جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "gender differences" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the desire to remarry elderly widows of Feridunshahr city, using an analytical-cross-sectional survey method. The statistical population of all elderly widows of this city is 1254 people and the sample size is estimated to be 264 people with the help of Morgan's table. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data using the quota sampling method. The evaluation of the hypotheses showed that there is a significant correlation between the variables of mental problems, sexual problems, attachment to children, network support and normative inhibitors with the dependent variable. The variables of appearance problems and physical problems among the whole sample are correlated with the dependent variable It was significant that this result was not achieved by gender segregation. Also, the Tendency to remarry was different according to the job variables and the level of literacy of the respondents. The regression analysis shows that the variables of appearance, mental, sexual problems, network support and normative inhibitors have explained more than 55% of the changes in the dependent variable, according to which the research model has good explanatory and predictive power. In general, it can be concluded that the desire to remarry among the elderly men of this city is more than the women and the issue of remarriage of the elderly should be placed as a priority of the responsible institutions and organizations.

One of the issues and problems of Feridounshahr, a city located in the Isfahan province of Iran, is the considerable number of elderly widows. This situation engenders multiple adverse outcomes, such as reduced self-efficacy, pervasive feelings of hopelessness, and decreased mental well-being. Therefore, conducting a thorough investigation into the factors impeding the remarriage of the elderly is an important research priority, motivated present paper to examine the desire to remarry among elderly widows in Feridunshahr city and the factors that influencing it.

Methods and data:

The statistical population included all 1254 elderly widows in Feridounshahr, with a sample size of 264 determined using Morgan's table. Data was collected through a researcher-designed questionnaire, distributed via proportional sampling. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed through form and content evaluations by experts, and reliability was established using the Cronbach's alpha test.

The data analysis suggests that as women age, their interest in remarriage decreases. Furthermore, the longer women remain widowed, the less inclined they are to remarry, a pattern that is not evident among male counterparts. Additionally, an increase in concerns about appearance correlates with a reduced desire to remarry, a finding that does not differ when considering gender separately; thus, gender does not significantly impact this outcome. The findings of the study indicate that increasing sexual and mental health challenges significantly lessen the remarriage interest among respondents. Similarly, an increase in physical health issues also leads to a decline in remarriage interest among the elderly, with no significant difference between genders. The data indicates that increased social interaction difficulties are associated with a decreased likelihood of remarriage, though this was not statistically significant for the men studied. It's noteworthy that a women's loyalty to their previous spouse inversely affects their remarriage interest, a pattern that is not evident in men or the general population studied. The research also shows that increased dependency on children diminishes the likelihood of remarriage for both men and women. Contrarily, women's financial capabilities and assets did not show a significant connection with the desire to remarry, thus not supporting the related hypotheses. However, social network support exhibits a significant relationship with remarriage desire, showing that changes in network support levels correspond with shifts in remarriage interest. Similarly, changes in normative inhibitions directly affect the desire to remarry. It is also highlighted that the remarriage tendency varies according to job roles and literacy levels of the individuals. Regression analysis further demonstrates that appearance, mental, sexual issues, network support, and normative barriers account for over 55% of the variance in the dependent variable, suggesting the research model's strong explanatory and predictive capabilities.

The rise in life expectancy and changes in the age pyramid's structure have led to an increase in both the elderly population and the duration of old age. This trend shows the need for focused attention and policy development to address the needs of the elderly. Among the most critical needs for this group is the enhancement of mental health, alleviation of loneliness, and prevention of depression. Furthermore, marriage serves as an effective means to quality of life indicators—encompassing physical, mental, health, and social aspects—among the elderly. However, this has been hindered by a multitude of cultural, customary barriers, and entrenched societal norms. It is imperative that this matter receives prioritized consideration from the relevant institutions and organizations.

Gender is one of the distinguishing factors of human health. This research was done in order to identify some social factors affecting the mental health of women and men. To analyze this issue. For this purpose, a field research was organized based on the survey method. Among married men and women aged 20-60 living in Kerman city, a sample of 600 people was selected and interviewed based on quota sampling method. The obtained results showed that the mean mental health score of men (23.5) is significantly higher than the mean mental health score of women (20.6). Also, the average score of "inequality in benefiting from resources and opportunities" is 73.6 for women and 54.8 for men. The score of "men's vulnerability in health" is (43) and the score of women's vulnerability is (46). In this way, it can be said that compared to men, women experience weaker mental health, less benefit from resources and opportunities, and a higher degree of vulnerability in health. Statistical analyzes showed that "inequality in benefiting from resources and opportunities"and "vulnerability in health" have a significant and negative effect on women's mental health. Gender inequalities have a reducing effect on women's mental health, both directly and through increased vulnerability in women's health. The findings indicate that there is a difference in the type of social factors affecting the mental health of men and women, and the analysis of women's mental health requires attention to the social conditions in which they live and gender analysis.

