جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « labor market » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The artistic labor market is characterized by unique features such as job insecurity, low wages, and income instability. One of the most distinctive aspects, compared to conventional economic theories of the labor market, is the multiple job-holding among artists. Despite a growing body of literature in cultural economics that discusses this phenomenon, the determinants of multiple job-holding in the artistic and creative labor markets remain largely underexplored. It is of significance to note that the methodology of economics focuses on establishing a well-restricted framework of determinants, rather than listing all possible factors. This approach enables policymakers to effectively monitor and, if necessary, adjust a limited set of variables to achieve broader economic and social goals related to a particular phenomenon. This paper aims to identify the determinants of multiple job-holding among artists by analyzing the underlying infrastructures of the market for arts and cultural goods and services. The research question of this study is:Which market infrastructures significantly explain the variations in multiple job-holding among calligraphers?
Although the importance of examining this issue extends beyond the artistic and creative labor markets, fundamental changes in labor markets over recent decades have led to an increase in non-standard and precarious forms of work, such as temporary employment, multiple job-holding, project-based work, and involuntary self-employment. Therefore, understanding artists' experiences and their strategies for coping with precarious work is crucial for analyzing the broader labor market.

The present inquiry identifies the determinants of multiple job-holding among artists by examining the infrastructures of the art goods and services market through a literature review and interviews with experts. The data were collected via a researcher-designed questionnaire from 33 calligraphy artists residing in Mashhad. To establish a well-restricted framework of these determinants, one- and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied, controlling for the effect of the artist’s presence in a prosperous market. This approach clarifies which explanatory variable(s) serve as key determinants in explaining changes in the dependent variable. A notable advantage of this method is its ability to handle variables that are multi-ordered rather than simply binary. Additionally, ANOVA allows for both univariate analysis—testing the explanatory power of changes in a single independent variable—and bivariate analysis, which tests the impact of changes in two independent variables, both individually and in interaction with each other. Overall, the use of ANOVA, particularly in a two-way or, if necessary, multi-way design, enables the researcher to reduce the problem’s dimensions from numerous, potentially correlated, or causally related factors to a limited set of determining factors.

After accounting for the impact of an artist’s presence in a prosperous market, the vast majority of these infrastructures have independently demonstrated a significant ability to explain differences in the levels of multiple job-holding among calligraphers. Subsequently, with the aim of reducing the complexity of the issue and achieving a well-defined theoretical framework, a two-way ANOVA method was employed, leading to the identification of nine infrastructures as key determinants of multiple job-holding among artists from the 28 reviewed: copyright, access to credit, business startup costs, psychological income, declining demand for calligraphy, the share of government commissions, differences between primary and secondary market characteristics, market thinness, and the role of exhibitions, festivals, and expos.
The findings indicate significant two-way interactions between many of these determinants and the demand-side infrastructures of the market, as well as between financial development and the development of art market infrastructures. There is also a notable interaction between the psychic income derived from artistic activities—often cited as the primary reason artists accept non-artistic jobs—and the market structure, as well as between the declining use of calligraphy and the underdeveloped business environment in explaining artists' multiple job-holding. Additionally, the share of government demand emerges as the most significant factor in explaining artists' multiple job-holding. The marked disparity between the level of institutional development in the mass market versus the deep-pocket market, the extreme thinness of the calligraphy market—even compared to other art markets—and the lack of frequent specialized expos further intensify the incentives for artists to take on multiple jobs.

Empirical evidence highlights several determinants of multiple job-holding among artists: the demand-driven nature of these determinants, the weak real-financial mutual linkages (both on the supply side and the demand side of financial services), the connection between market structure infrastructures and psychic income, the exacerbation of negative effects due to the declining use of calligraphy in an underdeveloped business environment, the allocation of government demand without a pre-announced rule, the underdeveloped institutional environment of the mass market, market thinness, and the lack of participation in specialized expos. To address the issue of multiple job-holding among artists, the development of demand-side infrastructures should be prioritized in any agenda for art market development. Additionally, enhancing financial instruments and institutions for development finance in the arts, improving the business environment, reducing barriers to market entry, refining regulations and procedures of the Iran Calligraphers Association to reduce labor market frictions for members, ensuring a fairer distribution of government demand among artists (particularly benefiting young artists in the mass market), and holding specialized expos periodically can all contribute to improving the labor market situation for artists.

