جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "prevention" در نشریات گروه "فقه و حقوق"

Criminalization can be called a process by which the legislator, taking into account the basic norms and values of the society and relying on his accepted theoretical foundations, prohibits the current act or omission and imposes a guarantee of criminal execution for it. Based on this, criminalization is a posteriori thing and based on infrastructure sciences such as the philosophy of law, political philosophy and social sciences. In other words, criminalization is based on the theoretical foundations accepted by the government or political power. According to the concept of criminalization and considering its foundations and principles, it can be said that the process of criminalization is a scientific and logical process that follows its own principles and methods. The existence of a basis for the criminalization of an act is not enough, and the symmetry of the bases and principles of the criminalization of a behavior is what gives the criminal protection a scientific and logical face. In the absence of explicit or implicit criteria for decisions related to criminalization, the scope of criminal behavior has expanded, until the criminal justice system cannot provide any rational justification for criminalization. Since riots and crimes against security have led to disturbances in the country's public order, criminalization and prevention of such crimes seem important. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to criminalize and prevent riots and crimes against security in Iran's criminal system. Therefore, according to the descriptive-analytical research method and using library tools and research in Iran's criminal laws, criminal and non-criminal prevention and theories related to criminology of disturbances and street riots were examined.

Analyzing issues from a criminological perspective and predicting the occurrence of crimes affecting society requires that the experiences of other nations' legislation in this regard be studied. Among these issues, as one of the carriers of future crimes, is the conflict of interest, which in Iran, even considering the bill on the non-intervention law passed in 1337, we still have serious problems. This has not resulted in a precise arrangement due to the (decrease in the annual index of perception of Iranian corruption in the international system). In this article, we are looking for descriptive analytical approaches to the question of whether the platforms of violation and criminalization of conflicts of interest in Iran in the field of power holders can be identified and acted upon according to the approaches of other countries. In answer to this question, it can be said that by looking at the experiences of conflict of interest control in Canadian legislation, which has increased public trust as a social capital as a result of the separation of private interests from the public in question, and its internal and legal localization, the areas of violations and crimes in the field of conflict of interest can be reduced

In the field of family institution, from the perspective of sociology and criminal law, especially criminology, there are many factors and variables that can be effective in committing or preventing crime. The criminal justice system requires that the roots of the crime and the tendency towards it be analyzed from the smallest element of the society, i.e. the family. Although in criminology, criminals can be divided into accidental and habitual criminals; But in accidental criminals, the roots of crime are activated from the most basic institution of society, namely the family. On the other hand, crime-causing factors generally include physical and genetic factors, emotional and psychological factors, as well as social factors and environmental effects, can be formed from the foundations of the family. Therefore, the family will be recognized as an independent variable and the effect of the family institution on the occurrence or prevention of crime as a dependent variable; Therefore, the factors in the family are analyzed by separating the effective factors in committing crime and the effective factors in preventing crime. The results of the discussion indicate that the challenges of the family institution such as violence, corporal punishment, parents' preoccupation and the like can be effective in the occurrence of crime, and on the other hand, emotional connection with children, family management and religious education can have a direct effect to prevent crime.

The Corona or Covid-19 crisis, which started in China in November 2019 and quickly affected the world, raised important questions regarding the responsibility of the governments involved in this crisis. One of the most important of these issues was determining the rules of behavior of governments in dealing with this crisis in order to prevent, control and counter to protect the rights of citizens and other governments. The principle of the duty of governments to adopt "due effort" against crises is one of the rules governing the behavior of governments in fulfilling their international obligations. Although the content of this principle as one of the behavioral norms of governments to protect the rights of "others" is not a new issue, with all these characteristics of this crisis, it should be considered in its implementation. In this research, using the descriptive and analytical method based on documentary studies with the tool of taking receipts, the international obligations of the government to provide items and prepare methods of prevention, control and dealing with epidemic diseases, including covid-19, are scrutinized, analyzed and It has been investigated and as a result of the findings, it is stated that the governments have the duty to take the necessary measures such as legislation and within the framework of their resources and facilities, the necessary preparations and grounds for the realization of human rights and the enjoyment of people's rights. to provide

