جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پیشگیری » در نشریات گروه « فقه و حقوق »

Social developments, especially in the field of criminal law and criminology, have a significant impact on crime prevention and fighting. This article examines the various dimensions of these impacts, including changes in crime patterns, increases or decreases in specific crimes, and adaptation of policies and laws to social needs. Social developments, in the field of criminal law and criminology, have not only led to changes in criminal patterns, but also created new challenges and opportunities to fight crime. This article tries to improve the mechanisms and legal policies to deal with crime and maintain the security of the society by examining these effects more deeply and analyzes various aspects of this relationship. Social changes, including changes in family structure, increase in technology, and economic changes, have affected crime patterns. For example, the increased use of cyber space may lead to digital crimes. People may find new ways to commit crimes with changes in social conditions, and this requires new and updated research in the field of criminal law and criminology. In addition, the number of specific crimes has also been affected. For example, during times of social change, some crimes may increase, while others decrease. This article emphasizes in detail the type and frequency of these crimes and tries to analyze the causes of these changes. In this context, policies and legal laws must also be synchronized with social developments. Compliance of these policies with the needs of the society ensures the increase of productivity in dealing with crime and the maintenance of public safety. In general, the article deals with the deep analysis of the effects of social changes on the field of criminal law and criminology and pays attention to the improvement of policies and strategies in this field.

Nowadays, legal experts have largely neglected economic corruption and its unpleasant impacts on stability and social security. Disordering the country's economic security, like other violations of law has various manifestations in terms of the unity and plurality of its perpetrators. But in recent years, the desire to commit economic corruption through the formation of gangs and criminal groups has increased to take advantage of hiding from the country's economic anti-sabotage system and consequently living for a long time, on one hand, and have been encouraged to the formation of family gangs in major economic corruptors due to the lack of sufficient trust in people who are not related to them on the other hand. This trend disrupts the economic stability of the country through illegal currency buying and carpeting, money laundering, fraud, smuggling, etc. Despite the repeated statements of the Supreme Leader about the need to protect the country's economic system against economic corruption, the legislators have not paid enough attention to comprehensive legislation to prevent damage to the country's economic order by abusive intra-family relationships. This neglect leads to the passive confrontation of the judicial structure with the formation of family gangs that cause economic corruption on a big scale. This legislative and judicial gap justifies the importance of conducting research concerning this issue.  In this regard, the main question of this research is what is the extent of the duties and powers of the Islamic ruler regarding eradicating economic imbalances facilitated through family relationships? This research uses the analytical-descriptive method and observes the actions of the legislative and judicial authorities to reform the legislative procedure and, as a result, issue judicial warranties aligned with the implementation of the general orders of the Supreme Leader to fight against economic corruption.

The use of data and computer systems as the subject and means of committing a crime is one of the manifestations of the negative link between these technologies and criminal law. The purpose of this research is to identify the challenges of the Iranian police in the search and seizure of data and the system in the prevention and detection of crime. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of its type and in the category of qualitative research. By using library resources and interviews with university experts, data has been collected and analyzed by qualitative content analysis method. The findings indicate that the police faces challenges in the search and seizure of data and the system with two types of challenges including: The The challenges are in the field of protecting the privacy of individuals and in the field of legislative limitations and loopholes. Therefore, the elimination of legislative gaps in the field of privacy and police powers and their access to databases for the prevention and detection of crime are effective in solving the challenges of the police in inspecting and confiscating data and systems in Iran.

In the conditions of the spread of the Covid-19 virus and the pervasiveness of the transformation of everyday affairs in the heart of societies and the emergence of a critical control with the onslaught of references in the cyberspace, the present research has investigated the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the number of cybercrimes and media literacy. The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of execution method. The statistical population includes university professors, lawyers, judges, lawyers, and IT experts in the year 1400-1401. The statistical sample was 90 people, which was selected from the society by stratified random sampling. We have also used the single-sample t statistic method to analyze the research hypotheses. In line with the investigation of the role of the covid-19 pandemic on increasing the level of media literacy and reducing cybercrimes, as well as the existence of a significant relationship between increasing media literacy and reducing the number of crimes in the cyber space, the results of the study show that the Covid-19 crisis has had a positive and significant effects in increasing the level of media literacy as well as the number of crimes. Despite the increase in media literacy, we are facing a slight increase in cybercrime, but in proportion to the amount of crowding of users in cyberspace and the number of crimes before the Covid-19 pandemic and during the pandemic, we can see a decrease in crimes.

Nowadays, with the migration of crimes to the cyberspace, internet fraud is one of the most problematic crimes. The police can proactively and proactively deal with the spectrum of unsafe, criminal and disorderly events and trends. The purpose of the research is to explain and research the internet fraud based on the cases filed in Lorestan province.