The aim of this study was to identify the causes of suicide and homicide in the Qajar period. This study has been done by content analysis method (quantitative and qualitative). The text under analysis was "police reports on the situation in Tehran during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar." The findings of this study showed that suicide in the Qajar era is a pervasive phenomenon. In all cases (except one), the means of suicide among men and women was "opium eating." In the Qajar era, women "attempted suicide" more than men, but the rate of "suicides leading to death" was higher in men than women. On the other hand, "economic poverty" was the most important cause of men's suicide. Nearly half of all male suicides were due to economic poverty, but the most important cause of female suicide was the experience of "domestic violence." No woman has committed suicide due to economic problems. Most women commit suicide in their husbands' homes after a conflict with their husbands. According to police reports, no man had attempted to kill his wife, but in several cases, women attempted to kill their husbands. Women usually committed suicide after repeated experiences of domestic violence, but sometimes tried to kill their husbands in revenge.

The population of the elderly in Iran is on the rise and the study of the health and disease status of these citizens indicates that they suffer from noncommunicable and chronic diseases which makes health-oriented preventive measures indispensable .This study is conducted to considerr the importance of health-oriented practices such as public sports in this age group and with the aim of investigating gender differences between participation in public sports and quality of life of the elders in Tehran. elders cover 7.8% of the total population in Tehran. In this survey, 400 old men and women were selected as the sample size. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The samples were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from 22 districts of Tehran. The results show that the quality of life  index of these two sexes participating in public sports is moderate, although the percentage of women with lower quality of life is higher than men and the percentage of men with higher quality of life is higher.A study of gender differences in the relationship between different dimensions of quality of life variable with the participation of the elderly in public sports shows that between the two variables dimension of social relationship satisfaction and role status (below quality of life index) with the variable of participation in public sports between women and. There is no correspondence between men and women participating in public sports; however, the qualities of life of the elderly of both sexes from all aspects show a strong relationship with participation in public sports.

The issue of gender and the resulting considerations in the field of educational policy-making have created common issues regardless of cultural and social differences in educational systems. Issues that identify and explain commonalities and differences can help us better understand the scope of issues related to gender and education and policy making. The present qualitative research has been conducted with the aim of identifying the nature of the issues governing the relationship between gender and education using systematic review. In this process, while evaluating domestic and foreign articles and researches related to gender and education in valid scientific databases, 39 Persian and English sources in three axes of identifying the dimensions, contexts and levels of gender and education in the final stage are analyzed. The results of this study indicate that the main challenge of educational systems in Western countries is at the level of educational structures and is influenced by the issue of rejecting or justifying gender segregation, while in Iran, the main challenge of gender considerations is at the curriculum level. In addition, it seems that the common ground of issues in this field in all educational systems is the issue of gender / gender differences influenced by anthropological principles, which explains the approach of that system to the issue of gender and the considerations arising from it.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the sociological gender differences in Iran according to development indicators among Maskan Bank employees,This research is a descriptive- analytical one and in terms of intervention data from a variety of quantitative research and survey method has been done,Required information was prepared and collected using a researcher questionnaire, and its statistical population is made up of all the staff of the MaskanBank across the country,According to Cochran formula, 372 people were selected as the statistical sample by classified sampling method,data analysis was also performed with descriptive and inferential statistics,According to the results of this study, there is a significant differences between male and female staff in quality of life index (t=3/ 498 , SIG= 0,000) and education lndex ( t=4/717, sig= 0,001) and health index (t=456,sig=0,002) as the important indicators in human development, and men are in a better position for Maskan Bank in terms of human development indicators than women,Overall the mean score of males in gender differences (4/40) was higher than the mean of females in the index (3/63) indicating that males had lower gender differences,Overall the results of the study show that the gender differences of Maskan Bank staff across the country are significant in terms of human develooment indicators, (t=4/889, sig= 0/000)