Recent research has confirmed the crucial role of social security in promoting social justice. However, despite its significance, these services are sometimes deemed unnecessary by both employers and workers. This can lead to insurance evasion.

The study was conducted using a qualitative research method based on grounded theory, during which 14 experts of the Social Security Organization were selected using a purposive sampling technique. These people responded to the main question of the research (identification of the factors affecting insurance evasion) during structured and issue-oriented interviews.

After analyzing the data, the core category was identified as “insurance evasion, short-term profit-making of stakeholders, and long-term instability in the production of collective good social welfare.” This central phenomenon is influenced by several causal conditions, including “lack of awareness among actors about the benefits of insurance,” “successive waves of economic crises,” “complexity and ambiguity in laws and regulations,” and “the lack of an effective monitoring and evaluation system.”  Additionally, the findings revealed that social actors encountering this issue have implemented strategies such as “prioritizing income for the labor force”, “associating labor based on bribery/threats”, and “neglect of insurance benefits”. These strategies have resulted in consequences such as “the challenge of financing the uninsured workforce” and “the gradual and increasing collapse of income/cost of insurance companies”.

The insurance evasion occurs under the influence of economic and structural factors. The inflation economic crises, and deficiencies in the social security laws regarding the determination of insurance payment and insurance styles affect the performance of capital and labor owners more than any other factor.

The transition of graduates from various levels of the education system, whether it be from schools or universities, into the labor market has become a significant concern in many countries. This concern arises from the realization that a rising unemployment rate, particularly among educated youth, can have numerous economic and social repercussions for societies. Extensive research conducted by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2019 and the CEDEFOP in 2020 has highlighted the critical role of the mismatch between Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and the demands of the labor market in exacerbating the unemployment crisis in low and middle-income countries. Consequently, recognizing the importance of establishing a harmonious relationship between TVET and workforce employment within the labor market, this study aimed to address the following question: To what extent does a balance or imbalance exist between the representation of TVET and employment in the three key sectors of industry, services, and agriculture within the country? With this objective in mind, this research endeavored to provide an overview of the current state of affairs concerning the presence or absence of equilibrium between TVET and employment within the country, while also underscoring the necessity of revising the educational development process based on the requirements of the labor market within this particular educational subsystem.

The present study was an applied research conducted using a quantitative approach and employing a descriptive-analytical method. Secondary research methodology was utilized in this study. The statistical data sources for this study comprised registration statistics of graduates from technical and vocational high schools at the second level, individuals, who have acquired skills through informal training offered by the TVT Organization, as well as graduates from Technical and Vocational Universities and Comprehensive Scientific-Applied Universities during the academic year of 2019/20. These data were categorized according to industry, services, and agriculture clusters. Additionally, data from the labor force census plan in the academic year of 2019/20 were also incorporated. Sampling and data verification processes were conducted using a complete counting approach and all the recorded data were included in the analysis. To address the research questions, descriptive-fuzzy tests, such as averages and standard deviations, were employed, along with inferential tests, such as single-group t-tests, ANOVA, and the TOPSIS and TOPSIS-A methods for data analysis.

The research findings shed light on the current state of compatibility between employment and technical, vocational, and skill training within the sectors of industry, agriculture, and services of the country. Both the descriptive and fuzzy sections of the study revealed a lack of satisfactory alignment between training and employment nationwide with a significant mismatch observed across all three sectors. Specifically, the results indicated that mismatch existed in all clusters, with industry and agriculture experiencing a more pronounced disparity. The mismatch within the services and agriculture clusters primarily stemmed from a shortage of technical, vocational, and skill graduates in the fields related to these sectors. On the other hand, the imbalance within the industry cluster was attributed to an excess of technical, vocational, and skill training surpassing the demands of the labor market. This discrepancy characterized by a shortage of training in the services cluster and an oversupply of training in the industry cluster reflects a common characteristic of less developed societies. It stands in contrast to prevailing and future employment trends worldwide. Unquestionably, this trajectory will inevitably lead to a crisis of mismatch and a surge in unemployment in the country's labor market. In conclusion, the research findings underscored the urgent need to address the imbalance between training and employment in the country. A comprehensive review and revision of the education system, specifically tailored to meet labor market demands within this particular subsystem, are imperative. By aligning technical, vocational, and skill training with the evolving needs of industries in the country, the nation can navigate towards a more harmonious and prosperous labor market, thereby mitigating the risks associated with mismatch and unemployment in the future.

