جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « قلب » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

As a result of prolonged sports activities, the heart undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, which ultimately lead to beneficial adaptations in the heart. The aim of this study was to compare the heart structure and function of elite handball and karate athletes with non-athletes. In this research, 30 women with an average age of 24.6±3.4 years were divided into 3 groups: 20 elite athletes (11 in the handball group and 9 in the karate group) and 10 non-athletes. An echocardiography device with Doppler imaging was used to evaluate the structure and function of the subjects' hearts at rest. The data was analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance test. The results indicated a significant difference in the mass of the left ventricle, the internal diameter of the left ventricle at systole, the thickness of the interventricular wall of the heart, the thickness of the posterior wall of the left ventricle, the ejection fraction, and the stroke volume at rest between the non-athlete group and the two athlete groups. However, there was no significant difference between the two athlete groups. Therefore, sports training induces morphological and physiological changes in the hearts of athletes.

The use of methamphetamine leads to numerous cell damage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of aerobic training on the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in the myocardium of rats after withdrawal from ethamphetamine.

32 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (methamphetamine group, methamphetamine then withdrawal group, methamphetamine then withdrawal then training group and methamphetamine then withdrawal then normal life without intervention group (control group)). Methamphetamine was injected intraperitoneally and in the first week in the amount of 10 mg/kg twice a day. From the second to the sixth week, every week, 1 mg/kg was added to the injection dose. The training protocol includes 6 weeks of aerobic training on a treadmill with moderate intensity for 60 minutes a day and 5 days a week. The expression levels of BAX and Bcl-2 genes were evaluated in rat myocardial tissue. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of P≤0.05.

Methamphetamine increased apoptosis by increasing BAX gene expression, decreasing Bcl-2 gene expression and BAX/Bcl-2 ratio. methamphetamine withdrawal and aerobic training caused a significant decrease in BAX gene expression, BAX/Bcl-2 ratio and an increase in Bcl-2 gene expression (P≤0.05).

Methamphetamine use can increase the expression of some pro-apoptotic genes and decrease the expression of myocardial anti-apoptotic genes. On the other hand, methamphetamine withdrawal and aerobic training can reduce the process of apoptosis in the myocardium of rats.

At the cellular level, the cardioprotective effects of exercise on the heart tissue are different at various ages. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in angiogenesis (VEGF), tissue hypoxia (HIF-1) and calcium ion flow (Calcineurin) in the heart tissue of immature, mature and old rats following combined training.

Thirty male Wistar rats divided in three age groups of 2 weeks, 8 weeks and 24 months (10 each group) and each age group was divided into two control and exercise training groups (5 each group). In the combined training group, animals performed one day of resistance training and one day of aerobic training for 6 weeks. The amount of overload in the resistance training program was determined based on the body weight of the animals from 30% in the first week to 120% body weight in the last week. For aerobic training, the intensity of training increased from 50% of maximum speed in the first week to 80% in the last week. After 6 weeks of training, sacrificed animals and heart tissue were removed to measure VEGF, HIF-1 and Calcineurin factors by RTPCr method. To analyze data, the statistical method of one-way analysis of variance was used with significance P≤0.05. 

The group of exercise training (8-week) showed higher levels of VEGF gene expression in heart tissue compare to the control group (8-week control) (P=0.020). However, there was no significant difference in VEGF gene expression between training groups in three age groups (P>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the control and training groups in each age group and between the training groups in the three age in the expression of cardiac HIF-1 and Calcineurin gene (P>0.05).Discussion and

Exercising at young age has more favorable cellular effects (especially the positive regulation of angiogenesis factor). Therefore, in order to have a good aging period, it was suggested to do regular resistance-aerobic exercises from a young age.

The effect of exercise training in control of diabetes has been proved, but comparison of the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the protective mechanisms of heart tissue is still not well known. So, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of HIIT and MICT on the Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) and Heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) gene expression in heart tissue of high-fat diet and diabetic rats.

eighteen male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with high-fat diet for three months. After that, diabetes was induced by injecting 30 mg/kg streptozotocin intra peritoneally. Then the rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 rats including, HIIT, MICT, and control. Also, 6 rats were considered to investigate the effect of high-fat diet and diabetes on research variables in the healthy control group. During 8 weeks training protocol, the HIIT group performed 6 training sessions in the first week to 12 training sessions in the last week training sessions with intensity of 80-85% of the maximum speed. MICT group was run 50 to 55% of the maximum running speed which lasted from 25 minutes in the first week to 50 minutes in the final week. Finally, SIRT3 and HSP70 gene expression values ​​were measured in heart tissue by qRT-PCR method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to analyze the data (P<0.05).

