جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « sport events » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

This research investigates the role of brand identity of intercollegiate sports events on WOM of the host city. In terms of the nature of purpose, the present research is an applied research and in terms of the research method, it is a descriptive and survey research. The statistical population of this research was made up of all the players, coaches and supervisors of the teams participating in the futsal competitions of male students of universities and higher education institutions. In this research, the library and field method was used to collect information, the standard brand identity questionnaires of Mael and Ashforth (1992) and the questionnaire of WOM were used to collect data. And their reliability was re-examined and confirmed in this research. To analyze the questionnaire data in the inferential statistics section, K-S tests and Spearman's correlation coefficient, available in the SPSS 18 software packages, were used. The results showed that the brand identity with 3.58 and WOM of the host city with 3.16 have a favorable condition, Also, the results of the data analysis showed that the brand identity of the sport events has a positive effect on the WOM of the host city, therefore it is suggested that the managers of sports events by strengthening the brand identity of the event, increase the offers of hosting and have more options to choose from. Also, by supporting sports events, city managers can use the brand identity of these events for positive WOM and for the benefit of the tourism development of their city.

Olympic Motorsport E Series & F1 Simulator Games are the two virtual competitions that immerse fans to interact the motorsports world; IOC president Thomas Bach said an Olympic Esports Games could be added for 2025 or 2026. The purpose of the current research was to investigate motor sports in the first stage and then to study the place of Formula 1 simulator games (Formula 1 SIM) as an emerging sport in the Olympic Games.The present study was qualitative based on Clark & Braun (2006) content analysis theory; by studying 36 researches about SIM Formula 1 & Motorsport E-series, the findings showed that decreasing the number of drivers in motorsport (3.6 % between 2019-2024) beside the attractiveness of virtual games for new generations; Top ten companies including Mercedes, Alpine, Hush, Aston Martin, Williams, McLaren, Red Bull, Ferrari, Kick-On and Alfatori have teams in Motorsport E Series. Due to the increasing number of kids, teenagers and young people towards E sports and 1.1 billion dollars financial turnover of SIM, there is a necessity to strength the MAFIRI (Motor & Automobile Federation of Iran).

Today, the sport events are used as a tool for socializing students. The aim of this research is to analyze the lived experience of the international student athletes from participating in the first international students cultural-sports Olympiad, that was done with a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach. The participants were selected through the purposeful sampling method (n=16). Data was collected through in-depth interviews and reflective conversations and also analyzed by the seven step Diekelmann, Allen & Tanner approach (1989). Attempting to reach a common language through sport, it was the main theme. Also, the ten categories of sub-themes were obtained, which include the forming a different image of Iran, getting to know the host country's culture, highlighting of intercultural challenges and efforts to solve them, experiencing the knowledge of Iran, networking and strengthening social relations through the sport, strengthening the sense of humanitarianism, diminishing nationalism and strengthening human solidarity, the disappearance of boundaries and barriers to effective communication, need to comply with the norms and collective values and knowing the core values of the event hosting community. Hence it can be noted that sport has acted as a tool to facilitate socialization as well as to reach a common language; therefore, contemporary society achieves altruism from sport, as long as policy makers use such sport events.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the attraction of sponsors for domestic sports events in the state of sanctions. This study is descriptive-correlational, and in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of method of collecting data is in field. The population of this study was the professors of sports management, senior and middle managers of the general departments of sports and youth, managers of sports clubs of the governorates of Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces and the managers of the companies that have supported sports events in recent years. Sampling was done in a purposeful and accessible way. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed using Cronbach alpha (0/84) method and construct validity. Data analysis was done using SPSS and PLS software at the level of P≤0.05. Based on the route analysis, it was found that the variables of environmental factors of events and sponsorship have a direct positive and significant effect on the factors of organizing the event, the factors of applicants for financial support and the effectiveness of financial support of events and explains 74, 45, and 23% of their variables, respectively. The proposed model can well show the capacity of different dimensions of attracting sponsors to participate in sporting events for promoting sports. The present model shows the basic constructs of the relationship between environmental factors, factors of financial support applicants, event organizers and the effectiveness of financial support and at its level, it is able to explain its predicted functions.

