جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « داوران فوتبال » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

Referees are one of the most important human resources of federations and provincial delegations, whose professional development and growth will require spending time, money, and energy for them and organization. The purpose of this research work was to reflect on the challenges and requirements of the refereeing profession based on the life experiences of Iranian elite football referees.

The research method was qualitative and based on the phenomenological approach. The participants were 10 football referees of national and 1st level. The research tool was unstructured in-depth interviews. The duration of each interview was between 20 and 60 minutes. The process of completing the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. We used strategies such as respondent validation, transferability, and peer review to validate the research process.

The findings showed that background factors, judgment skills, professional growth and moral values were subjects related to requirements. Also the referees' challenges were explained in three categories: challenges related to judgment, challenges related to the organization, and personal challenges.

The findings of this research show that football referees have challenges and sufferings that can lead to consequences (e.g. burnout, leaving the profession, physical and mental injuries, etc.). By knowing the requirements of refereeing (e.g. physical fitness, mental and psychological readiness, communication skills, etc.), it is possible to plan for the empowerment of referees in order to witness the high quality of judging and attractiveness in the games.

The purpose of the present study was the effect of structural empowerment on the professional commitment of the referees of the Iranian Men's and Women's Football Premier League through mediation of job characteristics. In terms of purpose, the study was applied and based on the method of data collection, it was descriptive-correlation. The sample population consisted of 185 referees(130 men and 55 women), all of whom were selected as a sample of the study. Data collection tools include a combination of the Structural Empowerment Questionnaire of Kordanij et al.‌(1394) and Kanter(1993), the Professional Commitment Questionnaire of Arania et al.‌(1999) and the job characteristics of Jako (2004).The questions of these three questionnaires were 46 numbers on a 5-point Likert scale. 10 sports management specialists and refereeing experts confirmed the face and content validity of the questionnaires. Convergent and divergent validity was confirmed by Fornell and Larker indexes. The combined reliability of all three questionnaires was 0.92, 0.89 and 0.84, respectively, the total reliability of the questionnaire was obtained through Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 85%.To analyze the data, the structural equation modeling method was used by using Smart PLS software. According to the results, only the effect of structural empowerment on professional commitment was T-Value = 1.875 and -0.129 = negative and meaningless). But the effect of structural empowerment on job characteristics T-Value=5.671, the effect of job characteristics on professional commitment T-Value=‌ -6/708 and the effect of structural empowerment on professional commitment mediated Job characteristics were reported to be positive and significant (T-Value = 549/549). Information sharing among the dimensions of structural empowerment, interest between the dimensions of professional commitment and diversity of skills among job characteristics were the highest averages.

The purpose of this study was the effect of 90 sport program in Iranian football referees regarding sport program 90. Method of data collection was a questionnaire that prepared by the researcher the Validity of the instrument was confirmed through consulting 15 scholars. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated 0.82.Also, 180 Referees and assistant referees in the Pro League and one category league were the population for this study. 123 Questionnaires were distributed in a completely randomized. We use One-sample t-test to identify the sample mean. The results showed that sport program90 had positively and negatively effect on Referees and assistant referees. Referees and assistant referees both positive and negative attitudes toward sport program90.On the positive dimension (77%) from a sample of 123 subject’s believed that controversial players and coaches during competition introduced to the referees. Also, about 67 percent of them believe that the program has led referees to cover their weaknesses. Finally, the 90 sports program with accurate expertise of the referees performance in each match and covering the positive points of the referees judgment can help reduce the referees mistakes and improve the their performance.

This study aims at comparing the visual and sensory-motor imagery skills in soccer referees with less and more mistakes. This was a causal-comparative study and was applied in terms of purpose. Participants included 30 male referees from Fars province who were voluntarily selected and according to average monitoring scores were grouped into two groups of referees with a less mistakes (17 referees) and referees with a more mistakes (13 referees). Marx visual imagery questionnaire (1973) and Isaacs et al motor imagery questionnaire (1986) were used to assess the imagery skills of the referees. Data analysis by independent t-test showed that the referees with less mistakes have higher visual and sensory-motor imagery skills than those with more mistakes, and this helps them to have a lower number of mistakes in their refereeing. Based on the results, referees are advised to use mental imagery skills to improve their performance.