Human resources is one of the most important factors of production that plays an effective role in the economic growth and development of the country. The Human Resources market is more sensitive compared to other markets; because in addition to being affected by economic factors, it is also affected by social and demographic factors. In this research, the determinants of labor supply in Iran were studied by developing a system model based on the qualitative system dynamics Approach. This method helps the policymakers to get a deep understanding of the complexities and delays in the system by seeing the different fields as interdependent. The labor force participation rate as the proportion of the working-age population of a country that is active (employed or unemployed) in the labor market is an indication of the relative supply of labor. The paper uses expert opinions and previous research to identify demographic, economic, and social factors that affect labor force participation, such as marriage, fertility, retirement, immigration, economic growth, job opportunities, human capital, and corruption. According to the results, with the increase in GDP and consequently the increase in job opportunities, the probability of finding a job increases, and foreign migrations decrease. This path, together with the increase in the retirement age and the reduction of corruption, which faces the path of economic growth with many obstacles, can lead to an increase in the labor supply.

Employment is a key area for growth and self-fulfillment. Women have always faced many challenges since long ago, especially in developing countries, to achieve this goal under the influence of various historical, social and cultural contexts. Employment of women in Iran has an unequal position compared to men. These gender differences in the labor market can be identified both through the statistics and figures published about the level of economic participation of women in the Iranian society and through the discriminations in the work environment, such as taking low and less advantageous organizational positions by women compared to men. Despite the national development programs as well as the development of women's skills, abilities and education in recent years, the challenges facing them in the labor market still remain. Therefore, the present research aims to identify and achieve a coherent understanding of women's strategies to achieve employment with a qualitative and in-depth approach. In this regard, the conditions governing the adoption of any strategy by working women in medium job positions should be determined in terms of income and status.

Literature review:

Recent studies have confirmed the fact that the process of finding employment for women is influenced by some macro-demographic, cultural-social, individual, psychological and economic factors. In general, the findings of these studies, which are often carried out with a quantitative approach, indicate that women based on several variables such as age, education, capabilities, self-confidence, self-belief, having family support and access to financial resources, have different experiences in the job search process. The results of some other sociological researches show that a major part of women's bad luck in obtaining favorable job opportunities is due to the lack of attention of government and public institutions and inappropriate policies in order to ensure women have balanced privileges in the workplace. It should be noted that the findings of some other studies show that the media and social networks facilitate the job search process, especially in the field of controlling and adjusting traditional structures.

The present research, with a qualitative approach and based on interpretive methodology (grounded theory), has investigated the experiences and identification of women's strategies in obtaining job opportunities. The statistical population of this research consists of working women with average job positions in terms of income and status in Mashhad. In order to determine the sample size, two methods of targeted sampling and snowball were used, thus 19 working women were interviewed. In order to achieve theoretical saturation, the researchers implemented and analyzed the data after conducting each interview in order to identify the hidden aspects of the data and non-transparent data. In the continuation, the existing findings were completed by taking new interviews until reaching a clear picture of the phenomenon under study. Based on this, the data collection process continued until reaching the saturation stage.
Validity and reliability in the present research were measured using Guba and Lincoln's four-step approach. Based on this, numerous referrals and long-term presence in job search centers and continuous observation of the behavior of the main actors of the labor market on both sides of job seekers and suppliers were made. Also, the diversity of the respondents in terms of having multiple career records and experiences and different socio-economic bases was emphasized during sampling and data collection. Finally, the use of open-ended questions during interviews and the systematic coding of interviews at an open, axial and selective level during data analysis was one of the other strategies of researchers to fulfill the criteria of validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability in this research.

