جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « نخست شهری » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The change in lifestyle is affected by modernity and increased awareness which has caused the increased tendency of women to be present in public and urban spaces. Using a qualitative method and a phenomenological strategy, this study sought to investigate women's socio-cultural problems and limitations in urban spaces of Tehran. The sample consists of 35 women between 20 and 67 years old living in Tehran in 2021 who were interviewed by visiting several crowded points in the north, south, east and west of Tehran. Purposive sampling with maximum dispersion has been applied. According to the results, the social-cultural problems and limitations of women in connection with urban spaces in Tehran are the feeling of insecurity in urban spaces, the appearance of poverty and lack of vitality in urban spaces, the non-recognition and acceptance of women in the public spaces of the city, people-oriented spaces , the objectification of women in terms of sex, the presence of unpleasant male behaviors, family restrictions on the presence of women in urban spaces, gender norms, structural restrictions on the presence of women in some public spaces and the use of certain vehicles and values ​​and norms of noble woman, affected by economic and cultural capital and district of residence, as well as work and transportation. In addition, women react differently to the obstacles and limitations. By resisting the facing challenges in urban spaces, women seek to achieve creative and effective civic activism. In order to realize this objective, institutions such as families and education shall act to change attitudes and gender relations and develop the culture of acceptance of women in public spaces.

Urban ecology studies the city as an ecosystem consisting of humans and biophysical factors and how they interact in urban environments.Visual ecology also examines the environment around humans as an ecological factor and helps humans to feel pleasant and harmonize it with the physio logical mechanisms of vision. The aim of the present research is to identify the anatomical dimensions of facades and the impact of visual ecology criteria on improving the quality of residential facades in Tehran. The type of research method is descriptive and analytical and has a mixed approach. In the quantitative part of the QSORT classification method, information was obtained through field observations and questionnaire tools in the Likert spectrum, and the image quality diagram was drawn from the observer's point of view with SPSS software. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient with a rate of 0.785. In the qualitative analysis, the selected views were analyzed in the table based on the constituent elements and criteria of visual ecology and mechanisms of the visual system. The findings show that facades according to vision standards can form comfortable, uniform and aggressive visual environments, and as a result, based on Pie chart calculations, the frequency of visual quality of residential facades within the scope of the research is 65% comfortable, 15% uniform & 20% are aggressive. This article tries to provide solutions to improve the quality of citizens' visual vision through the analysis of desirable visual criteria in the facade of the building.

Urban planning has undergone significant transformations throughout history marked by distinct eras characterized by shifts in planning principles, approaches, and objectives. In recent years, citizens’ participation and democratization of urban management have gained considerable attention and importance. It has become evident that imposing large-scale urban projects on communities without their input or involvement can lead to severe backlash. Traditional methods, such as offline consultations, co-design workshops, and surveys, have facilitated architects and planners in understanding and engaging with communities. However, advancements in technology and online platforms have opened up new avenues for harnessing the collective intelligence of entire cities and communities in the urban planning and design process. The presence of strong democratic institutions, respect for human rights, and participatory accountable governance are essential for enhancing people's lives in a sustainable manner. In an increasingly urbanized world, these factors contribute to unlocking the potential of cities, particularly through improved urban service delivery. Well-managed cities with enhanced services promote peace, security, and greater investment in human capital, thereby driving economic growth. Municipal governments that possess adequate resources and are accountable are more likely to provide timely and efficient services. Collaborative efforts among different levels of government and civil society contribute to optimizing service delivery. Transparent, accountable, and democratic institutions play a vital role in facilitating community participation in demanding and designing improved service delivery. Various models have been developed to expand citizen engagement in urban management. Cities should strive for systemic changes in decision-making processes related to urban planning, incorporating deliberative and democratic procedures. This paper introduced a novel model for citizen participation in urban management. 

This study adopted a qualitative, interpretive, applied, and cross-sectional research design. The statistical population consisted of municipality managers, NGO managers, and urban scholars in Isfahan City. A total of 15 experts were selected from this population using the snowball sampling technique and were subsequently interviewed. The collected data were analyzed inductively using a content analysis approach. To ensure the reliability of the analysis, 5 interviews were randomly selected and subjected to thematic analysis once again. This process aimed to validate the findings.To further enhance the robustness of the results, a fuzzy Delphi method was employed, involving 10 municipality managers and 5 academicians. The participants were requested to evaluate the relevance and significance of the identified themes, aiming to achieve a fuzzy consensus. Their suggestions and feedback were incorporated into the final model, thereby strengthening the overall quality of the findings. 