The aim of this study was to determine the mediate role of professional commitment in relationship between job characteristics and job satisfaction among Iranian soccer referees. 174 soccer referees in premier league and 1 league responded to Jacko’s questionnaire (2004), Aranya's questionnaire (1999) and MSQ (1967). Validity of questionnaires was confirmed by university experts and confirmatory factor analysis and their reliability verified by Alpha Chronbach (r=0.85). Friedman and t Wilcoxon tests showed that characteristics of task significance, skill variety and specialization had more effectiveness than characteristics of process information and feedback. Also, involvement was the most important dimension of professional commitment from participant's view point (p≤ .05). Structure equations model analysis illustrated that professional commitment can significantly (R2= .94) be facilitate relation of job characteristics and satisfaction among soccer referees (RMSEA= 0.076; λ2/df= 1.98; IFI= .92; CFI= .92; GFI= .94). According to the present research results can be stated that other attitudinal and psychological constructs such as professional commitment could be have better conditions in cycle of job characteristics model in sport settings. Additionally, description of job satisfaction among participants showed that unemployment, payment and management are from unsatisfactory factors and social status and work values are from satisfactory factors. According to the result of this study can certainty be expected that will be improve their commitment and satisfaction by enriching the job characteristics among soccer referees.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the knee injury mechanism and its prevalence among the Premier League soccer referees in Iran.
This was a cross sectional study. The sample of study was composed of 59 Premier League soccer referees in Iran )age 36.30±4.1 years, height 179±5.8 cm and weight 74.55±6.3 kg(. The information of knee injuries such as injury history, injury mechanism, and effects of knee symptoms on ability to perform daily activities and recreational activities was obtained through Knee Outcome Survey (KOS). Using the Pearson correlation coefficient, this study examined the relationships between different variables including KOS subscales as well as the current level of self-reported knee joint function and proprioception.
The results indicated that 81% of soccer referees experienced knee injury. Meniscus injury made up the highest percentage of knee injuries (40%). In addition, knee injuries of non-dominant leg were more prevalent than those of dominant leg. Also, the referees were mostly injured during training sessions. The value of KOS was 85±13 for activities of daily living subscale and 90±9 for sports-recreational subscale.
The results of this study highlights the importance of including special training in warm-up programs such as interval training, proprioception exercises, strength training (e.g. Nordic hamstring), flexibility training, and muscular endurance training which have been designed to prevent knee injuries. The results help to design and set-up an injury prevention program for the Referees Committee of Iran Football Federation.

This study was designed to predict the attitudinal construct of job involvement through core job characteristics in soccer referees. 157 referees and assistant referees working in Iran premier and A division soccer leagues responded to standard questionnaires of Work Design (Morgeson and Humphrey, 2006) and Job Involvement (Kanungo, 1982). Regarding the number of referees, statistical sample equaled the statistical population. Face validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by 17 sport management experts and soccer referees. The most important descriptive results showed that A-league referees reported more job involvement than premier league referees. Also, the results of structural equation model illustrated that the most important job characteristics influencing soccer referees’ job involvement were autonomy, task identity, and feedback. Although task identity and autonomy were fit, these indexes were not confirmed for pathway of feedback to job involvement. These findings recommend that referees should be assigned more authority and job rules should be revised. Finally, managers of soccer referees are suggested to eliminate referees’ false responsibilities and pressures in addition to revising and changing assistant referees’ tasks during this job redesigning.

The aim of this study was investigate the effect of club''s social responsibility on the fan''s team identification. Population of this study was consists of the fans of three teams that selected of the Iranian Football Pro League. By using the formula to determine the sample size، it for infinite population obtained 384. For data collection، the social responsibility questionnaire and team identification questionnaire were used. In order to verify the normality of data distribution، the Skewness، and Kurtosis indexes were used. For data analysis، statistical tests such as mean، standard deviation، factor analysis، Pearson correlation، and multiple regressions were used. Results showed that social responsibility have a positive effect on fans identification. It can be said activities such as participating in the games aimed at helping needy people، support of sport for all and activities such as these enhance the fan identification.