Plateau career structures re objective-subjective constructs, varying in size and type within different groups of society, and are influenced by individual abilities, organizational characteristics, and the subjective and subjective privileges and opportunities available to individuals. Undoubtedly one of the most important distinctions within any society is gender segregation and gender-based differentiation. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of sex on the rate and species of plateau by examining the rate and species of male and female occupational plateau occupation in Tehran and Ahvaz universities. Is the job more important or the impact of gender? The method of the study was survey and data collection was a questionnaire. According to the findings, the structural conditions of the university have a more decisive influence on the sex drive of the workplaces. This effect is more on the structural and content aspects of Ahvaz and Tehran University, respectively. Also, by comparison of means, there is a significant difference between women in the field of biodegradation and men in the field of occupation, according to averages. Therefore, the impact of university place of work, organizational justice, management style, and organizational culture on the types of plateauing was more decisive than gender.

This research presents a narration of  gender differences in elderly to understand multiple experiences using a critical and feminist gerontology theory. The qualitative method using semi-structured interview technique was used and  the voice and narration of elderlies in Tehran was listened (42 elderly). Finally, interview data were coded and categorized using thematic analysis method. Research results have shown that gender differences in aging depends on differences in economic capital (family assets ownership, job opportunity, retirement and income independence, economic responsibility), cultural and symbolic capital (education, cultural skills, health literacy, social status and social credibility, social capital (social relations, family capital) and health capital (physical health, psychological health, sexual health and social health) of the elderly men and women. Hence, ageing is not an identical experience among men and women and can be different experiences based on access to the capitals or inequality of the capitals. Accumulation of these capitals in the life course is based on gender differences and finally, these accumulated capitals make ageing life different between men and women.

Gender differences in cognition are not clear, because human cognition has been traditionally studied in the distance between biology and sociocultural factors. Given the wide-ranging social changes that have taken place in Iran over the last decade, the present study aimed to identify gender differences in cognitive abilities. To this end, a sample of 661 (including 353 boys and 308 girls) was selected from elementary school children based on stratified random sampling. The participants were measured and compared with other in terms of cognitive abilities. The results showed that girls, regardless of their age, have a better performance than boys in fluid reasoning, block design, forward and reverse digit spam, reading comprehension, symbol search, objects identification, math knowledge and achievement, delayed memory, audio distinction, and comprehensive knowledge. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the pattern of gender differences in cognition has changed to the favor girls in Iranian society as a result of different responses of girls and boys to social change. Since most girls have started from a lower level, they react to and take advantage of social changes more recklessly. It seems that this has also led to their cognitive superiority

This study evaluates the sociological approaches on gender differences in shaping and strengthening the depression of men and women. The key research question of this study is how do gender roles lead to varying levels of depression among married men and women? Theoretically, this study is based on a combination of the theories of role, power and gender, and self-silence. The research findings discussed in this article are based on a survey conducted in Tehran City. It includes a sample of 720 married men and women aged 20-45 years old. Generally speaking, the research results indicate the key fact that the level of depression varies substantially by male and female gender roles. This suggests that female gender roles increase the likelihood of being depressed, whereas male gender roles protect people against depression. Furthermore, the results show that the levels of self-silence and depression are positively and directly correlated.

Gender roles defined as the patterns of behavior which are approved by society and culture. In other words gender role is the way men and women doing to recognition as feminine and masculine and culture, and society accepted and encourage those behaviors as appropriate behavior for men and women. Present study aimed to study gender role attitude using Islamic gender role attitude scale. A sample of 400 male and female students at public universities including Allameh-Tabatabai University, Tehran University and the University of Kurdistan was drawn. Respondents were selected using random sampling method and data were collected with questionnaire. Results revealed that there were no traditional gender role attitude among students and all the respondents have professional and liberal attitude toward gender roles. There were significant gender differences between male and female in gender role attitude so that female students have more liberal attitude. In terms of ethnicity there were gender differences in Fars and Lur attitude, so that male have professional and female have liberal attitude. Among Kurdish respondents, male and female have liberal attitude while among Turkish, both male and female have traditional-professional attitude.

This study aims to explain gender roles among youth through assessing charity marketing. This is a semi experimental study, pretest and posttest design with an experimental group and a control group. Statistical population were students of Mazandaran University. Through the matched sample for the test group and control group 10 cases were detected. In this study, people were exposed to a film of a public-service advertisement. Before and after each film a blood sample was taken from each individual. Participants answered a questionnaire that aimed to measure the variable of intent to donate. Finally each person was given a certain amount of gift card to decide whether to help that charity or not. To analyze the data and test the hypotheses SPSS18 was used. Results show that there is no significant difference between men and women in the amount of oxytocin hormone, intent to donate to charitable activities and donation amount to charitable activities.