The data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis revealed 55 basic themes, 15 organizing themes, and 5 global themes. The content validity ratio, which exceeded the threshold of 60%, confirmed the validity of the results. Furthermore, the results of the fuzzy Delphi method, after defuzzification, indicated unanimous agreement among the experts, thus affirming the reliability of the findings.Based on the research outcomes, a spiral-fractal model for citizen participation in urban governance was proposed. The model comprised 5 key elements: citizens, cituards, citgentsia, citally, and cityors. Cituards were citizens, who demonstrated slightly higher levels of engagement than the average citizen. They actively monitored the city, provided reflections, and followed up on their suggestions. Citgentsia were individuals, who contributed novel ideas and offered original recommendations to benefit the city. When the ideas of the Citgentsia were put into practice, they were referred to as citally within this model. The final level of the spiral-fractal model was occupied by cityors, who were involved, either officially or unofficially, in the theoretical and practical dimensions of all aspects of urban management.

Women's urban spaces are implemented as a solution for the development of women's activities, especially in the field of leisure and sports, so that women can use urban spaces more by reducing some customary and religious restrictions. This research tries to examine the field findings and the opinions of experts and informants to gain an understanding of the opportunities and challenges of these spaces.
The research method is mixed and qualitative. Documentary methods and practical and collaborative research have been used. In the documentary part, the findings of 22 articles of the last ten years have been used, and in the practical and collaborative research, the opinions of 40 key informants in this field have been used. The branch of data analysis is qualitative content analysis and SWOT analysis.
The findings show that women need and are interested in these spaces. However, there are some weak points such as: inappropriate location, insufficient description of services and program, and how to interact with participants and women. Weak public trust in the municipality and government institutions, not prioritizing women's issues and emphasizing sloganeering and advertising approaches and the desire for bisexual and family spaces are some of the challenges of these spaces

Nowadays, the issue of urban and neighborhood identity is one of the important issues of cities. Lack of attention to the identity components of the cities in the current situation has caused citizens' lack of participation in social activities and a low sense of place belonging. And as a result of this,. Meanwhile, the quality of the features of the city's body has an effect on the life of the residents. In this regard, the present research is following a comparative study of the mediating role of urban identity and neighborhood identity in the influence of the urban body on the culture of citizenship in the cities of Kashan and Yasouj. Descriptive-analytical research method and information was collected using questionnaire tool. The sample size was distributed to 266 people in Kashan city and 118 people in Yasuj city by calculating the Cochran formula and according to the population of the statistical population. The results showed that among the indicators of the urban body, the factor (furniture, roads and city legibility) in Kashan city with a weight of 0.93 and the urban transportation factor in Yasouj city with a weight of 0.81, and among the indicators of citizenship culture, the factor of social responsibility In the city of Kashan with a weight of 0.81 and in the city of Yasuj with a weight of 0.79, they have the highest factor loads.

Nowadays, citizenship has become an essential status for the political and social life of societies and urban rights, as a set of rights and privileges of citizens, which are the responsibility of the government and city management, play a central role in the realization of citizenship and the flourishing of citizens' talents, abilities, beliefs and attitudes. Considering the importance and role of urban rights in the realization of citizenship and improving the ability, attitude and competence of citizens, the purpose of this research is to investigate the role and influence of urban rights on the formation of the psychological capital of positivism in Qaen city. The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical and correlational nature, in order to analyze the data, were used numerical mean and Pearson's test in SPSS software. The statistical population of the research also includes the citizens of Qaen (19 to 65 years old), which was determined as a sample size of 384 people based on Cochran's method and access to them is based on a simple random pattern. Also, validity and reliability of variables have been confirmed based on documentary studies and interviews with university professors. The findings of the research show that in the four dimensions of urban rights, i.e. social, political, civil and cultural rights, only the dimension of political rights and among the dimensions of psychological capital of positivity, i.e. self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience, only the dimension of self-efficacy has a favorable situation in Qaen city. Also, the results show that there is a significant relationship between the urban rights variables and the psychological capital of positivism at the 95% confidence level and with the Pearson coefficient of 0.694. Among the aspects of urban rights, social rights and civil rights have had the greatest effect on the formation of psychological capital of positivism.

