جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "خبرگی" در نشریات گروه "تربیت بدنی"

The aim of this study was to compare the relationship among peripheral vision, simple reaction time, and choice reaction time in expert and novice drivers. Fifteen certified drivers and 15 novice drivers participated in the present study voluntarily. Peripheral vision, simple reaction time and choice reaction time of drivers were measured by Vienna Testing System. One-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation test and linear regression tests were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant difference in peripheral vision, simple reaction time, and choice reaction time between experts and novices; in which experts in these abilities were better than novices. The peripheral vision of expert drivers was correlated with simple and choice reaction time in correct performances. Examination of the slope of the regression line also showed that peripheral vision can predict simple and choice reaction time in expert drivers. Therefore, it is recommended to use these tests to evaluate peripheral vision abilities, simple and choice reaction time of expert drivers to select national team athletes, and even for driving tests to select suitable drivers.

This study aimed to determine the effects of skilled people’s EEG-Based neurofeedback training on learning of the rifle shooting skills in novices.

This applied study was a semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest control group design. Thirty novice athletes (mean age: 20±1.509 years) voluntarily participated in this study and were assigned into three homogenous groups including Beta/Theta Neurofeedback, Neurofeedback based on the brain pattern of skilled rifle shooters (decreasing the Theta activity in Fz and F4 area, and increasing the low and high Alpha at the P3 and P7 area, and Control groups according to pretest scores. The acquisition phase consisted of 6 sessions. The control group only did physical exercise during the sessions.  48 hours after the last acquisition session, a retention test was conducted followed by a transfer test by a non-dominant hand to grab the weapon.

The results showed that the group with neurofeedback based on the brain patterns of skilled rifle shooters was significantly better than the other two groups in all sessions. In the retention test the group with neurofeedback based on the brain patterns of skilled rifle shooters significantly performed better than the other two groups and the Beta/Theta Neurofeedback group had better performance compared with the Control group. In the transfer test, both neurofeedback groups performed better than the Control group, but there was no significant difference between the two neurofeedback groups.

Future research can accelerate the progress and reach the peak shooting performance for novices by correcting neurofeedback protocols according to the brain and the expertise relationship.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effective characteristics in the formation of successful sports teams. The research method was used in terms of purpose, Applied; and terms of the qualitative performance method, in which the content analysis method was used. The statistical population of the study included successful sports teams and groups in the fields of science, publications, sports tourism, and audio-visual media. The sampling method was purposeful and the research tool was the interview protocol with experts until the theoretical saturation was reached (14 interviews). In total, 15 effective factors in team formation were identified, which were obtained in the form of 6 main categories. These categories include; Shared leadership, team members' expertise, team building, program-oriented vision, financial resource management, are ethical values. According to the research results, the success of the sports team requires having an experienced team, adopting clear strategies as well as financial and managerial resources. Besides, team leaders can help their team grow and develop with accurate targeting and proper management, hiring a skilled workforce.

The aim of this study was investigated the effects of quiet eye training on accuracy and quiet eye duration of expert players in three point shot under pressure. The participants were eighteen expert players (age: 20- 30 years old) that voluntary participated in study and assigned randomly in quiet training and control group. All groups participated in video feedback session and three on court shot training (5 *25 in per session) and the quiet eye training group received gaze control instructions through training sessions, Accuracy, QE and kinematics characteristic recorded during pre, retention and pressure test. In order to captured related variables used eye tracking(SMI), motion analysis system, I view ETG 2.7, Cortex 2.5 software and for analyzing raw data used Be gaze 3.7 software and used MATLAB software by coding to synchronized gaze and kinematic data to calculated quiet eye duration in every trials. The results showed the quiet eye training group had longer quiet eye duration and better performance in posttest and pressure test than control group. It seems three point shot with different requirements such as distance and high speed could benefit from quiet eye training and could affects players with high level of performance.

Early scholars with an interest in nature's contribution to human performance and development put their focus on the heritability concept, the amount of variation in a given trait between people that can be attributed to genetic variation. Interestingly, like the role of nature, the role of environmental effects on human skill development and attainment has long been investigated by psychologists. It is obvious that the environment contains a wide range of variables, including micro-level factors, such as parental support. The aim of the present study was to compare the expertise acquisition process between Iranian and foreign top-ranked and low-ranked tennis players.

40 Iranian tennis players (22 top-ranked tennis players and 18 low-ranked tennis players) and 15 foreign tennis players were selected using available and purposive sampling methods. The age of beginning and the amount of tennis exercises, physical fitness exercises and mental fitness exercises as well as the amount of social support were recorded through a retrospective interview method and using Cote, Ericsson, and Lowe's (2005) interview questions. The obtained data were analyzed using independent t-test.

The mean age for beginning tennis was significantly lower in Iranian top-ranked tennis players (10.23 years of age) than in Iranian low-ranked tennis players (15 years of age), but no significant difference was observed in the mean age of beginning tennis between Iranian tennis players (11.31 years of age) and foreign tennis players (8.20 years of age). No significant difference was observed between top-ranked and low-ranked Iranian tennis players and Iranian and foreign tennis players in terms of the average hours of performing tennis exercises, bodybuilding exercises, and mental skills training. But the percentage of social support from the parents in the age ranges of (13-15) and (16 years and older) as well as social support from the coach in the age range of (6-12), were higher in foreign tennis players than in Iranian tennis players.

