residents and leads to vulnerability, social disruption, rural deprivation, and reduced capacity, adaptation has taken place in areas. The studied villagers find themselves in a top-down domination relationship imposed on them by poverty and misery and find themselves trapped in environmental and structural determinism. In their view, the power structure does not try to improve their living conditions and they are abandoned and live in the insecure margin of the society.

With increasing grow of economic existence of societies, human being and living are unimaginable without exchange and we can see different kinds of bargain in every fields and actions. Because of extension and specialty of economic relationship, context of human relations have increased and marketers must use. Disciplines of relations to achieve the best result and success in selling and customers satisfaction. This kind of relation in context of profit-base which is common in every society, take an instrumental and commodity form. Network marketing obeys from this form. In this paper with the help of critical ethnography and five step Carspecken approach tries to extend social construction of unequal distribution of power and wealth. So one year hidden participation observation was taken place and also deep interviews was done with cancellation members. From its extracted themes can name: norms pressure for coercive dealing, maximization of profit, curiosity about products, popular selling strategies, chimerical selling, hegemonic normal buying and extreme self-blaming. The results show that network marketing companies follow. Their own maximization of profit and marketers not only do not get profit but also tolerate enormous social and economic losses.

this paper uses the critical sociology approach to explores how to generate symbolic domination against women at the level of personal, family, and social interactions, and reproductive symbolic domination at the family level, social structures and institutions that provided the basis for women's disabling and gender socialization. In order to achieve this goal, the critical ethnographic method for conducting research activities, the deep and semi-structured interview technique for data collection and its method analysis for analyzing the data has been used. The interviewees included 50 Dehdasht resident women who were selected based on purposeful sampling and according to theoretical Research findings include thematic networks: generating gender stereotypes and reproducing symbolic domination. The results show that symbolic domination of women is based on the social structure of patriarchy and its gendered stereotypes influenced by individual interactions (Women's self-censorship, negative self-concept and and concentrate on body management), family interactions (marital living experience, control, social validity, and domestic work sharing). And social interactions (social exclusion of women and educational and occupational discrimination). Reproduction of domination is achieved at the level of internalization of domination, , domination structural barriers, and cultural marginalization of women. "The role of tribal nervousness and historical patriarchy in the production and reproduction of symbolic domination against women" is the core issue.

The world is pace with the processes of globalization. Iran is not apart from this globalizing process and has been involved in many trends, including the phenomenon of pyramid companies (network marketing). This issues a new style of modern business, with its new work in the late of 70s Hijri (or in the early 80s) with companies such as Goldquest and Goldmine in Iran. Their activities created very crucial negative effects to the public, the community and economic body of the country and made a constitutional crisis in the country’s atmosphere. Finally, the discretion of the legal authorities banned their activities in the country. The business, however, is now a few years with a new light in the face by removing the same obstacles in the country with a legal permit. While the country’s current state is worse than the previous decade (80s) in terms of economic difficulties, the sharp recession, the problems of country’s active population and thousands of fundamental problems whose main origins go back to the economy. On the other hand, it is expected that this kind of trade problems and barriers in the past and may be solved to a great extent, but we are witnessing difficulties and obstacles. The high rate of the young population of the country has been mentioned in recent years by the social sciences thinkers. According to the demographic theory of open window of population, Iran is a highly sensitive site in the region as well as inside the country due to its young population, that, if taken in the right direction, it would promote the country and otherwise damage. This high percentages, despite university education, face a demographic inflation of youth by failing to attract the labor market. Based on different studies, they report a high percentage of frustration, depression, and so on. On the other hand, in recent years, we see major changes in the values and attitudes of Iranian youth for different reasons, including the growth and development of communication and technologies. Thus, the characteristics of social context in Iran have different forms of development for boosting networks. The prevalence of globalization and its ideology, the sudden rise of population and unemployment, social networks, and strong local regions (derived from pre modern times) have all contributed to the prevalence of pyramid-based enterprises (network marketing), which have the slogan of acquiring huge fortunes in a short period of time: This study investigates how profit maximization strategies are implemented in pyramid companies and what the consequences of these strategies are.

The paradigm used in this study is critical ethnography and research is done using qualitative methodology. The critical ethnography has been chosen by the 5-scale approach of Carspecken. Sampling is based on purposive and chain sampling. In this direction, after participatory hidden observation and semi structured interviews with the active members in the companies, 16 cancelled individuals were selected from 3 network marketing companies to do deep interviews to achieve theoretical saturation.

The result indicate that pyramid companies are able to attract a large number of people in Iran through the use of credit over a very long period of time. In this way, compliant and reagent credits are key factors that these companies use to obtain their own purposes.Pyramid companies are trying to change the style of business and create a fundamental shift in the field. But, they try to achieve their goals by exploiting the traditional market failures and variables involved in the traditional world.The actors involved in these enterprises are usually from poor levels of the society who have little economic and social power. In particular, class categories include the middle and lower classes which are relatively marginalized in the society and are constantly suppressed by various social, political, and economic forces.In such circumstances, these people usually have a neutral agency. Iran as a polarized society has suffered extensive social damage due to its policy of adjustment and corruption resulting from this issue (Piran, 2004: 24) which has caused to attract a particular context of modern commerce.People on the margins are also influenced by the positive advertisements of this emerging systems, and tend to identify their own identity as a networking one and rebuilt their existing ruined and suppressed identity.It is at this point that agents’ state of mind at modern tribes change (confronting with reality). They have to limit many areas of their lives to gain profits, therefore, separation of family, lack of intimacy with wife, borrowing money and etc. are damages that are imposed on them. This process is moving forward that in the face of structure, the functionality of the actors is weak and defeated, and eventually leads to the withdrawal of the membership from the system.