The current study adopts a critical ethnographic approach to delve into the plight of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. Its primary objective is to illuminate the prevailing narratives that encapsulate individuals' lived experiences within this marginalized group. Furthermore, the study aims to offer a realistic analysis of the local conditions and needs specific to the area, all within the context of the locality. To achieve these goals, purposeful sampling methods were employed, and data was gathered through the use of participatory observation tools and semi-structured interviews, followed by meticulous analysis using thematic analysis techniques. A total of 21 interviews were conducted across seven marginalized neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city. Following the coding process, 109 primary codes and 11 organizing themes were identified, ranging from issues such as dangerous living conditions, migrant populations, job insecurity, inadequate urban infrastructure, limited negotiating power, organizational shortcomings, confrontational management styles, perceptions of inequality, shirking of responsibilities, interventions for development, to the absence of institutional support. These findings culminated in the selection of the overarching theme of the study: "the entrapment of powerlessness and deprivation within the marginalized community." The crux of the article's argument lies in attributing the powerlessness and deprivation prevalent in Khorramabad's marginalized community to the unequal hierarchical structures within the planning and implementation systems, coupled with inefficient community organization. To ameliorate the marginalized community's circumstances, the study advocates for the adoption of a justice-centered urban governance approach and the reconfiguration of urban societal structures. 

Marginalization, predominantly an urban phenomenon, signifies the condition where residents lack access to the economic and official urban infrastructure, often resembling living conditions in slum areas. These marginalized communities typically form in semi-permanent or permanent settlements along rivers, railway lines, city entrances and exits, among other locations (Cahyani, D. Widaningsih, 2019). In recent years, the escalating number of marginal areas and the ensuing repercussions has propelled marginalization into a pressing challenge within the nation's planning and decision-making framework. Recognizing the gravity and repercussions of marginalization, various stakeholders such as experts, policymakers, and civil activists have scrutinized and elucidated this phenomenon through different lenses. Academic scholars and researchers delve into the causes, contexts, and consequences of marginalization; policymakers enact laws and regulations and undertake executive initiatives; while civil activists form campaigns and organizations to aid the impoverished and vulnerable populations residing in informal settlements and marginalized areas.
The predicament of marginalization gains heightened sensitivity in disadvantaged provinces like Lorestan. The prevalence of hierarchical disparities, inequities in access to resources at the macro level, soaring rates of unemployment, poverty, deprivation, and deeply entrenched ethnic and tribal biases amplify the ramifications and ramifications of this challenge within such regions. In Khorramabad city, marginalized communities are dispersed across the urban landscape, spanning central and peripheral areas, characterized by marginal infrastructure and external perceptions shrouded in pessimism, juxtaposed with the proliferation of poverty and social adversities. Addressing the issue of marginalization in Khorramabad city emerges as a pressing necessity.
Consequently, several studies have explored facets of marginalization issues (causes, contexts, and consequences) in Lorestan province. This article, employing a critical ethnographic approach and thematic analysis technique, endeavors to comprehend the predicament of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. It seeks to illuminate the predominant narratives drawn from individuals' lived experiences within these marginalized settings and, subsequently, offering a contextualized and realistic analysis tailored to the region's specific demands. Hence, this research endeavors to address fundamental questions such as: What is the marginalized community's perception of their marginalization situation? How do they interpret their experiences residing in these marginalized areas?

Numerous studies have delved into the realms of marginalization and informal settlements. Many of these research endeavors, adopting a survey approach, have explored the factors influencing the emergence of informal settlements and migration to the peripheries of cities (Rabbani et al., 2015; Zangiabadi and Mobaraki, 2011; Naqdi, 2012; Taleb and Yusuf-Vand, 2014; Biranvand, 2013; Mirzapur, 2014). These studies have highlighted that the socio-economic dynamics between the origin (village) and the destination play a pivotal role in shaping migration patterns and fostering the development of informal settlements. Additionally, there have been physical studies analyzing the spatial distribution of urban poverty (Mirzapour, 2014; Khodayi and Timuri, 2015).
Research in the field of marginalization boasts a rich historical background, encompassing various thematic areas. Primarily adopting a survey methodology, many of these studies have scrutinized the root causes, contexts, and repercussions of marginalization and migration. Some inquiries influenced by a physical perspective have explored aspects of marginalization and the spatial distribution of urban poverty. Others have focused on social issues, detriments, and the distinctive traits of marginalized populations. Amidst these endeavors, a scant few have approached the lives of marginalized communities through an emic lens, seeking to understand their perspectives and experiences firsthand.
Therefore, to contribute to and enhance the existing body of research, this study endeavors to elucidate and interpret the reality of marginalization through the voice of the marginalized community, aiming to enrich the scholarly discourse on this pressing issue.