The prevalence and diversity of drug-related crimes in societies have grown to such an extent that stakeholders involved in combating this issue have been compelled to leverage legal and judicial systems to address it. Consequently, the concept of crime prediction has gradually entered the framework of criminal justice systems. In this regard, criminal justice systems have employed data mining techniques to adopt preventive policies aimed at combating drug-related crimes. The importance of data mining lies in its ability to transform the process of predicting drug-related crimes into a classification problem, wherein various features are utilized to uncover hidden knowledge. Essentially, this knowledge constitutes a classification system designed for the automatic identification of individuals with prior criminal records. This study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology with a quantitative survey approach. The statistical population comprises judicial case files of convicted individuals from the Enforcement of Judgments Office in Shahriar County, collected during the years 2017–2018. A unique dataset was created from this data, dividing the collected features into two classes: individuals with no prior criminal record and those with prior records. The algorithms examined in this study include multilayer perceptron, logistic regression, decision trees, naive Bayes, J48, and self-organizing networks. Data analysis was conducted using the WEKA software. The findings indicate, first, that the naive Bayes classification algorithm outperformed other algorithms in terms of accuracy and efficiency. However, the accuracy levels achieved by other algorithms were also notably high, reflecting the quality of the features. Second, data mining methods can play a significant role in predicting drug-related crimes. Based on the study’s results, it can be concluded that one of the primary methods for crime prediction is uncovering patterns of criminal behavior, a capability that data mining has provided to a considerable extent.

The prevention of child victimization in cyberspace is the subject addressed in this article. The issue of crime prevention has permeated all levels of society, and one of the most significant areas is crime prevention in cyberspace. Traditionally, prevention has been divided into situational and social categories. Both models of prevention may be applicable to child victimization in cyberspace. Since threats in the virtual space lead many children astray and can be considered one of the most significant factors endangering their individual and social well-being, we first examine the risk factors and then discuss situational methods for preventing child victimization in cyberspace.

The necessity of addressing the concerns of children, including cyber-victimization, which is one of the most significant issues, is evident and undeniable. Securing cyberspace for children requires mechanisms that, while increasing flexibility in cyberspace, lead to a reduction in cybercrimes and to optimize conditions for the effective use of cyberspace. Accordingly, this article seeks to address the following questions: What harms and risks does cyberspace pose for children and adolescents? And what are the most effective preventive measures to deter children and adolescents from engaging in cyber-related offenses? The findings of the research indicate that, firstly, the cyber space has become highly influential in the lives of our children and adolescents, to the extent that it is perceived as an integral member of families. The cyber environment has the potential to exert highly detrimental effects on children and adolescents, fostering conditions that may lead to delinquency. Secondly, given the pervasive use of cyber space, the governing policies in our country, in addition to embracing the opportunities it offers, must also address its associated harms and threats. In this context, the primary role in developmental prevention within the cyber-family space is emphasized. The objective of this research is to propose situational prevention strategies to mitigate harms associated with the virtual environment. Through extensive library research, this study outlines situational prevention strategies aimed at addressing the risks of cyberspace. This research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive-analytical methodology. Library research methods and note-taking techniques were utilized in this study.

The body and texture of cities plays an important role on human behavior in interaction with other humans and the surrounding environment. Nowadays, modern urbanization with the increase of the physical expansion of the cities, population density and as a result the lack of urban space, has caused the increase in the consequences of crime and social anomalies. In this regard and to examine the role of the environment on crime prevention, the present research raises the question that what are the most important factors in crime prevention from the perspective of Place-based Model? The findings have shown that the activities of urban planning and the implementation of urban construction and design are the most influential elements among the indicators, in order of influencing the component and the highest level of penetration and the crime prevention component. Due to their high effectiveness, they play the most important role in the structure of the components affecting crime prevention. Inattention to these components in the issue of crime prevention calls for a review of the ongoing measures. Also, it is necessary to adopt new and innovative strategies to prevent crimes, in the early stages, it focuses on the fundamental factors of insecurity in cities and crime prevention policies are mostly done by reducing the opportunities to commit crimes; These measures are implemented through urban design and planning and optimal use of the urban environment. The method of this article is open and semi-structured interviews with experts.