SIRT3 gene expression levels in the HIIT and MICT groups were significantly higher than the control group (P=0.001) and HSP70 gene expression levels in the HIIT group were lower than the control group (P=0.01). In addition, no significant difference was observed in SIRT3 and HSP70 values ​​in HIIT and MICT training (P≤0.05).

It seems that HIIT and MICT play a role in improving mitochondrial function by increasing SIRT3 expression; However, considering the decrease in HSP70 levels following HIIT, it seems that more studies with the approach of cell damage following high-intensity training are needed.

Consumption of high-calorie, high-salt diets is one of the main factors in production of free radicals and consequent oxidative stress in cardiac tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an eight-week sprint interval training (SIT) on oxidative/antioxidative status of cardiac tissue in male Wistar rats on a high-calorie, high-salt diet.

  It was an experimental study in which 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: normal diet group (ND), normal diet and exercise (ND/SIT), high-calorie high salt diet group (HCL/HS), and high-calorie high salt diet + exercise group (HCL/HS + SIT). The sprint interval training was performed for eight weeks, three times per week, and 4-9 reps per session. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, rats were sacrificed and the cardiac tissue removed and used for superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels assessment.

Findings showed that eight weeks of SIT significantly increased the activity of SOD and GPX enzymes in the HCL/HS+SIT group. It also significantly reduced the MDA level in cardiac tissue of Wistar rats (P=0.001). But there was no significant change in TAC level after eight weeks of SIT training in the HCL/HS+SIT group (P=0.148).

Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that SIT training, despite its low volume, may help in preventing oxidative stress induced by a high-calorie, high-salt diet in the cardiac tissue of Wistar rats.

The purpose of this present study was to investigate the effect of an interval training course on some inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors of the heart tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes.

In this research, 60 male rats were selected and made diabetic with nicotinamide and streptozocin (STZ), and then randomly divided into 6 groups of 10: control, intermittent exercise, sham, intermittent exercise + saline, diabetic and diabetes + interval training were divided. The rats in the training groups performed an interval training program using a treadmill for 6 weeks and 5 days a week. Data analysis was done with one-way analysis of variance significant P≤0.05.

The results of this research showed that the levels of blood glucose, TNF-α and CRP in the intermittent exercise and diabetes+interval exercise groups had a significant decrease compared to the control and diabetes groups (P=0.001, P=0.001 and P=0.003 respectively). P) and insulin resistance index did not change significantly (P=0.21). Also, the amount of IL-10 in the intermittent exercise and diabetes+intermittent exercise groups had a significant increase compared to the control and diabetes groups, respectively (P=0.01).

The results of this study showed that interval training can be used as a therapeutic strategy to reduce the inflammatory factors TNF-α and CRP and increase the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in heart tissue of type 2 diabetic patients.

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate toxin used to control agricultural pests. These toxins alter the expression of genes and cause cell damage in the body. Due to the high consumption of these compounds in rice fields and citrus orchards and their potential harm, the present study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise and eugenol supplementation on GAP43 gene expression and myocardial damage in rats poisoned with chlorpyrifos. In this study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: healthy control, sham, poisoned control, aerobic training poisoning, eugenol poisoning, and toxic + aerobic training+ eugenol. The interventions were performed based on the name of the group and 48 hours after the last intervention, a biopsy was performed. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and P less than 0.05 was considered as a significant change. The results of the present study showed that poisoning significantly reduced the expression of this gene and the destruction of collagen in heart tissue. Collagen degradation was trained in poisoned rats and consumed less eugenol, while GAP43 gene expression in poisoned rats did not change significantly due to exercise and supplementation alone. The interaction of exercise and supplementation increased the expression of the GAP43 gene in the hearts of poisoned rats and decreased the collagen degradation of their hearts. In general, the simultaneous use of exercise and supplementation caused more beneficial effects on the heart tissue of poisoned rats in the variables of the present study

Physical activity in patients with diabetes can affect myocardial structure and function, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on expression of PPARα and PGC1α proteins in the heart tissue of male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes. In the present study, 28 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups Control Healthy, Exercise Healthy, Diabetes Control, and Diabetes Exercise. After a period of high-fat diet and then after induction of diabetes, animals in Diabetes Exercise and Exercise Healthy groups performed the HIIT training protocol for 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week. 48 hours after the last training session, cardiac tissue was extracted and the levels of PGC-1α and PPARα proteins were assessed using Western blotting. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05. The results showed that the expression levels of PGC-1α protein in the Diabetes Control group decreased significantly compared to the Control Healthy group (P=0.001) and increased significantly in the Diabetes Exercise group compared to the Diabetes Control group (P=0.001). Also, expression levels of PPARα protein in the Diabetes Control and Diabetes Exercise groups increased significantly compared to the healthy groups (P=0.001). Moreover, the amount of PPARα protein showed a significant decrease in the Diabetes Exercise group compared to the Diabetes Control group (P=0.001). HIIT exercises can probably play an effective role in regulating the PPARα/PGC1α signaling pathway and modulate the adverse changes caused by diabetes in this signaling pathway related to mitochondrial biogenesis.