This research employs a qualitative and critical ethnographic methodology, with data analysis conducted through thematic analysis. Critical ethnography delves into power dynamics and mechanisms of domination to examine the conditions for progress and impediments to improvement (Madison, 2012). The study utilized purposive sampling to select participants, interviewing 21 marginalized individuals across seven neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city until theoretical saturation was achieved, indicating that no new insights were forthcoming from additional interviews. Consequently, the authors utilized this sample for data analysis, ensuring a comprehensive representation. Efforts were made to encompass a diverse range of perspectives by including participants of varying genders and age groups. The research commenced with an exploratory phase involving immersion in the community under study, followed by data collection through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and in-depth interviews. This methodological approach sought to provide a nuanced understanding of the experiences and viewpoints of marginalized individuals within the context of their lived realities.

The research findings reveal a multitude of challenges faced by marginalized and impoverished residents in the region, including insufficient income, engagement in precarious and informal work, widespread social issues (e.g., addiction, conflicts, theft), unsafe living conditions, disregard for civic responsibilities in accessing public resources, environmental degradation, inadequate housing and unauthorized construction, absence of essential amenities and services, and limited engagement in local governance. Within this study, disadvantaged communities have highlighted diverse facets of their struggles and hardships. Subsequently, the identified issues are synthesized into overarching thematic categories for presentation and analysis.

This research, adopting a critical ethnography approach and employing thematic analysis, aims to explore the circumstances and challenges faced by the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city. The research findings are presented through an analytical-thematic model, with the primary category derived from community data being "powerlessness and the entrapment of marginalization." This concept underscores the dire conditions and precarious existence of the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city, ensnared in a complex web of intertwined marginalization. Various facets of their powerlessness and deprivation intertwine to alienate them from mainstream society and official culture. This issue is rooted in the failure of organizational and administrative policies of government entities. Local residents critique the ineffectiveness, deficiencies, and incapacity of governmental institutions in managing and empowering marginalized areas. They perceive themselves as victims of unjust social policies implemented by these institutions, which have hindered societal development and neglected community needs and preferences.

Focusing on the spatial resilience of urban squares, a key component of urban infrastructure, plays a crucial role in maintaining the vitality, identity, and defining characteristics of cities. Addressing how social and physical factors contribute to spatial resilience through scholarly investigation is paramount in urban research. The study at hand is both developmental and applied in its approach, utilizing a mixed-methods research design encompassing qualitative and quantitative techniques. The qualitative segment involved establishing a conceptual framework through comprehensive literature review, employing observational tools, interviews, and questionnaires to elucidate and scrutinize the factors at play. The quantitative analysis utilized software (City Engine) to assess correlations. Noteworthy findings highlight the significance of the cultural aspects of urban square central structures in bolstering spatial resilience through social factors. Moreover, the research underscores that enhancing physical connectivity positively impacts social indicators. The interdependence of social and physical elements in shaping spatial resilience is apparent, as they mutually reinforce each other and compensate for deficiencies in specific indicators. 

The primary objective of this article is to address the following key research inquiries: 1) What specific physical and social factors and components influence the spatial resilience of significant urban squares? 2) What is the current level of spatial resilience indicators in prominent urban locales? To tackle these questions, a comprehensive analysis integrating both qualitative and quantitative physical and social indicators was conducted to elucidate the components contributing to spatial resilience in urban squares. This research delves into the examination of various factors that have played a pivotal role in bolstering the resilience of urban squares within three focal squares in Hamedan city. The outcomes of this study hold relevance for public and urban development initiatives aimed at enhancing the design and functionality of urban squares, thereby fostering environments with heightened levels of spatial resilience.

This investigation serves a practical and developmental purpose as a comparative study and analysis, falling within the realm of qualitative research. Drawing upon library resources, documentation, observational techniques, case studies, and participatory interview methodologies, the research seeks to elucidate the factors influencing the spatial resilience of three prominent urban squares—specifically, Imam Square, Bu Ali Square, and Baba Taher Square in Hamedan. The study aims to identify the physical and social constituents contributing to the resilience of these urban spaces and formulate a model for spatially resilient environments. To facilitate comprehensive data collection, a combination of library research, documentary analysis, on-site observations, and participatory interviews were employed. Initially, qualitative analyses were conducted through meticulous investigation, observation, and description of parameters and characteristics within the aforementioned squares. Subsequently, utilizing the Minnesota method, interviews were conducted with frequent users of the spaces to gain insights into their perceptions and experiences. The target demographic comprised individuals who regularly engaged with these squares on a daily or weekly basis. Recognizing that certain influential parameters in physical and social analyses may elude direct observation, interviews were instrumental in capturing nuanced components. Findings were synthesized based on data retrieved from various sources, including user experiences, observations of pedestrian flows in key pathways surrounding the squares, and layered information analysis techniques.