Blue criminology in Iran, compared to international standards of blue criminology, is considered nascent. It involves measures such as community-based interventions, mental health interventions, and the prevention of secondary victimization. Through decisive actions at both judicial and executive levels, and the implementation of international laws—including promoting multilateral assistance and government cooperation to facilitate information exchange and rapid crime identification—it can take essential steps in this field. This research is qualitative, employing a descriptive-analytical method, and is based on international documents and a study of national laws and regulations through documentary and library-based research.

Administrative corruption is a global problem and the biggest obstacle to reform and progress in any country. Administrative corruption which is rooted in the administrative system and the administration of government affairs is a problem plaguing most of the developed and developing societies. This kind of corruption becomes more apparent with the forward movement of societies and causes disruptions in the development process. Administrative corruption is considered one of the chronic diseases and the oldest injury of the administrative system because it is a cognate phenomenon of the government. As long as human activities take an organized form, administrative corruption emerges as a result of internal interactions with the environment. Since the most important political capital of governments is the people’s trust in rulers and all kinds of corruption, especially administrative ones, undermines this trust, it is an undeniable necessity to deal with corruption in the administrative field. This paper adapts Iran’s administrative organizations to the samples of administrative corruption in Islam and its coping methods based on an analytical-descriptive research method. It also provides a comprehensive and systematic idea about the solutions to fight against administrative corruption based on the Islamic sources and related laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran, considering the place and importance of the government’s role in the material and afterlife excellence of human beings. Finally, it was concluded that according to Islamic sources, the prevalence of corruption in society has closed the path of many social and national developments and has put huge costs on the shoulders of the country and the people. We need basic programs in Iran to eliminate or reduce corruption in the administrative system and society.

Nowadays, legal experts have largely neglected economic corruption and its unpleasant impacts on stability and social security. Disordering the country's economic security, like other violations of law has various manifestations in terms of the unity and plurality of its perpetrators. But in recent years, the desire to commit economic corruption through the formation of gangs and criminal groups has increased to take advantage of hiding from the country's economic anti-sabotage system and consequently living for a long time, on one hand, and have been encouraged to the formation of family gangs in major economic corruptors due to the lack of sufficient trust in people who are not related to them on the other hand. This trend disrupts the economic stability of the country through illegal currency buying and carpeting, money laundering, fraud, smuggling, etc. Despite the repeated statements of the Supreme Leader about the need to protect the country's economic system against economic corruption, the legislators have not paid enough attention to comprehensive legislation to prevent damage to the country's economic order by abusive intra-family relationships. This neglect leads to the passive confrontation of the judicial structure with the formation of family gangs that cause economic corruption on a big scale. This legislative and judicial gap justifies the importance of conducting research concerning this issue.  In this regard, the main question of this research is what is the extent of the duties and powers of the Islamic ruler regarding eradicating economic imbalances facilitated through family relationships? This research uses the analytical-descriptive method and observes the actions of the legislative and judicial authorities to reform the legislative procedure and, as a result, issue judicial warranties aligned with the implementation of the general orders of the Supreme Leader to fight against economic corruption.

The present analysis examines in detail the unknowing departure of Iranian women from the country and getting stuck with a deviation such as prostitution in Turkey, to criticize and analyze the laws related to this deviation, to prevent the continuation of deviant behaviors of women and reduce Such deviations are dealt with by reforming and rehabilitating women instead of suppressing and punishing them. The present research, by proposing reforms in various laws, reaches the conclusion that making some reforms in the laws related to women's deviations is effective in preventing deviant phenomena such as female prostitution and leads to the adoption of legislative criminal policy. There is a difference regarding the deviations of Iranian women in Turkey.This article has been written considering ethical considerations such as honesty, trustworthiness in text analysis and citation.