In terms of purpose, this research is practical and in terms of data collection method, it is qualitative research with a future research approach. The statistical population of the research is the total number of internet fraud cases in Lorestan province during the years 2018 to 2022. Data collection was done by documentary method and then using a focus group of 10 people consisting of elites and experts with at least 15 years of managerial and executive experience in the field of computer crime prevention. The data was analyzed by trend research method.

It indicates that the trend of internet fraud has been on the rise in the studied years and the most common type of crime is phishing. Most of the criminals are between 18 and 30 years old and male. On the other hand, most of the victims of crime are women and the elderly. The trend of discovery is upward, so that more than 91% of internet frauds are discovered. Also, the highest proportion of discoveries is related to the years 2021 and 2022..

By reviewing the available statistics and evidence, it is predicted that the trend of internet fraud will increase rapidly in the future. Teaching new technologies and raising people's awareness of fraud tricks and tricks, especially for women and the elderly, as well as using trusted sites, are effective factors in preventing internet fraud.

Today, one of the prominent and important issues in the researches in the field of criminology in different countries of the world is the fear of crime, which according to some people is as important as the crime itself, but the phenomenon of fear of crime is a very complex issue that Its amount and factors may be different in each city or region. Fear of crime is not only a feeling, but a reality that is tied to people's lives and has destructive effects on politics, economy, social life and criminal policy of countries.Fear of crime plays a very important role in the field of crime prevention, so that the United Nations has considered fear of crime as one of the main elements of prevention. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the police on the fear of crime and ways to prevent it. The components that are in the prevention of crime and fear of crime and are related to the police have been analyzed and a solution has been mentioned for each.

SummaryToday examining the principles and basis of crime survey based on criminal statistics is a quantitative method of crime prevention in cyber spaces. Which exists as the black figure of crime, the use of survey methods (victim-oriented survey and offender-oriented survey) has been identified as a model at the national and international level and plays an important role in the criminal policy of countries in the prevention of cyberspace crimes. In terms of practical purpose and in terms of the type of research, this is a descriptive-analytical research that was collected and analyzed using library sources. There are effective solutions in this field, and the use of survey methods in the thinking and criminal policy of each country is very important, and the implementation of a well-considered, efficient and preventive criminal policy, which is one of the concerns of the statesmen in the implementation of security and justice, helps a lot and reduces the crime rate. In cyberspace, which is an unknown world, it helps a lot. The results of this study show that survey principles can reduce the attraction of targets in the cyber environment by using the teachings of cyber criminology and various social and situational preventions through public education. and other regulatory measures to deal with and prevent in the cyberspace, and the survey of crimes as a knowledge about the type of crime, the number of crimes, the age, gender, and judicial records of cybercriminals gives useful information.

Today, administrative and economic corruption is one of the challenges of society and the administrative and political system of Iran. At the same time, in the statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution, the Supreme Leader outlined the requirements for the realization of this great ideal, in line with the realization of the new Islamic civilization. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the importance of the approach of the statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution to economic and administrative corruption and the mechanisms of its prevention in Iran's criminal law. The present paper is descriptive and analytical using the library method. The results of the study show that the declaration of the second step of the Islamic revolution in its fourth recommendation considers justice and the fight against corruption to be necessary for each other and considers the lack of political and economic health as a factor affecting the legitimacy of the system. From the point of view of the statement of the second step, justice and the fight against corruption can be given serious attention as one of the clear bases for the planning of the executive officials to fulfill the demands of the leadership and take a step towards the creation of a new Islamic civilization. In addition, many laws have been established in criminal law to prevent economic and administrative corruption in criminal and non-criminal forms. Fines and imprisonment are among the most important examples of criminal prevention and supervision and efforts for economic privatization are among the most important non-criminal mechanisms for preventing economic and administrative corruption. Indeed, the existing laws need to be revised due to fragmentation.

The phenomenon of goods smuggling in our country is important as an economic and social challenge in addition to the negative economic effects. Today, this phenomenon, in addition to being a serious threat to free trade, imposes a lot of costs on the economic body of the country. Smuggling of goods on the one hand reduces the customs and tax revenues of the government and on the other hand it causes fruitless outflow of currency, massive flight of capital, increase in unemployment, decrease in domestic industrial production, etc. One of the most important examples of the underground economy is the phenomenon of smuggling of goods and currency, which disrupts the economic information system of the country. If the government commits smuggling, in addition to rejecting the property, and in the absence of the same property, rejecting its value, depending on the case, according to the conditions and facilities, frequency and degree of the crime, to pay a cash fine of up to five times the value of the smuggled property in riyals and whipping up to 74 Hit is punished, and in the case of prohibited goods and exclusive goods, in addition to the above punishment, he will be sentenced to imprisonment for up to two years. According to Article 39 of this law, "in the case of smuggling of items whose import or export is prohibited or belongs to the government, in addition to confiscating the property, the perpetrators will be sentenced to pay a fine equal to twice its value and to imprisonment from two months to two years." On the other hand,