Upon scrutinizing the quantitative results, it has been discerned that the correlation coefficient values for all three studied urban squares are notably high, predominantly attributable to the social dimension and human presence, thereby enhancing spatial resilience. This study employed a quantitative test to evaluate correlation values on a macro level, alongside a qualitative explanatory approach for environmental analysis within the sample domains. The quantitative test was instrumental in complementing the insights derived from qualitative explanations, revealing that while the correlation indices at the macro level were nearly identical for Bu Ali Square and Baba Taher Square, disparities in their local integration significantly influenced the social presence within these two spaces. This observation underscores the interplay between quantitative correlation analysis and the qualitative measure of social presence. For instance, the bustling human activity at Bu Ali Square, situated near the city center, functions as a focal point due to its diverse functionality and ability to cater to the daily requirements of users and residents.

The findings underscore the significance of both physical and social components in determining the spatial resilience of an urban square, thus substantiating the initial hypothesis posited in this study regarding the pivotal role played by the amalgamation of physical and social factors in spatial resilience. Optimal spatial resilience in an urban setting, such as a square, necessitates a harmonious blend of functionality, physical structure, symbolic meaning, and social engagement. Examination of the constituent elements and sub-elements discussed in both the qualitative and quantitative segments of this research elucidates the mutually reinforcing relationship between the social and physical dimensions, whereby factors conducive to physical well-being ultimately contribute to enhanced social interaction, thus elevating the overall spatial resilience. In essence, the reciprocal influence between the physical and social dimensions is paramount in bolstering spatial resilience.
Moreover, a square's ability to endure and maintain its spatial resilience amidst physical transformations and developments is contingent upon fostering acceptance, shared memory, and a sense of social belonging among the populace. When the social fabric weaves a tapestry of connection and belonging, it effectively sustains and surpasses physical alterations. Noteworthy is the pivotal role played by architectural structures imbued with cultural significance and responsive to social needs in fortifying the spatial resilience of an urban square. The results highlight that while spatial integration significantly impacts the formation and sustenance of social networks, other factors such as the diversity of functions, integration of uses, the presence of primary and secondary activities along access paths to the square, and the cultivation of a distinct sense of place through thoughtful design and community engagement all wield substantial influence. Evidently, deliberate planning to encourage social interaction and a sense of communal ownership plays a decisive role in shaping the vibrant social life and spatial resilience of urban squares.

Today, the effects of modernity on Urban Space have led people to more consume. The importance of this issue can be considered because the Kermanshah city space has consequences for the consumption of the citizens of this city. Today, all cities are striving to create opportunities for Consumption, and cities are defined by the facilities they provide for consumption. Contemporary Urbanization is increasingly associated with the Consumption of citizens. This study tries to examine the consequences of Urban Space on the Consumption of the citizens of Kermanshah with a critical view through the views of thinkers such as Marx, Simmel, Weblen, Bourdieu, Baudrillard, De Certeau, Lefebvre, Zukin and Worth. The method of this study was Ethnographic and data collection techniques were Observation, Interview and Lived experience. The observations were made in two parts of body and behavior and 56 people, including Managers and Board Members, Sellers and Buyers, were interviewed in five commercial complexes with the letters of Arg, Parsian, Plaza, Gol and Morvarid. The method of analysis was performed in three stages of Coding, Interpretation and Reporting. The results show that: the change of Traditional to Modern Places has led to the abundance and accumulation of goods, advertising and design of Shopping Malls; Consumer Spaces have led to Addiction to Shopping, Consumerism, Ostentation, Eye and Ocular, Identity Change, Class Distinction and Segregation; Also, Wanderers are Consumers of Urban Space, but they do not consume goods. Finally, Women are the most Consumers of Consumption Spaces compared to other Social Groups.