The main hypothesis of the present research, which the legal criminal policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding the prostitution of Iranian women in Turkey should be comprehensive and to be efficient, in response to the main question of the research which states: What should be the legal criminal policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding the prostitution of Iranian women in Turkey? It is proved in the conclusion of the present study. The type of research is theoretical and the research method is descriptive

The use of data and computer systems as the subject and means of committing a crime is one of the manifestations of the negative link between these technologies and criminal law. The purpose of this research is to identify the challenges of the Iranian police in the search and seizure of data and the system in the prevention and detection of crime. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of its type and in the category of qualitative research. By using library resources and interviews with university experts, data has been collected and analyzed by qualitative content analysis method. The findings indicate that the police faces challenges in the search and seizure of data and the system with two types of challenges including: The The challenges are in the field of protecting the privacy of individuals and in the field of legislative limitations and loopholes. Therefore, the elimination of legislative gaps in the field of privacy and police powers and their access to databases for the prevention and detection of crime are effective in solving the challenges of the police in inspecting and confiscating data and systems in Iran.

The present analysis examines in detail the unknowing departure of Iranian women from the country and getting stuck with a deviation such as prostitution in Turkey, to criticize and analyze the laws related to this deviation, to prevent the continuation of deviant behaviors of women and reduce Such deviations are dealt with by reforming and rehabilitating women instead of suppressing and punishing them. The present research, by proposing reforms in various laws, reaches the conclusion that making some reforms in the laws related to women's deviations is effective in preventing deviant phenomena such as female prostitution and leads to the adoption of legislative criminal policy. There is a difference regarding the deviations of Iranian women in Turkey.This article has been written considering ethical considerations such as honesty, trustworthiness in text analysis and citation. The main hypothesis of the present research, which the legal criminal policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding the prostitution of Iranian women in Turkey should be comprehensive and to be efficient, in response to the main question of the research which states: What should be the legal criminal policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding the prostitution of Iranian women in Turkey? It is proved in the conclusion of the present study. The type of research is theoretical and the research method is descriptive.

The third millennium has confronted man with a space parallel to the real space, which is much wider and more accessible than that, a space that, in addition to the countless benefits it has for today's mankind, is also a platform that makes it easier to commit some crimes. In fact, the new human life in this space is exposed to serious threats, one of these threats in this space is the sexual abuse of children, children due to not having enough control over their actions and not being able to defend themselves against threats. Like the real world, they are considered one of the most vulnerable sections of the society, and this vulnerable situation of children requires the double attention of policymakers in the virtual world. In this article, information has been collected in a library form and analyzed using a descriptive analytical method. In order to prevent the sexual victimization of children in this space, the best policy is comprehensive and coherent global policies that will minimize the possibility of children being victimized in sexual crimes, the most important of these policies; Compilation of international treaties is the accession of all countries to these treaties, and domestic policies such as the formulation of special regulations in the field of children in cyberspace and on the other hand the control of entry and the level of access and quality of children in cyberspace should be taken into consideration. Due to the fact that we are at the beginning of the use of cyberspace, in line with the expansion of cyberspace, comprehensive and reliable preventive policies have not been adopted to prevent sexual abuse of children, both domestically and internationally..

In the conditions of the spread of the Covid-19 virus and the pervasiveness of the transformation of everyday affairs in the heart of societies and the emergence of a critical control with the onslaught of references in the cyberspace, the present research has investigated the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the number of cybercrimes and media literacy. The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of execution method. The statistical population includes university professors, lawyers, judges, lawyers, and IT experts in the year 1400-1401. The statistical sample was 90 people, which was selected from the society by stratified random sampling. We have also used the single-sample t statistic method to analyze the research hypotheses. In line with the investigation of the role of the covid-19 pandemic on increasing the level of media literacy and reducing cybercrimes, as well as the existence of a significant relationship between increasing media literacy and reducing the number of crimes in the cyber space, the results of the study show that the Covid-19 crisis has had a positive and significant effects in increasing the level of media literacy as well as the number of crimes. Despite the increase in media literacy, we are facing a slight increase in cybercrime, but in proportion to the amount of crowding of users in cyberspace and the number of crimes before the Covid-19 pandemic and during the pandemic, we can see a decrease in crimes.