Diabetes causes cardiovascular disorders and causes coronary artery disease or systemic hypertension. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B) gene expression and total antioxidant status (TAS) of cardiac tissue in diabetic male rats.

This experimental study was performed on 30 adult male Wistar rats and divided into 3 groups of Diabetic training, Diabetic control and healthy control (n = 10). Diabetic rats were diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The exercise program consisted of 6 weeks of treadmill training. After 24 hours of the last training session to examine the effect of exercise, cardiac tissue samples were extracted to measure VEGF-B gene expression and TAS. One-way ANOVA with statistical level (P˂0.05) was used to compare between groups and significant differences between groups.

Results showed after a period of endurance training there was a significant increase in VEGF-B gene expression and total antioxidant status in the exercise-treated diabetic group compared to control diabetes (P = 0.001). However, no significant difference (P = 0.364) and significant difference (P = 0.033) were observed for VEGF-B gene expression level and antioxidant status between diabetic training and healthy control diabetic groups, respectively.

It seems that endurance training has a positive effect on VEGF-B and TAS of diabetic heart rats and can improve diabetic heart.

Follistatin is a key protein in the regulation of muscles (heart and Skeletal) hypertrophy that type 1 diabetes can lead to dysfunction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and endurance on blood glucose and Follistatin protein content in the left ventricular tissue of the heart of male rats with type 1 diabetes. In this study, 18 head 2 Sprague-Dawley male rats with a mean weight of 300±20 g were selected. After becoming type 1 diabetic through streptozotocin solution, they were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) HIIT training 2) endurance training and 3) control (6 heads per group). Exercise groups exercised 4 days a week for 6 weeks according to HIIT and endurance training programs. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Six weeks of HIIT and endurance training resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose levels (p=0.0001) and a significant increase in Follistatin protein content (p=0.0001) compared to the control group. HIIT and endurance training lowered blood glucose levels, indicating that these two types of training could be appropriate and non-invasive treatment for control diabetes. Also, endurance training and HIIT training increased the intracellular content of Follistatin protein, which can be useful for physiological hypertrophy and reduction of cardiac pathological complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Apoptosis is a highly organized and programmed process that plays a vital role in monitoring various types of non-pathological cell events; however, the effect of various sport activities with various intensities on apoptosis is still not fully identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval and continuous training on some apoptotic markers in the heart tissue of rats. 20 rats were randomly divided into four groups: first week control, last week control, interval training, and continuous training. Interval training was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 2- 8 intervals each session with the intensity of 85-110% of maximum sprint speed, while continuous training was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 16-40 minutes per session equal to 55-60% of maximum sprint speed. To analyze the findings, independent t test and MANOVA were employed using SPSS software (P≤0.05). The gene expression levels of Bax, Caspase 9, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in continuous training and interval training groups were significantly lower than the last week control group (P≤0.05); gene expression levels of Bcl-2 in interval training group were significantly higher than the last week control group (P≤0.05). There were no significant differences in gene expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase 9, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in continuous training and interval training groups (P≥0.05). It seems that interval and continuous training have the same effects on cell anti-apoptotic adaptations in the heart tissues of Sprague Dawley male rats.

Interval training may challenge the protective effect of heart against cell death. However, the protective role of exercise in preventing apoptosis is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training on apoptosis in young rats’ heart. 30 male young Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. The training program included six weeks of interval training, six sessions per week, 30 minutes each session with the speed of 25-70 m/min. with 10 one-minute repetitions and 2-minute active rest. Sampling of the heart tissue was conducted 48 hours after the last training session. In order to investigate the apoptosis, the heart tissue was placed in 10% formalin fixative solution. The apoptotic cells were labeled with non-radioactive method. The one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at the significance level (P≤0.005) were used for data analysis. Immunohistochemistry results showed that 6 weeks of HIIT significantly increased 320 and 200% (P≤0.001) of apoptosis in experimental group compared with the 6-week control group and baseline group. These findings delineate a novel, age‐dependent interaction which activated apoptotic pathway by HITT, but such reaction is unclear in adolescents and children and further research is needed. Thus it is necessary to consider training concerns when designing HITT for them.