The increase of social capital in long term has important effects on the mentality of the residents of the neighborhood, mutual trust, solidarity, participation in neighborhood affairs, etc., and when achieved, the quality of life in the neighborhood grows accordingly. In this regard, the present study, an attempt has been made to measure the amount of social capital and the level of quality of life among the residents of the neighborhoods of Rafsanjan city with a sociological approach and survey method, and finally to investigate the effect of social capital on their quality of life. In this research, all the residents aged 18 years and older are part of the statistical population, and according to Cochran's formula, 383 people have been selected by cluster sampling method proportional to the volume. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire, and the description and analysis of the data has been done using Spss software. The results of the research findings show that there is no significant difference between women and men in terms of the amount of social capital and quality of life, but there is a significant difference between income groups and the amount of social capital and their quality of life. Also, there is a significant difference between the different periods of people's residence and the amount of social capital and their quality of life. The results of multiple regression analysis show there is a correlation of 0.508 between research variables. Also, about 25% of the dependent variable changes are predicted by the social capital variable, and among the components of social capital, trust has the greatest impact on the quality of life of city residents.

The current research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the indicators of the smart city governance model based on urban justice with the approach of electronic participation. The participants of this research were municipal managers and urban planners with a teaching experience of at least 15 years and a master's degree or higher. The selection of people was done by purposive sampling with the criterion of teaching experience in the elementary education period. Sampling was done with the participation of 18 experts. The data collection tool consisted of two parts, 1- examination and exploration of upstream documents, urban planning documents in the library section, 2- semi-structured interview in the field section, where the semi-structured interview with the participants continued until the theoretical saturation stage. To analyze the qualitative data, the theme analysis method based on the Atreide-Sterling model was used. In order to ensure validity, the interview questions were approved by 3 experienced urban planning and management experts, 1 of whom had a master's degree and 2 had a doctorate. And in order to measure reliability, Krippendorf's alpha coefficient was used, which was confirmed. ATLASTI software is used in the theme analysis. The results of the factor analysis show that among the 176 indicators (items) available, 33 basic themes can be identified and 9 categories of constructive themes have been obtained. The 9 first-level themes identified are: smart governance, smart interaction, smart sustainability, public and private sector cooperation, knowledge integration, smart innovation support, smart infrastructure, smart

The proximity of Ilam province to Iraq and the heavy traffic, the existence of mountain roads that mostly pass through villages, as well as the lack of familiarity of travelers and pilgrims with the roads of the province have caused an increase in road accidents and fatalities. The purpose of this research is to identify the accident-causing points of Ilam province, to know the factors affecting road accidents and to analyze their trends, and to identify the factors affecting deaths caused by accidents in Ilam province.

This research is cross-sectional and its variables are quantitative-qualitative. The data were obtained based on the statistical information obtained from the traffic accident system, forensic medicine organization and hospitals by accessing the road accident files of Ilam province. For data analysis, chi-square test, logistic regression and time series trend analysis were used in SPSS and Minitab software.

Age, education, lighting and road defects are among the most important factors that had a significant relationship with the rate of accidents, but two factors, the type of license and the duration of driving, had a significant effect on the rate of death due to accidents.

The main reasons for the occurrence of accident and fatalities on the roads of Ilam province are the lack of awareness and sufficient training of drivers at the stage of obtaining a license regarding the regulations and their own safety, which has created an inappropriate driving culture.

One of the spaces where we see the presence of people and the manifestation of physical activities in cities is urban sidewalks. In today's cities, attention is paid to pedestrian movement and sidewalk spaces as the healthiest method of urban transportation that guarantees the health and social life of cities. People's satisfaction with sidewalks is important, and improving the quality of traffic in cities is also the most necessary need, and finding solutions to recognize pedestrians in the city, improve the social quality of the urban space, and solve problems related to transportation. It is essential . The purpose of this research is to investigate the corrective solutions of urban pedestrian crossings in improving the quality of traffic in the city and increasing the safety of pedestrians in order to solve the existing problems in the crossings of Semnan province.The research method in this article is a review and with articles and methods that have been reviewed and carried out in the past and providing suggested solutions such as floor materials, ramps and bike lanes on sidewalks and... as well as the challenges and problems of sidewalks and traffic in the province. Semnan, we have investigated the existing problems and solutions.

The size distribution of cities in an urban system indicates the quality of the urban system in terms of population distribution of cities, and shows the evolution of distribution over time. The main purpose of this paper is to study the city size distribution for the Iranian urban system for the period 1956-2016. In this regard, the two most important laws in the city size literature - Zipf's and Gibrat's laws- were examined. Analysis have been performed in two parts: large and all cities in the urban system of Iran. The results show that Zipf’s law does not hold for urban system of Iran. Furthermore, the absolute value of coefficient of rank-size is less than one and has a downward trend, which shows that city size distribution is becoming more unequal over time. The results of testing Gibrat's law show that from the year 1956 to 1986, Iran’s urban growth obeys Gibrat's law, while from 1986 onward, this rule does not hold, which indicates a divergence in the trend of growth rate of urbanization in Iran. Moreover, our results show that for the large cities, the urban growth follows the Gibrat's law and the distribution of city sizes is Zipifian with coefficient of one.