Sport events would not be feasible without volunteers; therefore, the aim of this study was to Analysis and explanation of development model in volunteering management of the Iranian university sport events. With respect to the main aim of the study, the methodology was qualitative. The sample consisted of those who had the most relevant data from the subject of the study; therefore in this study were used of the purposive sampling documents and interviews that the researcher after 11 interviews with experts people and experienced in this field, reached to theoretical saturation. In accordance with qualitative researches, data were analyzed simultaneously with data collection. Also, for analyze the research data was used of the Wolcott (2008) theme analysis method. The results included the 152 sub-themes and 8 main themes were discovered from the initial codes, from which it was derived of the 120 basic themes and 7 institutor themes. As a result, the development model of the optimal management in Iranian university sport events volunteering is dependent on the basic strategies based on planning, recruitment, selection and screening, orientation and induction, performance appraisal, rewards and recognition, retention or replacement of the volunteer students.

Sporting events have long been a focal point of human entertainment and cultural expression, bringing together communities and fostering a sense of belonging among spectators. In recent years, the integration of virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) technologies has emerged as a transformative force in reshaping the landscape of spectator-sport interactions. This research endeavors to contribute to this evolving field by proposing a comprehensive paradigm model that encapsulates the intricate dynamics of integrating VR/AR technologies into sporting events. The research methodology employed a grounded theory approach, utilizing a purposive and theoretically-saturated sample of 15 participants who are experts in the fields of technology and sports management. Semi-structured in-depth interviews served as the primary data collection method, allowing for a nuanced exploration of the participants' perspectives. The analysis of the gathered data followed the established principles of open, axial, and selective coding. To enhance the robustness of the study, an iterative process of information and code verification was implemented, engaging participants in discussions to mitigate potential biases and ensure the accuracy of interpretations. Reliability was further ensured through the percentage agreement formula, prolonged engagement, persistent observation, member checking, and triangulation. The analysis of the interview data yielded a rich tapestry of insights, resulting in 58 extracted concepts, 21 sub-categories, and 5 main categories. These findings form the foundation of the proposed paradigm model for spectator-sport interactions in sporting events utilizing VR/AR technologies. The research underscores the significance of continuous technological advancements as a foundational condition. The evolution of VR/AR technologies acts as a catalyst for shaping the spectator-sport interaction paradigm, offering novel possibilities for immersive experiences. The need to amplify interactivity and enhance the overall spectator experience emerged as a central condition. VR/AR technologies serve as a medium through which live events can be transformed into immersive and engaging experiences, transcending traditional boundaries. The study recognizes the dynamic nature of VR/AR applications, emphasizing the continuous emergence and expansion of new applications. This condition highlights the adaptability and potential for innovation within the spectator-sport interaction paradigm. The existence of a robust technical infrastructure is identified as a critical condition. For the seamless integration of VR/AR technologies, the underlying technical foundation must be capable of supporting the complexities and demands of immersive spectator experiences. Accessibility of technology emerged as a key condition, emphasizing the importance of making VR/AR experiences widely available to a diverse audience. Overcoming barriers to access ensures a more inclusive and participatory spectatorship. The creation of engaging and diverse content is identified as a pivotal condition within the paradigm model. Tailoring experiences to cater to varied interests and preferences contributes to the overall richness of spectator interactions. A condition integral to the success of VR/AR integration is the widespread availability of high-speed internet and communication facilities. These infrastructural elements underpin the seamless delivery of immersive content to spectators. The cultural acceptance and integration of innovative technologies within the spectatorship culture represent a transformative condition. The willingness of the audience to embrace technological advancements influences the success of VR/AR integration. The proactive support from sports federations and organizations is highlighted as a facilitating condition. Institutional endorsement and integration of VR/AR technologies contribute to the legitimacy and sustainability of the proposed paradigm model. Despite technological advancements, the study acknowledges existing hardware limitations that can hinder the seamless implementation of VR/AR technologies. Addressing these constraints is crucial for optimal user experiences. The high production costs associated with creating exclusive sports content for VR/AR platforms emerged as a substantial intervening condition. Balancing cost-effectiveness with content quality is a significant challenge. The variability in network and internet capabilities in different stadiums presents a notable intervening condition. Overcoming these limitations is crucial for ensuring consistent and high-quality VR/AR experiences for spectators. The study acknowledges the presence of resistance among traditional spectators toward the acceptance of new technologies. Bridging this gap requires targeted efforts to educate and engage with diverse audience segments. A shortage of qualified personnel for the implementation and support of VR/AR technologies is identified as an intervening condition. Building expertise and fostering a skilled workforce is essential for the successful execution of the proposed paradigm model. The study advocates for continuous advancements in VR/AR hardware to address existing limitations and enhance the overall quality of immersive experiences. A strategic focus on producing high-quality and customized content is recommended to strike a balance between cost-effectiveness and delivering compelling experiences to spectators. The study underscores the importance of educational initiatives and proactive encouragement to bridge the gap between traditional and technologically savvy spectators. The successful implementation of the proposed paradigm model is anticipated to result in heightened engagement and interaction among sports spectators, fostering a more dynamic and participatory spectatorship. Integrating VR/AR technologies is expected to elevate the overall quality of the sports event experience, offering spectator’s immersive and memorable moments beyond the constraints of traditional viewing. The paradigm model's implementation is projected to have positive economic ramifications, contributing to increased revenue generation for event organizers through enhanced spectator experiences and novel revenue streams.Ultimately, the implementation of the proposed model is envisioned to result in improved levels of spectator satisfaction, solidifying the role of VR/AR technologies as integral components of the modern sports viewing experience. In conclusion, this research unveils a paradigm model for spectator-sport interactions in sporting events utilizing virtual and augmented reality technologies. The comprehensive analysis of conditions, intervening factors, strategies for development, and consequences of implementation provides a robust framework for understanding the complex dynamics of this transformative integration. By recognizing the multifaceted challenges and opportunities inherent in merging technology and sports spectatorship, this research contributes valuable insights to the ongoing dialogue surrounding the future of immersive sporting experiences. The findings underscore the potential for enhanced fan experiences in sporting events through the strategic utilization of augmented and virtual reality technologies and advocate for continued innovation and collaboration across the realms of technology and sports management.