The present study provides valuable information about the expertise acquisition process in tennis players as well as a variety of activities which have been effective in acquiring their skillful performance. This information can help officials in educational planning, and can help parents to put their children in a better athletic path.

The effect of pressure condition on sport performance has always been one of the major issues of research and Anxiety’s influence on performance and its underlining mechanisms continues to be one of the main research interests for sport psychologists. The purpose of current study was to examine the effect of state-competitive anxiety on anticipation accuracy and gaze indicators of football goalkeeper with two levels of skill. Two groups of 10 Expert and novice goalkeepers were required to anticipate penalty kicks presented on temporally occluded video in two counterbalanced experimental conditions. During anticipation, gaze behaviors (duration and number of fixations) were recorded using Pupil binocular mobile eye tracker. Gaze information were extracted using add-ons of pupil player software and then anticipation accuracy and gaze data analyzed using Mixed ANOVA and paired t test. Increased anxiety led to decreased processing efficiency (increased number of fixations and decreased duration of fixations) for both skill level groups whereas Anxiety influenced performance efficiency (decreased the accuracy of anticipation) just in novice group, and had no effects on performance in expert goalkeepers. Generally, effects of anxiety in expert group is a support for ACT prediction and showed that anxiety decreased processing efficiency and no effects on performance efficiency. In novice group, Further future research needs to have clear insight

Successful anticipation is a key factor for success in saving soccer penalty kick for goalkeepers and introducing optimal interventions to enhance this ability can be useful for improving the level of performance. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on anticipation of penalty kick by expert goalkeepers and their gaze behaviors during this anticipation. Participants were 20 expert goalkeepers working in Tehran pro league matches who were randomly assigned to training and placebo groups and passed tests and training interventions. Gaze data were registered using Pupil eye tracker and penalty kick anticipation was recorded using temporal occlusion paradigm. 30 videos of real penalty kicks by expert soccer players were recorded and ball-foot contact moments were occluded so that goalkeepers could anticipate the direction of ball kicking in those videos. Results of 2*4 mixed ANOVA showed that despite of homogeneity of training and placebo groups in pretest (P>0.05), training group had advantage in other phases and this advantage was maintained under pressure (P<0.05). The training enhanced successful anticipation and changed gaze behaviors proportional to successful anticipation and these changes were sustained during 72 hours of retention and transfer test under pressure. Training interventions based on quiet eye can be used as a training package along with physical training and skills of soccer goalkeepers and therefore help them to improve perceptual capabilities and to optimally use visual signs.

 researchs about learning sports skills, play a vital role in professional practice has highlighted. The goal of current research is to compare history of expertise exercise practices between national and provincial wushu medalists.

To this end, 50 wushu medalists (30 medalists at the country level and 20 medalists at the provincial level) were selected using available and purposive sampling methods. The age of beginning and the amount of wushu exercises, other sports exercises, physical fitness exercises and mental and psychological fitness exercises of wushu practitioners and the amount of social support were recorded using the Hopwood (2013) developmental history of athletes questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using independent t-test, ANCOVA, and the phi coefficient.

The findings of this study showed that the only difference was observed between the provincial and national medalists in terms of the amount of using wushu private training programs, bodybuilding and mental skills private training programs has been the age of 16 years.

The results of this study showed that it is not necessary at an early age to do play and deliberate practice in sports that peak performance is late.

The aim of the current study was to compare the expertise acquisition process between provincial and national rock climbing medalists. For this purpose, 50 rock climbing medalists (23 medalists at the provincial level and 27 medalists at the country level) were selected using available and purposive sampling methods. The history of Exercises was recorded using the Hopwood developmental history of athletes’ questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using ANCOVA, independent t-test, and the phi coefficient. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of the age of beginning rock climbing exercises. About 16% of the national medalists and 24% of the provincial medalists were single-sport athletes. In general, the amount of rock climbing exercises was significantly higher in the national medalists than in the provincial medalists. The average hour of mental skills training was significantly higher in the national medalists than in the provincial medalists in the age range of 16 years and older but no significant difference was observed between the two groups in a comparison between their average hours of performing bodybuilding exercises. The present study provides valuable information about the expertise acquisition process in rock climbers as well as a variety of activities which have been effective in acquiring their skillful performance. This information can help officials in educational planning, and can help parents to put their children in a better athletic path.

The aim of this study was to compare the expertise acquisition process in the national and international wrestling medalists. For this purpose, 40 national and international medalists were selected through convenient sampling. The retrospective interview was used to record age of starting and the amount of wrestling exercises, physical fitness exercises, and psychological preparations. There was no significant difference between the two groups in age of starting wrestling. There was no difference between the amount of deliberate practice at the sampling phase (6-12 years) and the specializing phase (13-15 years), the difference in the amount of deliberate practice only occurred at the investment phase (above16 years). None of the wrestlers practiced psychological skills before age of 16 and only 20 percent of these wrestlers practiced psychological skills after the age of 16. The findings of this study can be informative and fruitful for sports planners, coaches and parents.