In studying any urban system, what is of paramount importance is the study of urban hierarchy. Studying the distribution of city sizes and the laws governing it helps in understanding the urban hierarchy and finding optimal conditions. The examination of the distribution of city sizes from the past to the present has received a great deal of attention from researchers. In fact, explaining how city size distribution works is recognized as one of the most important theoretical issues in analyzing urban and regional problems (O'sullivan, 2018). The distribution of city sizes, which actually represents the distribution of population among cities, can be a tool for understanding economic efficiency. If we define the size of each city by its population, the distribution of city sizes in an urban system reflects the manner and quality of the urban system in terms of population distribution and shows the trend of distribution changes over time. Zipf's and Gibrat's laws are among the most important and commonly used methods for studying the distribution of city sizes. This study reviews the complete studies conducted in this area and examines Zipf's and Gibrat's laws in the urban system of Iran.

Methods and Data:

This applied research analyzed secondary data from the national censuses of Iran. It focused on the population of cities in Iran from 1956 to 2016. The data and information were obtained from the General Population and Housing Census, conducted by Statistical Center of Iran.

The results will be presented in two sections: testing the Zipf’s rule and testing the Gibrat's law:1). Zipf’s Rule test: The Zipf coefficient has a significant difference from one in the urban system of Iran, and Zipf's Rule was not supported. The absolute value of the Zipf coefficient was below one in all years, indicating the divergence of urban growth trends in the urban system of Iran. Additionally, the Zipf coefficient decreased over time, revealing an increasing inequality in the city sizes distribution over time. This suggests that some cities grew too large, and the gap in city sizes in the urban hierarchy widened.
 
2). Gibrat's Law test: The results of this study showed thaat Gibrat's Law applied to cities with a population above 200,000 in all years. This implied that the growth of the size of these cities was independent of their initial size. However, for all cities, it is found that Gibrat's Law applied to the urban system of Iran from 1956 to 1986, but not after 1986, and we observed a divergence trend in the urban growth of the country in these years. In other words, since 1986, large cities have grown at a faster rate, and small cities have grown at a slower rate, resulting in an increase in the population (size) difference between small and large cities in the urban system of Iran. These results were consistent with the findings of the rank-size rule test.

Based on the most recent census in 2016, only 25 cities account for more than half of the urban population in the country. To be more specific, Iran had 1242 cities in 2016, of which 8 cities had over 1 million population, 90 cities had between 100,000 and 1 million population, and 1144 cities had less than 100,000 population. These facts indicate an uneven population distribution in Iran's urban system. The current study’s results show that the city size distribution in Iran's urban system is unequal and this inequality is growing over time. Additionally, the long-term urban growth trend is divergent. That is, larger cities have higher population growth rates while smaller cities have lower population growth rates, resulting in a divergent size of cities in the long term and agrowing population (size) gap between small and large cities over time. Based on the results and analyses of the current study, it can be argued that the government should implement effective policies to balance the distribution of city sizes.  Small cities are not big enough to enjoy economies of scale, and large cities in the urban system increase living costs such as congestion and pollution. Therefore, the overall urban system efficiency declines, and it is essential to implement policies to decrease the population of very large cities and increase the appeal of living for individuals and businesses in medium and smaller cities. By expanding infrastructure investments in medium and small cities and adopting suitable policies to attract population to them, the existing size difference between large cities and lower-ranked cities in the urban system can be reduced.

Pierre Bourdieu, French sociologist, revolutionized the study of cultural sociology by introducing the theory of social fields and concepts such as distinction, habitus and doxa, whose influences on related theories remain to this day. Although he did not directly express his views on urban spaces and architecture, this is one of the most important areas in which Bourdieu's concepts can be analyzed. The relation between society and culture with urban spaces and architecture is an important issue that can be well reflected and analyzed in the context of cinema. City and urban architecture have had a close, continuous and notable relationship with cinema since the advent of this art. The following study, by selecting Asghar Farhadi's latest film "A Hero", as the case study, examines how architecture and urban spaces are influencing the film and also reflected by it, and uses Pierre Bourdieu's views for analysis. During the analysis of this article, the effects of the city of Shiraz, the urban landscape, the houses and the culture arising from them, and finally the social fields have been discussed. Then, the reflection of sociological concepts in these cases have been identified. This study shows how the city of Shiraz and its urban spaces and architecture have adapted to the key concepts of Bourdieu and by presenting various fields such as prison, charities, bazaars has advanced its narrative.