Gender is an important variable which its impact on personality and sensation seeking has been studied in various researches. In some cases the results were inconsistent, which can indicate the role of culture on these relationships. Hence, the present study with the aim of determining gender differences in five factor model of personality and sensation seeking in Tehran university students was performed. Sample of 177 undergraduate students (108 female and 69 male) were selected from University of Tehran using cluster sampling. The NEO-PI-R Questionnaire (Costa and McCrae, 1992) and Sensation Seeking Scale form V (Zuckerman, 1978) were used as instruments. According to the findings, significant difference in big five factors of personality was found between female and male students. Girls showed significantly higher scores on openness to experience and agreeableness compared with boys. Moreover, sensation seeking of boys was significantly different from girls (P

This paper studies the effect of gender differences in mate preference in one of the major Iranian online dating services. To best of our knowledge, there are only few similar studies conducted with this objective focusing on Iran. A quantitate approach is utilized in this paper which is inferred from a database of approximately 84 thousands of users from various geographical location inside Iran. Statistical analysis of this paper concentrates on two important criteria; (1) Personal/Parental qualities (which includes: honesty, kindness, faith and trustworthiness, fidelity, being funny and loving travel) and (2) Attractiveness/Social Status (which includes: looks, education, income, family status and being born in Tehran). The study concludes that men tends to prefer qualities such as looks, honesty and fidelity while women mostly prefer qualities such as being born in Tehran, education, faith and trustworthiness, family status and income over other qualities

Gender clichés are created and derived from social norms، values، beliefs، and attitudes which define and determine specific characteristics for men and women in society. However، such prefabricated patterns for individuals would set up barriers for individual development and progress with regard to the peculiar features of modern societies and the possibilities it provides for individuals. Therefore، the present study investigates the relationship between gender clichés accepted by men and women and their social health. this study was conducted through an experimental-descriptive survey method. The samples included 384 participants who were selected through cluster sampling from the population which involved men and women from 18 to 29 in Tehran. Participants responded to the questionnaires which served as the research instrument. The findings of this study revealed that reinforcing the definitions that men have for themselves according to the gender clichés would lead to their positive rating from their efficiency in the society، since the male clichés includes positive definitions and confirmation in the society. On the contrary، women fail to have an active and positive participation in the society due to the negative clichés about them in society. The findings for the relationship between gender clichés and social health were different for men and women. While there was a linear and meaningful relationship between gender clichés and social acceptance for women، there was a linear and meaningful relationship between gender clichés and integration، adaptation، and social prosperity. According the findings of the present study، reinforcing the positive gender clichés would increase the sense of usefulness in society، mainly for men، and on the other hand reinforcing the negative gender clichés in women with low education levels would lead to hindering the positive features for individual and social development and progress.

The purpose of the research was to analyze the effective factors of Iranians’ social capital and to identify gender differences. A survey has been carried out and based on the data, collected by the questionnaire, it became apparent that: 1. Capital, drawing from interpersonal trust, seemed to be the lowest. 2. Iranians’ social capital was mainly affected by gender variables, social constructs and cultural norms, which was compatible with Putnam and Norris findings. 3. Women’s Interpersonal trust was lower than men, yet the interactional norms and institutional trust were higher. Women tend to spend more time with their families, as men tend to interact more with friends and colleagues.