In recent years, various theories have been proposed in the field of crime prevention in order to reduce the amount of crimes in societies, by the thinkers of this field. The pattern and nature of delinquency depends on the age. This type of prevention prevents the risk factors that encourage a child or teenager to commit delinquency and strengthens the factors that support their healthy life in order to avoid incompatibility, deviance and criminal acts. prevented by them The mentioned factors can be considered both as a risk factor and as a prevention factor and as a basis for the development of children and adolescents in the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents, because growth-oriented prevention is used in a way specific to these ages, it led us to Let's look for fields of this type of prevention, which in Articles 1, 3, 6, 16, 32 of this law, the legislator's attention to it is clearly evident, also with the approval of the "Protection of Children and Adolescents" law in Iran and the "Dealing with Juvenile Violations" law. In Afghanistan, there are signs of the acceptance of a differential criminal policy in dealing with crimes against children and adolescents in the criminal law of Iran and Afghanistan, which has been referred to in the law of dealing with children's offenses in Afghanistan, although it is limited.

Understanding the personalities of perpetrators of violent crimes from the perspectives of psychologists and criminologists is one of the key research areas for exploring psychological studies of violent crimes within the criminal justice field. This study aims to investigate the role, application, and solutions of scientific psychology concerning individuals who commit violent crimes. The violence exhibited by offenders is a result of personality disorders, internal and external family issues, and the effects of power and wealth inequality in society. Through clinical psychology and criminal psychology, experts in this field can prevent recurrent aggression and work towards reconstructing the offender's personality to minimize aggression levels and reduce the number of aggressive individuals. Additionally, categorizing these offenders under anger management programs can assess their actions during the commission of the crime, determining punishments based on such assessments. Despite legislative measures and reform programs implemented by prison classification councils, aggressive violence in society has been on the rise, and reducing the criminal prison population (including the 1399-approved law on reducing punitive imprisonment) has proven ineffective.

Child marriage is one of the important issues related to children's rights, which is the subject of serious debate and disagreement. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to examine this important issue, what is the approach of jurisprudence regarding child marriage and what are the mechanisms of its prevention from the perspective of criminal law? This paper is descriptive and analytical and the mentioned question has been investigated using the library method. The results of the paper indicate that in jurisprudence, the marriage of children is accepted with the permission of the guardian and considering the best interest of the child and the absence of corruption. Although the legal age of marriage is 13 years for girls and 15 years for boys, in Iran's legal system, it is also possible to marry girls with the guardian permission. The most important mechanism to prevent child marriage is social prevention, including education and cultural promotion and awareness of parents, which is completely possible considering the condition of expediency and non-corruption. The growth of parents' awareness can create mental conditions in them that they have a more up-to-date and broader approach to the concept of children's expediency and are not willing to accept their children's marriage due to different social and cultural conditions. Because paying attention to the fact that reaching the physical and biological threshold (puberty and the start of menstruation) does not mean that a person is suitable for marriage and that children do not have the ability to analyze and evaluate a marriage and it leads to many negative consequences. In addition, it can influence the parents' view about child marriage.

Currently, the significant increase in financial crimes of government authorities is a serious threat to the public interest of the state, which causes irreparable damage to the strength of the basis of government. Therefore, the fight against financial crimes of goverment authorities is very importance. The most important effective ways to prevent the unjust and illicit possession of goverment authorities are to fight corruption and monitor the property and assets of public authorities. Financial crimes of goverment authorities have reduced government control over economic policies and weakened the state's economic security. The existence of financial corruption of government authorities indicates the malfunctioning of public institutions. Articles 8 and 20 of the UN Convention against Corruption ask on member states to increase honest and responsibility among their officials and to make it a criminal offense for to have the illegal property of a government authorities. The writers in the present article address the role of government institutions in preventing financial crimes and misappropriation of government authorities. Monitoring the property and assets of government authorities and goverment officials is an effective step towards improving administrative health, increasing public confidence in officials and improving Iran's position in the International Transparency Organization.The research method is descriptive-analytical and the library method has been used to collect the issues of the subject and by taking notes from the materials and analyzing the materials.