The purpose of the present study was to explore of job characteristics among Iranian soccer referees based on Job Characteristics Model (JCM). The statistical society was selected from soccer referees in premier league and A-league. The statistical samples were chosen equal to the statistical society; therefore 157 elite soccer referees were examined. The data were collected by a seven-point Likert scale Jacko’s questionnaire (2004) which its content and face validity was confirmed by 12 university expert and soccer referees and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability (r =. 91). To compare and modeling the core job characteristics of soccer referees، Mauchly’s W، Huynh-feldt tests and Partial Least Squares (PLS) were used. Results show that characteristics of skill variety (. 79)، specialization (. 77)، feedback from job (. 62)، process information (. 61)، autonomy (. 53)، task significant (. 50)، problem solving (. 27)، had significant effects on core job characteristics among soccer referees، respectively. Given that criteria psychological states did not have any effects on general satisfaction، it seems that other mediator variables are needed for JCM of soccer referees. On the whole، attitudinal and behavioral outcomes of soccer referees mainly achieved through characteristics of skill variety and task significant، and psychological state of meaningfulness of the work.

The purpose of the present study was to compare job characteristics among Iranian soccer referees based on Job Characteristics Model (JCM) that it is one of the most common job design studies. 157 soccer referees in Premier League and A-league responded to seven-point Likert scale Jacko’s questionnaire (2004). To compare the core job characteristics of soccer referees, Repeated Measure, Bonferroni tests and Partial Least Squares (PLS) were used. Results show that characteristics of skill variety 0.79), specialization (0.77), feedback from job (0.62), information processing (0.61), autonomy 0.53), task significant (0.50), problem solving (0.27), had significant effects on core job characteristics among soccer referees, respectively. Characteristics of task significant, specialization, and skill variety had more effectiveness than characteristics of feedback, autonomy, and problem solving from referees’ view point (P≤ 0.05). Thus, based on factor loadings and priorities of job dimensions, problem solving can be eliminated, whereas specialization and information processing can be added to core job characteristics of soccer referees. Generally, soccer referees believe that soccer judgment is of importance, specialization, worthwhile, and high responsibility.

The current research is intended to study the relationship between the numbers of the spectators with salivary cortisol and performance evaluation of the referees at Iranian soccer premier league. The statistical sample includes 15 male referees (2008-2009) who participated. Their salivary cortisol levels were completed in 3 stages (a day before، before، and end of the match). The numbers of the spectators from the officials of the stadium and match supervisors، an evaluation sheet for referees'' performances were obtained from match supervisor. The data was analyzed by using Pearson''s test، dependent t and variance analysis with repetitive measures. The results shown there wasn''t a meaningful relationship between the number of spectators and the cortisol levels before and after the match. There was a negative meaningful relationship with performance In addition; there was a positive meaningful relationship between the performance and cortisol level after the match. There was a negative meaningful relationship between referees'' experiences and cortisol level before the match. Also، the results indicated that salivary cortisol increased significantly after the match as compared to other stages. There is a need to sport psychology science for learning the coping stress''s strategies.

A professional judge is challenging and worthwhile. On the other hand referees are exposed to frustration, abuse and disrespect. So there e is no surprise that some referees are suffering burn outing of the sinking. Population of this research was 140 subjects of the degree of referees three, two, one, national and international country football referees. Data collection was a two-part questionnaire that included the first part of eight questions about demographic characteristics and the second part of the burn out of the questionnaire included 25 questions that used. Validity of Maslach burnout questionnaires were confirmed by professors and experts of athletic management and their stability were obtained by the use of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α=0.87). the Research findings suggest that there is a significant differences between emotional exhaustion and Referees degree (χ2=18.69, p<0.05).The fatigue and emotional exhaustion in 2 degree referees is higher than the referee of other degrees. Similarly, the mean of depersonalization and referees degree significant difference was observed (χ2=36.04, p<0.01).on the basis of survey result, there was a significant difference between burnout and their degree (F=15.5, m=15.58). But there was no significant difference between burnout and their posts (p<0.01). On the bases of evolvement scales, there had a significant difference between the mean of referees involvement and degree of referee (χ2=29.65, p<0.01). providing appropriate education and opportunities for referees, comprehensive support and required resources for referees and improving public understanding of referees class in society are some actions that must be taken by relevant officials in order to prevent this phenomena.