The role of religion and its influence on different aspects of social life has always been under the attention of sociologists of religion but gender differences, its reasons and factors, have often been overlooked. Even research on this subject sometimes leads to inconsistent results. Generally, such research shows that women outdo men in prayers, religious activities and religious beliefs. There are so many different opinions about the reasons of such differences. Some attribute it to position structure, some to gender orientations and gender socialization, some to personal differences and some to the theory of risk aversion. Therefore, given the importance of the subject, little available research about it, and different, sometimes contradictory findings, it is essential to study the role of gender in religiosity, addressing questions such as: are women and men equally religious in our society? Are there any differences between women and men in terms of religiosity? Does research on different religions confirm these findings? Can power structure in family explains women’s greater religiosity? The present study attempts to answer these questions. Despite different research that shows women outdo men in prayers, religious activities and religious beliefs, Lowenthal believes that these differences depend on the culture and tradition of each religion. He states that any religion differentiates between religious obligations of men and women. Islam and Judaism, for example, place less strenuous duties upon women than upon men. In Judaism, women are not required to pray with a congregation and in Islam women should not enter mosques during their menstruation. Therefore, women are expected to pay less attention to the place of worship and to take part in some religious activities less often than men. In Christianity and Hinduism, in contrast, women are more religiously active than men. Hindu women are more willing to go to temples and probably Muslim and Jewish men do more religious activity than women and this is in contrast to Christians and Hindus. Loewenthal suggests that such differences lead us to expect different gender effects between Christians, Muslims and Jews. He concludes that although women are more religious than men, they do less religious activities than men do. In Christianity, women are more religious than men. In Hinduism, Islam and Judaism, men are more religious than women. Lowenthal attributes such differences to traditions and cultural norms of religions, whereby he negates this general principle that women are more religious than men (Loewenthal, 2001). To justify reasons of such differences, Miller and Stark believe that such gender differences have a physiological origin, resulting from risk priority. They suggest that men show more risky behaviors because of their risk priority and women are more religious due to their physiological nature of risk aversion. Extending the control-power theory of Hagan and colleagues and accepting risk-priority theory of Miller and Stark, Collet believes that these differences have a social origin, whereby gender differences in religiosity is linked to power structure of family and is thus explained. He states that boys in patriarchal families are encouraged to show more risky behaviors and girls are restricted to do so. Such gender differences seem to be lesser in egalitarian families. According to this theory, patriarchal or egalitarian families, by showing different behaviors, cause different gender socializations in children, which continue until adulthood. Since girls in patriarchal families are controlled more than girls in egalitarian families, they show risk aversion more and therefore are more religious. In view of the theoretical approaches of this research, which are based on the opinions of Loewenthal and Collet, we examine the following assumptions: women are more religious than men; religiosity is not equal in different religions; women living in patriarchal families adhere to religious values and are more religious. The present study is a national survey research which has been carried out by means of questionnaire and multistage cluster sampling. The research data are based on the findings of the project for studying global values. Statistical population of the research consists of all people above the age of 16 in Iran, who were chosen by using Cochran Formula with a sample volume of 2275. Variables of religiosity, father's influence and patriarchy were conceptualized and operationalized and then used in testing research's assumptions by such measures as Cramer’s V and phi. Discussion of Results & According to findings of the research, women are significantly more religious than men in all components of religiosity, including; religious values, religious beliefs, personal religious duties, religious consequences, thinking about meaning of life, prayer to God in addition to religious practices and belief in peacefulness of religion. In Iran, there are gender differences in religiosity and it can be said that women are more religious than men. Therefore, the first assumption (women are more religious than men) is confirmed. The only exception is that men take part in religious rituals more than women, but not in a significant level. This also verifies Loewenthal’s assertion that women do less religious activity than men do. Also, gender differences are not equal among Iranian Shias, Sunnis and Christians. The differences among Sunnis are more than among Shias, being in favor of women in both sects. But there is no gender difference among Christians. Therefore, the second assumption which, based on Loewenthal’s theory, asserts that gender differences in religiosity is culture-specific and vary among Christians, Muslims and Jews, is accepted.Loewenthal asserts that women take part in religious activities less than men. This is confirmed with regard to Shias and Sunnis, but not with regard to Christians. He also asserts that Muslim women are less religious than Muslim men, which is not acceptable according to the findings of this research.As mentioned before, Collet link gender differences to the power structure of family, asserting that girls who have been raised in patriarchal families have higher risk aversion and therefore are more religious. According to the findings of this research, however, these assumptions are not statistically acceptable. Therefore, the assertion that religiousness of women depends on the type of family (patriarchal or egalitarian) is rejected. The third assumption which, based on Collet theory, asserts that women in patriarchal families are more religious is rejected. These findings are highly important in view of sociological theory, because in the contemporary world in which power structure in most societies, including Iran, proceeds towards egalitarianism (Inglehart, 1993), (Azadarmaki, 2010), the rejection of this relation may denote the emergence of new structures in families and the possibility to preserve religious inclinations at the same time. The fact is that that acceptance of egalitarianism by families does not necessarily mean a reduction in religiosity. Considering gender studies which often emphasize discrimination against women due to social backgrounds and their inequality with men in some social aspects, studies such as the present one, which shows that gender differences are in favor of women, can have a positive effect on women. Their awareness about such abilities can help them play a more efficient role in their family and in their society, whereby improving their living standards and develop a better generation. In view of the importance of the subject, it is recommended that quantitative and qualitative studies to be conducted on gender differences in religiosity, its reasons and its contributing factors.