The recommendations and solutions provided by researchers in critical situations such as the spread of the corona virus lead us to a solution for holding sports events under special conditions in order to prevent the spread of such diseases while creating opportunities for people to participate in sports events and activities. In case of coronavirus outbreak, Offline events have shifted the public's focus from In-person and live streaming events to the web and cyberspace and it seems that in such a situation, the media and social networks and offline activities can break the spell of stillness and silence in the field of sports and open an opening to the attractive and popular world of sports. However, with many people unable to participate in their normal activities, it is important to take advantage of opportunities for physical activity and exercise in the midst of this global crisis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting participation in offline sport events during coronavirus pandemic. The research method is descriptive and survey type and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population included all participants in the offline national competitions of the three sports of sumo, petanque and o-sport in 2021, in which 300 participants voluntarily completed the researcher-made questionary. The reliability of the research tool was reported using Cronbach's alpha method of 0.92. SPSS version 24 software was used for data analysis. Finally, by using structural equation modeling based on the partial least squares approach with SmartPLS software, the research hypotheses and causal model testing of the identified variables were investigated. Findings showed that the research model has a good fit and can be used to examine the factors affecting individual participation. The effect of factors of involvement, satisfaction and attitude of individuals on their participation in offline sports events was significant. Findings also showed that the factors of event characteristics, involvement and satisfaction increase the likelihood of developing a positive attitude towards participation in these events. Attitudes, satisfaction and involvement factors in an offline sports event, can also be intermediaries between the characteristics of the event and participation in it. Finding new ways for individuals and society to participate in sports is considered a unique opportunity. Holding offline sports events can be a creative solution to reduce the negative effects of crises such as the Corona pandemic and fill the void of activities and holding sports events, because it eliminates direct and close contact between people and also reduces trips and commuting. Many researches in line with the present research consider the level of involvement, attitude and satisfaction of people to be effective in increasing their sports participation. For example, Mason (2005) refers to the attitude factor, Alexandris et al (2007) and Funk et al (2004) to the conflict factor and Noori Khanyourdi et al (2023) and Yusuf et al (2019), Soheily et al (2018) to the satisfaction factor. Since these factors play an important and influential role in their participation in offline sports events, it is necessary to examine the factors that affect these variables. It is suggested that managers and sports professionals do their best and in different ways, such as raising the quality of events, increase the necessary grounds for the satisfaction of people to participate more in such events in conditions such as the Corona crisis. The findings of the current research showed that the factors of attitude, satisfaction and involvement in an offline sports event can also be a mediator between the characteristics of the event and participation in it. The findings of this research are in line with the results of the research of Soheily et al (2018) on the mediating role of satisfaction and show that the characteristics of the event affect satisfaction and satisfaction has a significant effect on people's participation in offline sports events in this critical condition. The findings of this research are also aligned with the results of ALexandris et al (2007) and show that the involvement of people in an offline event can be a mediator between the characteristics of that event and participation in it. Also, the results of the research in line with the results of the research of Yusuf et al (2019) show that the characteristics of the event can affect the attitude towards the event, which is an effective motivational factor for attending a sports event. According to the findings of the research, evaluating the participants' perceptions is one of the useful methods that can be considered to increase their participation. In order to reduce the negative effects of the spread of the corona virus on the sports industry, sports institutions should update their communication with their fans and supporters and take the best and most advantage of virtual solutions such as online networks and official websites (Heydari et al, 2021). The findings of this research showed that the level of satisfaction, the level of involvement, the attitude towards the event and the characteristics of the event can be effective on people's intention to participate in offline sports events. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to maintain better communication with fans, spectators and enthusiasts who are the main assets of sports, these effective factors should be taken into consideration. A virus like Corona is highly contagious and its lethality is significant; therefore, it requires different management. Holding offline sports events can be an effective strategy to temporarily replace sports events in this situation. Of course, according to the findings of the research, in the successful holding of such events, the factors that affect participation should be considered. In general, it should be noted that the research model may not be able to fully express the intention of people to attend offline sports events, but knowing these effective factors can be useful in order to increase participation in sports events in situations such as the Corona crisis. Therefore, considering these factors, the current research considers the development of offline events as an important strategy in such situations, and it is suggested that managers of offline sports events provide appropriate planning for the development of participation by measuring the factors affecting participation.