The analysis of the data of the present research led to the formulation of the central phenomenon under the title "Women's job search: balance between identity search, security seeking and independence seeking". This phenomenon has been affected by a set of causal conditions such as "unmet economic needs", "concentration of working women in peripheral social networks" and "role-identity challenges". Also, the background conditions include "increasing expansion of unstable job opportunities in the labor market" and "evolution in the criteria for validating women in Iranian society" and intervening conditions such as "education", "marriage and economic experiences related to it" and "lived experience of women in Father's house" have had an effect on the identified central phenomenon. To face the central phenomenon, the studied women use strategies such as "wandering in the labor market", "entrepreneurial experiences", "job search based on previous experiences", and "relying on peripheral social networks "," utilizing sexual capital and appeal to official organizations. Also, they have reported consequences such as "prioritization of income over job security", "redefinition of women's identity based on employment", "relative economic independence of women" and "gradual feminization of the labor market".

The results of the research show that women, under the influence of positive or motivational factors, tend to get a job outside their place of residence. It can be said that women who have pursued the job search process at least once in a serious and goal-oriented manner have been affected by factors such as unmet economic needs, the density of working women in social networks, role and identity challenges, as well as having professional skills and qualifications.
 Finally, the results of this research confirm the findings of some previous studies that women's individual characteristics are more effective than social, cultural and structural factors in their job search process. In this effort to enter the labor market by women, two main elements under the title of job security and identification are given priority over economic independence. An important part of middle-class women's efforts for employment can be seen in the light of this prioritization. In fact, being in job positions attracts women's interest more than to achieve economic benefits, because of its identity and dignity creation. Finally, in the shadow of employment and in the process of searching for desirable job opportunities, women learn about independent and effective lifestyles in society.
Therefore, in the policy making of the employment field, emphasis should be placed on creating a platform for flexible career experiences for women, taking into account the requirements of their personal and family life. Also, the optimization of the legal protection system for women in the workplace should be considered.

The purpose of the present research is to identify and rank the employment barriers of university graduates in the Iranian labor market. This research is among the applied researches that have been conducted with a mixed exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) approach. The qualitative part was done using the meta-analysis method and as a result, during a seven-step process, a total of 52 documents were selected and analyzed as samples of the qualitative part. The quantitative part of the research was also done using the descriptive method and using the survey method. Sampling was done using criterion sampling technique and80 experts participated in the research. Qualitative part data was analyzed by content analysis method, using thematic content analysis technique and with the help of MAXQDA20 software, and quantitative part data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and using structural equation modeling technique with the help of Smart PLS software. The findings of the qualitative section in the form of 7 factors including; Economic, educational, structural, political, business, cultural and human resources factors were calculated. Also, the results of the expert opinion survey showed that other than the human resource factor, other factors can be considered as obstacles to the employment of university graduates in the Iranian labor market, among which the economic factor is the most important and the cultural factor is the least important. The general results of the research show that in order to remove these obstacles and get out of the existing situation, measures such as; It is inevitable to revise university educations, create culture, launch a comprehensive labor market information system, revise university courses, etc.

Increasing female labor force participation (FLFP) can improve the socioeconomic situation of nations and lead to sustainable development of societies. Therefore, the variable of female participation in the labor market and its determinants is one of the basic issues that have been frequently addressed in economic studies. This study examines the effect of economic growth on the participation of females in the labor market among Asian Muslim countries during 1995 to 2019 using a panel model. The results of the study indicate that if individual effects are not considered in estimating the panel data, as in previous studies, the U-shaped relationship between economic growth and female participation rates is confirmed among the set of countries considered. However if differences between countries are considered, this relationship is rejected. It is highlighted that considering the cross-country differences leads to clarification of unique dominated institutions in countries on FLFP as well as correct specification of the effect of economic growth on FLFP.

This study aims to analyze the context forming gender inequality in the job market and employment through a phenomenological qualitative approach based on the lived experiences of women living in Tehran. Hence, a semi-structured interview was conducted on 23 women from 18 to 68 years old, who were selected through purposive sampling to analyze the context of gender inequality in the job market and employment. Colaizzi’s method of data analysis was utilized. Additionally, coding the text of the interviews was done manually. In total, three categories, ten subcategories, and 59 concepts were extracted. According to the research results, the “Belief in gendered division of labor” category, consisting of “The breadwinning of men,” “Femininity and its necessities,” and “The status of women in private” subcategories; the “Institualization of women’s inferiority” category, consisting of “the socialization of women,” “the submission of women,” and “male-oriented gender stereotypes” subcategories; and the “predominance of patriarchal paradigms” category, consisting of “belief in the superiority of men,” “the domination of men,” “the innate empowerment of men,” and “neglecting the power of women in the job market” subcategories are some of the context forming this phenomenon, which has been reinforced in the cultural context ruling over society and families while they are constantly being produced and reproduced.