By the end of 2020, the unknown and contagious COVID-19 virus had spread across the globe. Failure to follow health instructions and the ambiguity of the nature of the virus caused it to infect every single citizen in a short period of time and even lead to the death of vulnerable people. Nearly two years of experience in medical research and humanities findings show that in addition to the measures of government institutions, it is the people and civil society who can be very effective in breaking the chain of transmission, and with self-care, social oversight and collective responsibility Manage. However, improper performance of people in observing the necessary health instructions and care can, in addition to the criminal title of threat to public health (subject of Article 688 of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1375) and also the Act on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and infectious diseases approved in 1320, in some cases lead to death, disability, or benefit of other persons. It also leads to intentional, quasi-intentional or pure error, depending on the case. Government criminal policy by legislative, judicial, and executive methods alone is not effective in counteracting such criminal titles, and the components of participatory (comprehensive) criminal policy need to be expanded. In fact, the purpose of this study, which has been written in an analytical and descriptive way, is to find a significant answer to the question of the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of participatory criminal policy in controlling and combating the virus.  Participation as an effective and efficient method in today's difficult campaigns such as Corona.  As a rule, the hypothesis of this research that the effectiveness of these components has been proved in the following and can be implemented by taking measures at different levels of government and people. Therefore, the application of this research can be hoped to eliminate the damage of Covid virus 19 and prevent, control and deal with its spread and contagion.

Nowadays, with the migration of crimes to the cyberspace, internet fraud is one of the most problematic crimes. The police can proactively and proactively deal with the spectrum of unsafe, criminal and disorderly events and trends. The purpose of the research is to explain and research the internet fraud based on the cases filed in Lorestan province.

In terms of purpose, this research is practical and in terms of data collection method, it is qualitative research with a future research approach. The statistical population of the research is the total number of internet fraud cases in Lorestan province during the years 2018 to 2022. Data collection was done by documentary method and then using a focus group of 10 people consisting of elites and experts with at least 15 years of managerial and executive experience in the field of computer crime prevention. The data was analyzed by trend research method.

It indicates that the trend of internet fraud has been on the rise in the studied years and the most common type of crime is phishing. Most of the criminals are between 18 and 30 years old and male. On the other hand, most of the victims of crime are women and the elderly. The trend of discovery is upward, so that more than 91% of internet frauds are discovered. Also, the highest proportion of discoveries is related to the years 2021 and 2022..

By reviewing the available statistics and evidence, it is predicted that the trend of internet fraud will increase rapidly in the future. Teaching new technologies and raising people's awareness of fraud tricks and tricks, especially for women and the elderly, as well as using trusted sites, are effective factors in preventing internet fraud.

Money laundering takes place in a complex operation. Because illegal proceeds are usually in the form of cash, it is necessary to move this cash into the financial system or across borders. The main goal is to obscure the source and nature of the desired wealth. Many countries have implemented rules to prevent money laundering in accepting cash from customers in banks. The significant developments that have occurred due to the emergence of electronic money and electronic banking in the global monetary and banking system have created a new challenge in the field of anti-money laundering regulations and bylaws, which in turn necessitates extensive revision of these measures and measures. has caused. In this article, the main goal is to identify patterns and solutions that are in line with this necessity. In line with this goal, by using the descriptive-analytical method and studying related books, articles and publications, after explaining the nature of electronic money, its effects on the criminal process of money laundering are discussed and investigated.

SummaryToday examining the principles and basis of crime survey based on criminal statistics is a quantitative method of crime prevention in cyber spaces. Which exists as the black figure of crime, the use of survey methods (victim-oriented survey and offender-oriented survey) has been identified as a model at the national and international level and plays an important role in the criminal policy of countries in the prevention of cyberspace crimes. In terms of practical purpose and in terms of the type of research, this is a descriptive-analytical research that was collected and analyzed using library sources. There are effective solutions in this field, and the use of survey methods in the thinking and criminal policy of each country is very important, and the implementation of a well-considered, efficient and preventive criminal policy, which is one of the concerns of the statesmen in the implementation of security and justice, helps a lot and reduces the crime rate. In cyberspace, which is an unknown world, it helps a lot. The results of this study show that survey principles can reduce the attraction of targets in the cyber environment by using the teachings of cyber criminology and various social and situational preventions through public education. and other regulatory measures to deal with and prevent in the cyberspace, and the survey of crimes as a knowledge about the type of crime, the number of crimes, the age, gender, and judicial records of cybercriminals gives useful information.