Aging is characterized by an increase in apoptosis. It seems that aerobic training can reduce the apoptosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic training on apoptosis and growth factors in the old rats’ hearts. 24 male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: high intensity training (HIT=8), moderate intensity training (MCT=8) and control (CO=8). After two weeks of adaptation, rats participated in aerobic training for 6 weeks. The rats’ hearts were extracted 48 hours after the last training session. Bax and Bcl-2 gene expressions were analyzed by the Real-Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). One-way analysis of variance was used for data analysis (P<0.05). The results showed that Bax gene expression in MCT group insignificantly increased (0.261) but in HIT group significantly increased (0.001) compared with the control group. Bcl-2 gene levels in MCT group (0.978) and HIT group (0.278) insignificantly increased compared with the control group. IGF-1 in MCT group (0.175) and HIT group (0.537) increased compared with the control group, but this increase was not significant. According to the results, 6 weeks of training with moderate and high intensity insignificantly increased the expression of Bcl-2 and IGF-1 in elderly rats and significantly increased Bax in high intensity training group and insignificantly increased it in the moderate intensity group.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of sprint interval training (HIIT) on antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and lipid peroxidation, malondialdehide (MDA) of heart, liver and skeletal muscle tissues in male Wistar rats. Thirteen male Wistar rats (weight= 225.88±18.68 g, age= 8 weeks) after one-week familiarization, were randomly divided into 2 groups; Control (n=6) and sprint interval training (n=7). HIIT training protocol included 8 weeks (5 session per week) of running with 30-45 m/min on rodent treadmill (for 1 min with 10 reps and 2 min active rest) at the first week and reached to 75-80 m/min at last three weeks (for 1 min with 7 reps and 3 min active rest). GPX activity was measured by Elisa Kit and MDA level was analyzed by spectrophotometric method. Independed-samples T test results showed that the sprint interval training resulted in a significant decrease in GPX enzyme levels in heart (P=0.001), liver (P=0.002) and skeletal muscle (P=0.006) compared to the control group. Also, MDA levels of heart tissue in training group increased significantly in compare with control group (P=0.001). Based on our finding, different tissues have different oxidative responses to the similar training and HIIT imposes heart tissue on oxidative stress more than skeletal muscle and liver tissue.

miR-1 is involved in many cellular processes including muscle hypertrophy (skeletal and cardiac). Endurance activities also cause cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance activity on cardiac expression of miR-1. For this purpose, 14 rats were maintained under controlled conditions (temperature, light/dark (12:12) cycle, with ad libitum access to food and water) and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups after they were familiarized with the training protocol. The experimental group performed an (14 weeks) endurance training program on a treadmill; then, 48 hours after the end of the last session, they were anesthetized and sacrificed and their heart and left ventricle were removed. To determine the cardiac miR-1 expression, Real time-PCR method was used. The obtained data were evaluated using t test. Results showed no significant differences in the mean of cardiac miR-1 expression between the two groups (P =0.191). The endurance activity had no significant effects on cardiac miR-1 expression. It is likely that changes in miR-1, although low, appear in proteins level of target genes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on cardiac expression of miR-499, For this purpose, 14 rats under controlled conditions (temperature, light/dark (12:12) cycle, with ad Libitum access to food and water) were housed and after familiarization with protocol they were randomly assigned into control and Experimental groups. The experimental group performed 14 weeks endurance exercise on motorized treadmill, and then 48 hours after the end of the last session were anesthetized and sacrificed. The heart was removed and then left ventricle was dissected. Real time RT-PCR method was used to determine of expression levels of miR-449 in left ventricle and the obtained data were evaluated using one sample t-test. The hypertrophy evaluation indices showed that the ratio of left ventricle to the body weight in experimental group (2.3±0.18) was significantly (P=0.05) higher in compare control group (2.049±0.12) and the ratio of left ventricle to body surface area in experimental group (0.168±0.008) were significantly (P=0.01) higher in compare with control group (0.153±0.006). Finally, the mean of miR-499 expression of left ventricle in experimental group was significantly (P=0.004) higher than control group. It seems miR-499 expression relate to endurance induce cardiac hypertrophy special in left ventricle.

Endurance activities induce cardiac hypertrophy; also it was observed the hdac4 gene expression rate in skeletal muscle is affected by endurance activities. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on cardiac expression of HDAC4. For this purpose، 14 rats under controlled conditions (temperature، light/dark (12:12) cycle، with ad Libitum access to food and water) were housed and randomly was divided into control and Experimental groups، the experimental group performed 14-weeks endurance exercise on motorized treadmill، and then 48 hours after the end of the last session were anesthetized as sacrificed. The left ventricle of the heart was removed. Real time RT-PCR method was used to determine of expression levels of hdac4 gene، and the obtained data were evaluated using t-test. The results showed the mean of left ventricle hdac4 gene expression was higher in experimental group significantly (P=. 002) than control group. It appears differences in the type of left ventricle Hypertrophy is Due to difference in response of HDAC4 factor.