the physical changes that have taken place after the development of the shrine of Imam Reza's sister in Rasht have led to changes in the types of users and reducing the use of space by women. The main purpose of this study was to detect the reasons for the change and the reduction of gender equality in the space of Sister of Imam Reza in the city of Rasht and changes in that space after the implementation of new development plan. The Methodology of this study is critical - quality . In order to reach a proper understanding and explanation, Fairclough's critical discourse analysis approach was used to analyze the data and provide the ultimate theory. Based on qualitative- targeted sampling and theoretical saturation criterion, twenty-five women 20 to 40 years from Saghrysazan and Motahari Rasht district participated in this study and was studied and analyzed their perception of the urban space of Sister of Imam Rasht. Using "critical discourse analysis" and analyze the findings, which consists of three levels of description (disclosure statements and the content appearing), interpretation (interaction between the interviewer and texture) and determination (of two strains structures and discourse) can be linked to the analysis of the interviews (bed space) and background (macro structures) and provided the possibility of more radical explanations for researchers .The results of the study were obtained, insist on consideration of Iran's patriarchal structures in the designing of urban spaces.

In this study, we have critically looked into the Iranian Kurds' constructed uppressedness on Facebook. Our theoretical idea is that the logic of virtual capitalism prevailing on Kurdish Facebook- Like in other spaces- is dominant and different ideologies, including nationalism, confiscate various Kurdish-related statuses in their own interests. The research method is virtual critical ethnography and Kurdish Facebook is selected as the study field. Sampling method is Mixed Purposive Sampling (Various sampling techniques such as Network sampling, snowball sampling, and theoretical sampling). Data were obtained from 39 unstructured interviews, field notes and from 8 months of participatory observation, 13 months of non-participatory observation, 6,000 Facebook images and 112 videos posted on Facebook. To analyze the data, we used the Constructivist Grounded Theory method. Findings show that Kurdish uppressedness on Facebook is confiscated by ideology. That is, the ideology of nationalism constructs a form of premordial ethnic euphoria stolen by the Black Other, and finally offers the possibility of reclaiming it. From the nationalistic point of view, emancipation is possible only by following the Facebook subject of ideological ideas of nationalism. Meanwhile, the ideology of nationalism not only does not end the uppressedness, but already reproduces of a new form of uppressedness. Overall, we see birth of uppressedness and Janus of Emancipation in Kurdish Facebook.

The purpose of the present research is to intervene and change the condition of social exclusion of Hawrami people from Souranis. In doing so we benefited from an approach embedded within the intellectual tradition of France (the relational) using Bourdieu's and Silver’s concepts which are based on three paradigms (integration, specialization and the monopoly) to explain the exclusion. The methodology is critical ethnography which focuses on the current situation in society and supports the emancipation of marginalized people. The experience of Hawramis has been investigated in three contextual situations that result from the emigration of Hawramis to the city, leading to the emergence of three discourses in the urban social context. In the context of the first situation, which is characterized by the slow rate of migration and fall of Master-slave system, the problem of exclusion is not problematized yet. The changes after the Iran-Iraq war, expansion of the urbanization, the excess migration, and importance of market and domination of cultural hegemony resulted from relations with Iraqi Kurdistan is the second situation. This situational context is experienced by middle-aged people. The third situation, which focuses on the experience of young people, is characterized by merging in the cultural identity of the city, participation in associations, increased education. The present situation focuses on the homogenous urban-surani identity. Findings of the research show that Hawramis are excluded in the social and cultural spheres as well (as to maintain their distinctions) which is in the social field of their reaction through distinction from the association and intergroup activities (especially lingual-dialect distinction).

Nowadays, market and its profit-based logic has become an inevitable part of many people's live all over the world. This issue has been mixed with social, economic, political and cultural complexities and produces a new style of trade which brings its own cultural thoughts and economic behaviors. In the same way, the free market logic dominates all social spheres. In this paper social and cultural consequences of profit-based logic of this market in network marketing companies have been reviewed. Analysis is done with critical ethnography and five step Carspecken approach. Findings have extracted from both emic and etic approach with hidden participative observation (one year) and deep interview with sixteen canceled persons from network marketing companies. Extracted themes are: fence work, implement of leverage skills, repetitive restricted training, authoritarian training, public persuasion strategies, regular psychological session, promotional and personalized celebration, release of unusual emotions and charismatization of successful members. Results show that network marketing companies persuade people with authoritarian instrumental strategies and their ultimate goal is not profit making for members, but maximizing the profit of companies.

In general, research is divided into quantitative and qualitative categories. Qualitative research has several types, most notably ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, discourse analysis, hermeneutics, and semiotics. Critical ethnography is a kind of ethnography rooted in the Chicago School and developed by the Birmingham Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies in England. The main purpose of critical ethnography is to critique and interpret culture and change it in favor of equality of power in social relations and the empowerment of subjects under study. Therefore, critical ethnography is always related to the problem of power, and change, value-orientation and the relationship between agency and structure are among the characteristics of this method. One of the methods in critical ethnography is the method of  Carspecken that emphasizes the communication experience and has been influenced by pragmatism, neo-marxism, and phenomenology. By placing the concept of validity within the theory of meaning, Carspecken emphasizes the inner relationship between meaning and validity. He has a five-step approach to critical ethnography. These are: collecting original documents; analyzing collected observational data; generating conversational data (emic approach); the discovery of relationships between what is discovered and the fields broader and, finally, linking the findings from the earlier stages to macro-sociological theories and constructions, to illustrate the processes of production and social reproduction.