Tortious Liability has consequences that due to various reasons cannot be fully compensated in certain cases. Therefore, preventing this type of responsibility is the best way to deal with the damages caused by it. Although based on Iranian legal sources, it can be concluded that the prevention of non-contractual liability is a general duty, this has not been formulated as an independent theory so far, and this gap may have inappropriate effects. The purpose of this research is to study the possibility of providing "the theory of prevention of non-contractual liability based on jurisprudential and legal sources" as an independent theory in Iranian law. According to the results obtained, it is possible to identify this rule in Iranian law, and based on the available sources, by providing the theory of prevention of non-contractual liability, individuals can be required to take measures to prevent such liability. This prevention can be presented in two ways: that which concerns prevention of damage by the person who is doing the preventing and that which is related to compliance with regulations to prevent damage by others.Overall, it can be stated that Despite the fact that the prevention of civil liability has not been identified in Iranian law, this rule can be deduced from some jurisprudential provisions and sources, and there are useful bases and sources that can be relied on to identify this rule and appropriate regulations in the field of prevention. Imposed civil liability. The existing codified laws have distanced themselves from the institution of prevention by limiting themselves to the existing regulations and relying on traditional and unhelpful intimidation in the necessity of compensation. Although this issue is useful in compensating for past losses, it does not explain the main function of the government and individuals, which is to prevent losses and damages. The legal vacuum in the issue of prevention and the possibility of evading responsibility in the assumption of creation with new tools (insurance), liens and other cases that lead to non-compensation of damages (lack of proper judicial system, delay of proceedings, etc.) reduces the intimidation effect of compensation. Has been in some cases, losses occur and insurance companies pay, and as a result, even though the cause of loss, who must compensate for the loss, does not incur losses, the intimidation intended by the legislator is not created. In some cases, damages may remain uncompensated. Based on the results of this research, prevention is the best tool to support people in non-contractual liability. If this goal is achieved, the society will be healthier and people will be safer in their activities. Life is more secure and social rights are supported. As a result, legal problems will be reduced and referrals to courts will be reduced.

If there is no reward system based on effort, no change will happen and this is a reality in the field of research whose regulations suffer from gaps, abstractions and conflicts. In this situation, it is difficult to distinguish between permissible and illegal behavior. A situation that unintentionally puts a faculty member staff in the trap of violation. Although it is necessary to explanation of instances of violation and the legal response to them, but of this action is the introduction of the existing situation. In order to achieve the desired situation, it is necessary to create conditions so that the faculty member can benefit from a fair trial. In determining the instance of violation, comprehensiveness is required a violation should not be excluded from the circle of instances and obstruction creates a situation so that permissible behavior is excluded from the circle of violation. The desired result is: faculty member will not be condemned for behavior that is not really a violation of professional rules. In the proceedings, the presence of a judge or juristic in the disciplinary jury improves the situation. Abolition of the right to file a lawsuit and also the removal of two criminal and disciplinary titles for single behavior eliminates discrimination. In the legal response, the application of the specific punishment system and the principle of proportionality are measures in order to achieve a fair trial. The result of such a system is motivating that should be welcomed. In the meantime, paying special attention to training and considering the underlying behavior as a violation creates an ideal situation. The implementation of these arrangements will make the university a valuable opportunity to provide the interests of the society in the field of research

The issue of crime and its prevention has always been a challenge in every community and state. The emergence and advancement of information and communication technology has brought tremendous changes and great achievements. Nowadays, most economic, social and cultural activities are somehow dependent on computers and online communication networks, and consequently, the areas of criminal behavior have also changed more widely and varied. This paper which has been written by descriptive and analytical method has concluded that in Iran and the UK, criminal policy in preventing cybercrime is often focused on legislative criminal policy and preventive measures are mainly concerned with situational prevention of these crimes.

Support responsibility includes responsibility, reaction and change. The perspective of support in Kenya and its reflection on the society is examined.Materials & The research method is descriptive and analytical.Ethical considerations: In this paper, the originality of the texts, honesty, and trustworthiness are observed. The Responsibility to Protect comprises the responsibility to prevent, to react, and to rebuild. What sets R2P apart from the previously prevailing idea of humanitarian intervention is, first, an emphasis on prevention, and second, a stated preference for a multilaterally coordinated response to crises. The third and perhaps newest feature of R2P is the idea that regional organizations have an important role to play in facilitating conflict resolution and the implementation of the Responsibility to Protect. Kenya’s post-election violence. in 2007 was widely viewed as the first case of ‘R2P prevention’. Kenya was seen as R2P’s success story – multilaterally orchestrated action to prevent an escalation of conflict, with heavy reliance on regional actors. This paper questions to what extent this account holds true, and whether the Kenyan case really was a successful instance of ‘R2P prevention’. An analysis of the Kenyan case ultimately leads to the conclusion that the application of R2P was, in fact, unrelated to the success of the conflict mitigation efforts. The Kenyan context was one which was favorable to the success of the mediation, and it is unlikely R2P would have succeeded without these contingent factors.