The aim of this research is designing a paradigmatic Pattern for enhancement of hosting international sports events and the emphasis lies on the Kish Free Zone. As a qualitative study, this research is conducted using an approach based on the grounded theory. The statistical population is comprised of sport management specialists and experts in the area of holding sports events in free zone, who are selected as contributors using a Snowball sampling approach. In order to gather data semi-structured interviews are used and after 11th interview, theoretical saturation has been accomplished. In order to determine data reliability and validity, two methods of recoding and reviewing by expert contributors are implemented. The pivotal topic is the diplomacy of the enhancement of hosting international sports events in Free trade zone. The results revealed that using strategies like taking advantage of elite athletes as diplomacy ambassadors, applying physical and managerial measures in stadiums for the presence of women and establishing an active diplomacy working group in the Ministry of Sport, would lead to the successful hosting of international sports events. Finally, after strategy formulation, the final pattern is presented considering causality, contextual and intervening conditions.

According to the importance of websites as a modern media in the process of  selling ticket in sport events, the aim of the current study was to examine the role of webqual in satisfaction and repurchasing intention for internet ticket in football pro-league of Iran. The research was a  descriptive correlational study and a practical one. The research population consisted of Perspolis and Esteghlal football fans in 88th derby and a sample of 428 fans were studied through random sampling in Azadi stadium. The research tool was questionnaire and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed according to Choronbach’s alpha, and the validity was verified by conducting face, content and structural validity. Structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS) was applied for data analysis. The findings demonstrated that “webqual” had a positive and significant effect on “user satisfaction” and “repurchasing intention”. “User satisfaction” also had positive and significant effect on “repurchasing intention” for electronic ticket. The findings of this research can be considered as an effective platform for the development of strategies and performance of the sport clubs through the process of electronic selling of ticket.

The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of high school students in the Kurdistan Region of Kurdistan regarding their education and their participation in school sports events. The statistical population of this study was all students of middle school and high school in the Kurdistan region of Iraqi Kurdistan. For cluster random sampling, sampling was used. The sample consisted of 826 people, of which 389 were boys and 437 were girl. A researcher-made three-part questionnaire was used to collect data. For analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov Smirnov, Khyndo, Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test) were used. The results of the research showed that there is a relationship between participation in sporting events with the attitude toward physical education, but between the amount of skill in sports activities as well as between the interest in sports activities and attitudes toward the training course Students did not have a meaningful relationship. Finally, there was a significant correlation between the amount of exercise outside the school and the attitude toward the education, and the group that exercised daily exercise outside the school had a better attitude toward the lesson than the non-practitioner group They had no education.