The purpose of this study is to understand how and why of the exclusion of poor rural immigrants to Tehran in the labor market. In this research, the basic theory method is used, which is a qualitative method. The study population is the heads of urban poor households living in districts 17, 18 and 19 of Tehran, which was selected by purposive sampling and continued until theoretical saturation. After the coding process, the research findings based on the paradigm model of the research are divided into five axes: causal conditions, intervening conditions, context, strategies and consequences, and the nuclear category was obtained as social exclusion from the formal labor market. In this article, the causal conditions are discussed. According to the participants, these conditions include four main categories (weakness of economic capital, weakness of human capital, unfavorable economic conditions and unfavorable working environment conditions). The research findings show that many poor people living in the study areas, who had a rural origin, have experienced all kinds of exclusion in the formal labor market after migrating to Tehran. Meanwhile, unfavorable economic conditions such as economic sanctions, the spread of Coronavirus, mechanization of production and provision of services and the presence of foreign nationals have affected the vulnerability and exclusion of people from the formal labor market. Also, unfavorable working conditions such as low income and lack of social support and physical and psychological harm and exploitation have led to their exclusion from the labor market.

The aim of this study was to investigate the empowerment strategies of women heads of households under the auspices of the General Welfare Department of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province to enter the labor market.

The approach of the present study is qualitative and the study method is Delphi technique. The research sample consisted of 10 experts who were selected by purposive and non-probabilistic sampling. The Delphi method continued in four rounds. Frequency, mean, standard deviation and agreement coefficient were used to analyze the results.

Kendall coordination coefficient for the answers in the fourth round was equal to 0.63, which showed the level of agreement of experts at the desired level. Delphi results showed that job training, home-based job training, structural reform, social skills training, increasing self-efficacy, self-esteem, motivation, resource allocation, eliminating gender discrimination in access to resources, enacting supportive laws and directing talent play an important role.

Empowers women heads of households to enter the job market. According to the obtained results, it seems that paying attention to a set of psychological, economic, social and legal factors is effective in empowering women heads of households to enter the labor market.

In 1994 and as a part of an already adopted approach of “Marketization of the public sector”, the Iranian state introduced a novel type of “precarious jobs”, a group of even less legal and occupational identification and support, “Sherkati-ha”, also known as the “Agency workers”. Based upon a rather comprehensive examination of the history of this formal, yet furtive, introduction and implementation, this study shows that the Iranian state has gone through a desultory process of minimalizing the “responsibilities” in the case of “Sherkati-ha”, while in effect, has met none of its proclaimed economic objectives. Suffice it to say, the free-market-based agenda of the state has been hardly effectual, either in keeping the state untouched by the ramifications of this “mass exclusion” or in coming up with the supposedly smart “pricing” of the contributed labor. All in all, the paradigmatic shift to the neoliberal ideologies in Iran has failed to realize the very bases of the “decent job” policies. That is, the promises of supporting the cooperatives and trade unions, and sponsoring the national plans of workforce training, have been neglected systematically.

One of the distinctive features of labor market in Iran is the issue of unemployment. In addition to economic and social costs, unemployment has serious effects on the health of individuals. This study aimed to investigate the mental health status of the economically active population (employed and unemployed) in the city of Tehran trying to give an account of the social and cultural parameters affecting the mental health of the population studied. For this purpose, a deductive approach was adopted and a causal theoretical framework was developed from Jahoda’s latent deprivation model.
The research method was survey and questionnaire technique was used for data collection. The statistical population of the study included the economically active residents of Tehran among whom 400 individuals were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling using Cochran’s sample size formula. The General Health Questionnaire and employment latent and manifest benefits scale were used to measure the mental health, the components of latent deprivation of employment.
T-test results showed that the employed individuals had a better mental health status than the unemployed. Employed individuals had more benefit of the manifest and latent benefits of employment than the unemployment individuals. The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that employment impact with a beta coefficient of (0.327), latent benefits (0.345) and manifest benefit (-0.215) were, respectively, the strongest predictors of mental health among the employed and unemployed individuals..