Security is always one of the important indicators of the growth and development of an urban area. This index can be injected to citizens from different aspects and improve its level. This issue is very important in big cities; Meanwhile, women's sense of security is emphasized from different aspects in the development of cities. The widespread presence of women in society and their participation in urban social activities makes it necessary to create elements and urban spaces suitable for the presence of this group in public spaces and planning to improve women's security. The purpose of this research is to evaluate women's sense of security in District 7 of Tehran, which has been investigated and analyzed. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on field data collection. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by elites and reliability with Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.789. Data analysis was done with statistical tests in spss software. The result of the research shows that in Haft region of Tehran, the social security of women is in an average and good condition; According to the findings, indicators such as mental and psychological problems, indicators of the poverty situation in the neighborhoods, women's social trust in each other, peace and comfort in public spaces, life safety, financial security situation, job security situation, economic base situation, security Fakhri (not having to worry), the efficiency of the security and police forces, the crime situation in the city and women's respect for each other are in an acceptable state.

Ensuring citizens’ societal security is one of the most important benefits and impacts of lighting in the urban space, which has been noticed and emphasized by urban designers. In this regard, citizens’ security feeling is influenced by the characteristics of urban lighting, which is discussed in this article.

The statistical population of the research includes the passerby citizens of Qom city, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the Cochran formula, and according to the limitations of the research, 384 people were randomly selected as sample. The research questionnaire was developed and distributed among the members of the statistical sample. The research method is quantitative and in a descriptive-analytical process. The resources were collected using the library method and data collection via the field approach. The analysis of data achieved from the questionnaire was made using the statistical tests of confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis in the software environment by SPSS 16.0 and Amos.

While enhancing the fields of vitality and social vitality, substantive lighting can provide citizens with a security feeling. On the other hand, the visibility of the urban space is an issue that should be taken into account due to the influence of the light angle factor, which in most cases, the presence of obstacles such as vegetation may prevent the creation of a visible space, and these factors cause the insecurity feeling. Therefore, in the first place in urban lighting plans it is necessary to pay attention to the priorities of light angle and light intensity, then light color and light temperature.

 Security one of the most obvious aspects of the growth of a society and the foundation of its growth, development and stability. The economic prosperity of a society, investment, planning for development, progress and any activity that can be an effective factor for improving the economic situation, and social welfare and other aspects of the society, are all under the shadow of security establishment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of crisis management and urban accidents in the sense of security and well-being of the citizens of Tehran.

 The research method is descriptive-survey and a questionnaire used. The statistical population included the citizens of Tehran and managers, deputies and experts of crisis management headquarters in 22 districts of Tehran. Cluster sampling and sample size is 376 people for citizens and 40 people for experts.

The greatest impact of crisis management in increasing the sense of security from the experts' point of view includes social support and welfare, reducing risk and danger, reducing crimes and delinquency, and social order. According to citizens' point of view, the greatest effect of crisis management in increasing the sense of security includes reducing risk and danger, social support, social order, and reducing crimes and delinquency.

The feeling of security is necessary and essential for the healthy physical and mental condition of the people of the society. security puts the person in a state of mental and psychological structure disorder. Crisis management and control can provide a stable and peaceful society and the security of its citizens against unexpected events and drastic changes.

The central issue of this paper is the study of the relationship between women and the urban space of Kermanshah. For this purpose, the women of two neighborhoods of Dolatabad and Kasri were selected so that apart from gender, the effect of women's socio-economic base on their relationship with the city and their acceptance by the city was investigated. The method of the article is grounded theory and corresponding to the problem and research method, data were collected through interviews. The main guide for data analysis has been the production theory of Lefebvre space.The research concluded that the women of both neighborhoods do not have a connection with the city and the city does not have a public space to accept women. However, the women of Daulatabad neighborhood meet the needs of the urban space in kinship, neighborhood and neighborhood communities, and the women of the Kasri neighborhood have replaced the privatized public spaces with urban spaces. The lack of presence of women in the city is the result of their absence in the economic order and their secondary role in the system of division of labor of the dominant relations in Kermanshah.