The purpose of this study is investigation the role of sport event hosting on urban development. The method of this study is descriptive survey with the practical purpose and is executed through field. The statistical population include; member of the board of directors, sport management experts, urban development experts in ministry of roads and urban planning experts in municipality and tourism assistance experts. The population size of approximately 1000 was considered. With using of Morghan, s table 278 samples were selected by random cluster. The measurement tool in this research was questionnaire and main factors was found by exploratory factor analysis and confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Face validity of the questionnaire was approval and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated 0.92. For data analysis, were used of inferential statistics (Kolmogroph Smirnof and multiple variable regressions) at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the structural model is fit. Also result of multiple variable regression showed that sport event hosting was a predictor variable for urban development. So mega event hosting in Iran can lead to creation of coherent organizational structure, creating financial resources and infrastructures development to urban development. Finally, can help urban management in order to achieve sustainable urban development.

The aim of the current study was to analyze those factors affecting the tendency to purchase tickets online in sport events based on developed model of technology acceptance. In this study, security, trust, adoptability, and privacy as other beliefs that have a remarkable influence on the acceptance to purchase tickets online in sport events were applied to develop the technology acceptance model. The research method was descriptive – survey and the data were collected by a combination of Al-Gahtani (2011), Lin (2007) and Vijayasarathy (2004) questionnaires. The population consisted of football fans in Isfahan city and 351 fans were randomly selected by Cochran formula as the sample of this study. The reliability of the questionnaire was found to be 0.87 according to Cronbach’s alpha and the content validity of questionnaires was verified by viewpoints of experts of electronic purchasing and electronic business. In addition, to measure the validity of the model, structural equation modeling was applied. The relationship of the variables were verified based on SEM results. AMOS and SPSS were used for data analysis. The results showed that the adoptability, usefulness, convenience and security had significant effects on tendency to purchase tickets online in sport events. The findings also showed the positive effect of usefulness on tendency towards this kind of purchasing.

The aim of the present study was to model the components of sport diplomacy in the development of international relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The present study was applied in terms of aims and mixed sequential exploratory in terms of data collection. The sample was equal to population (325 Iranian and foreign experts of sport diplomacy who executively or scientifically had national and international positions in sport diplomatic relations). A questionnaire with 60 items was used to collect data. Confirmatory factor analysis decreased the number of items to 59 and 10 components: international branding and prestige, cultural development, political development, economic development, fight isolation and sanction, leave the dark side, peace and friendship, national unity, media communication and soft power development. Cronbach’s alpha and Dillon-Goldstein P tests confirmed the validity of the questionnaire and its components. In addition, soft power development was the most important factor to explain the variance. On the other hand, partial least squares (PLS) confirmed the final model of the study and also divergent and convergent validity of the questionnaire.

The study is to identify factors underpinning the spread of sport tourism in Zanjan city¡ considering tourists participating in sport events. Research methodology is descriptive-analytical deduction and has been done in causal survey method. Statistical society consisted of 832 athletes and coaches of Zanjan city in years 1391 and 1392 that 263 of them were chosen as research sample using random sampling method. Also documentary method was used to codify the theoretical framework and the data was gathered by a researcher made questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was approved by face validity and content validity (CVR> 0.75) and factor analysis (KMO>0.75) and reliability was checked by Cronbach test (alpha = 0.843). Data were analyzed by AMOS¡ version 22¡ applying descriptive and inferential statistics.
Findings indicated that sport infrastructures¡ authorities'' concern¡ tourism infrastructures and sport events are respectively the most effective factors on the spread of sport tourism. Also¡ there was a significant difference in tourism infrastructures and sport events¡ as the coaches more than athletes pay attention to these two factors.

The aim of this study was to investigate Sabzevar students' perception of volunteering effects in sport and other events. The study was a descriptive survey conducted as a field. 400 subjects were selected as the sample. Data were collected by Miller (2013) Questionnaire, which was modified and some items were added. Face, content and construct validity of this questionnaire was confirmed. Cranach's alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaire (=α0.885). For data analysis, t test, MANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used. The results showed a significant difference in the volunteer students' perception of volunteering effects, social and physical-economic capitals in sport and other events. There were no significant differences in cultural and human capitals. There were no significant differences in the sex of the subjects in human, social, physical-economic, and cultural capitals. There was a significant difference in the age of the subjects in sport events group in physical-economic and cultural capitals and there was a significant difference in other events in physical-economic capital. Sport voluntary activities had greater effects than none-sport voluntary activities which could be due to the nature of sport. The authorities and planners need to create opportunities for voluntary activities in order to attract the satisfaction of volunteers of all ages and sexes.