Throughout the history, women have played an outstanding role in social, political, and economic transformations. Today, despite widespread developments in humanities and natural sciences, women contribution in economic and occupational activities is still low. In developmental plans, a question that is often posed is whether or not women limited contribution is due to traditional and religious beliefs. In this research, 16 developed and developing countries (bothMuslim and non-Muslim) were selected and the status of women in Muslim and non-Muslim countries was compared through statistical analyses of women contribution in the labor market of these countries. Ultimately, through numerical taxonomy it was shown that the countries that have provided better occupational conditions for women enjoy better economic indices, and religious differences have played no role in women rate of contribution.

Achieving full employment is the most important economic issues mentioned in the vision statement of Iran in 1404. Employment prevents the community from many of the social anomaly and also provides a relatively safe and secure area for community. However, current studies indicate that labor market development, such as creating jobs, is highly influenced by geographical location. Hence, it is expected that labor market development in the border provinces does not differ from non-border provinces. Furthermore, the security has influenced by this distinctions .Accordingly, this paper tries to investigate the possible differences between labor market development and its impact on security measures in the border provinces. Using data from border and non-border provinces in Iran during the Forth Development Plan, the results of this study indicated a significant correlation between the levels of labor market development and the security measures. In policy making perspective, this findings show that developing labor market in border provinces can increase the security factors, and this can boost the national production.

During the past two decades the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) capabilities in gender inequality reduction have been greatly emphasized in the manner that such capabilities led to a common sense hypothesis that ICT would be able to compensate some other determinant factors of women participation in society. But recent studies, however, despite confirming a significant impact of ICT on reducing gender inequality suggest that the structural factors have much more (or the greatest) impact on gender inequality than ICT. This paper is to assess the above proposition, while emphasizing woman participation in labor market. To do that we developed a basic econometric model and estimated it through Panel Data technique separately for 1990- 2008 as long run and 1990- 99 & 2000-08 as short run periods for selected groups of developed and developing countries (including Iran). Although the results imply that ICT has had significant effect on increasing women share in labor market, yet the effect of structural factors (such as social & cultural ones) is more significant. It seems that ICT as a complementary factor (besides structural ones) could facilitate elimination of gender inequality.

In recent years despite the rise in the number of women who have graduated from universities women’s participation in the labor market has not been increased proportionally. The present study tries to examine the employment status of women graduates of higher education as well as of social and demographic factors affecting it. In this study، secondary analysis of data from 2% sample of Census 1385 is used. The statistical population was female higher education graduates of over 20 residing in Tehran. The findings show that women have mostly graduated in social sciences، business and law. Over 90 percent of employed women are salaried by public or private section and less than 8 percent of them own managerial positions. They are mostly active in educational، health care، and assistance areas. The results of double variable analysis show that except recent immigration variable there is significant relationship among independent variables (age، education، marital status، having children، number of children، field of study، and permanent migration) and the rate of employed women who are higher education graduates. The results of multi-variable studies show that female university graduates of 35 to 49 have more opportunity to hold a job. Also women who have not migrated to Tehran in the last 10 years (1375-1385) have had more luck to have a job. In therms of fields of study، humanities females graduated in educational fields compared to humanities and arts have a greater rate of employment.

Intuition: Poverty results in many different problems which adversely affect one's quality of life. Children build future of every society. The better development of the children, the better society in the future will be. Children in poverty are more vulnerable than the adults, because they are more dependent on the supports of the parents and their environments. The main aim of this study is to identify status of the children in poverty, which can provide a guideline for the policy makers and enabled them to tackle child poverty and to optimally design targeting schemes. This study provides detailed picture of child poverty in 22 different districts of city of Tehran in 2008. To this end, Foster, Greer, Thorbecke (1984) poverty index is used. Child poverty is identified with their head of household's characteristics, including their education level, gender, age, and size of the household. Results and Some of the most important results of this study are as follows: The highest rate of child poverty locates in district 19 of Tehran and the lowest rate in district 3. Children at the households whose heads are deprived of higher education qualification with informal job, are more likely to be poor. The highest rate of child poverty occurs at the families whose heads are female, without higher education qualification and active in informal labor market. The rate of child poverty at the households whose heads have not higher education qualification is twice as those with the qualification.