Tourism industry has recently been the world's first industry based on income generation and economic growth. The aim of the present study was to examine the attitude of sports and tourism experts about the economic impact of sports tourism on the host community. Research samples are comprised of the specialists in sport and tourism areas. Research tools have been gathered from some parts of the standard questionnaire by Hritz and Ross (2010) that was used only after being confirmed of its validity and reliability (α:0.83). Data from 203 questionnaires returned were analyzed by SPSS V.21 and Amos V.21 software and Bartlett test, KMO index, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used. KMO index and Bartlett test are confirmed using the data distribution for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Exploratory factor analysis also extracted two factor titled “positive effects” and “negative effects”. In order to investigate the most important factors, using the confirmatory factor analysis, the “income and employment enhancement index” and “Pseudo employment during the tourism event after it due to the seasonality of the sports tourism index’’ with a factor loading of 0.86 in the positive effects and negative effects, respectively, are the most important economic effects of sports tourism in host community.

The purpose of this study was study of Relationship the countries performance at multi-sport events with their performance at Olympic Game. The population of all the countries in the Olympic Games medals have been won that their number is equal 1166 (excluding repeat). Based on population and sample table of Morgan, samples were selected equal 321. Information was collected from multiple sites such as Continental Councils of Olympic and international Olympic committee. Also, for analyzing used descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Spearman correlation coefficient) by SPSS software and significant level p≤0/05. The results showed that there is positive and significantly relationship between the number of Medals of gold, silver, bronze and total medals won by world countries at former Olympic Games with the number of Medals of gold, silver, bronze and total medals won at next Olympic Games. Also, the results showed that there is positive and significantly relationship between the number of medals of gold, silver, bronze and total medals won at Asian and Pan-American Games with the number of medals of gold, silver, bronze and total medals won at Olympic Games. However, there is not significantly relationship between the number of medals of gold, silver, bronze and total medals won at all-African Games with the number of medals of gold, silver, bronze and total medals won at Olympic Games.

This study aimed to investigate the legal different opinions between male and female coaches in the sport events. The study was field research, which conducted through a field survey method. The data was collected from a random selected sample of 175 coaches in Tehran sport clubs. A test-retest researcher made designed questionnaire with 86% reliability coefficient was used to acquire the information of civic law and the responsibilities awareness. Firstly, for data analysis, a Kolmogoroff- Smirnoff test was carried out of the normal distribution function and regarding the abnormal data distribution, data were analyzed by Man-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis as a non-parametric statistical way. The results revealed that 81.45% of the participants were aware of their duties and legal responsibilities in the sports events. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the legal responsibilities opinions based on genders (P ≤0.05). It means that the female coaches were more aware of their civic law responsibilities. The findings also discovered that the legal responsibilities opinions were significantly different among coaches with different high education levels (P ≤0.05). In other words, the coaches with higher education level (≥ Master) were more aware of their duties and legal responsibilities. In the job experiences background, it has also been found a significant difference among the coaches (P ≤ 0.001). It means that the coaches with higher job experiences (≥ 15 years) had significantly further awareness of legal civic responsibilities.

A n increasing competition between destinations is to develop the best strategies that explore the tourism potential of each destination the purpose of the study was to examine different factors influencing tourism loyalty in Province of Eastern Azarbyjan sport events. Thus, 102 tourists to cluster and simple random questionnaire revised (Travis - 2008) was completed. The result structure equation modeling (SEM) on Lisrel (8/7) program indicated that factors influencing tourism loyalty of sport tourism & non- sport tourism identified. Variables influencing the loyalty of the sport tourists were trust and satisfaction indicators, image, and sporting Excellence, the excitement and Unique experience. And variables influencing the loyalty of the non - sport tourism are satisfaction and trust, safety, cultural differences and transportation. The results showed that sport tourists are Loyalty than non-sport tourists.