جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "بافت" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

In the contemporary world, with the rapid advances in science and technology, the urban planning system has also faced changes. Urban planning which was previously based on the traditional system, seems not to have the necessary balance and responsiveness to correct and solve the problem of worn-out tissues anymore. Therefore, the future research approach helps planners to see the future better and prevent negative consequences, especially in old fabrics. Future studies on worn-out tissues seem necessary in order to improve the standard of living and urban prosperity in the coming years. In terms of its nature, this research is considered to be applied research and in terms of data, it is quantitative research, which was carried out by descriptive-analytical method. Collecting data from the opinions of specialists and experts in the form of survey forms, and using prospective research techniques for data analysis, the data analysis tool in this research was Micmac software. The main goal of this research is to achieve the scenarios facing the old fabric of the Urmia metropolis by 1420. The most important driving factors were identified in relation to future research on worn-out fabric in Urmia. The results of this research show that 13 key factors will be influential in the future of the old fabric of Urmia city, then, according to the known key factors, the scenarios are predicted in four modes (white, grey, orange and black) for the old texture.

This study aimed to revitalize the historical districts of Shiraz using a foresight methodology, with a focus on the year 2051.

Conducted in 2023 (1402 in the Islamic calendar), the research employed a foresight approach to analyze Shiraz's historical areas. A researcher-developed questionnaire was utilized for data collection, beginning with a review of existing literature to identify key indicators affecting the revitalization process. These indicators were used to design the research questionnaire, which was validated using the Delphi method. The study's sample consisted of 30 experts in urban planning, selected through purposive sampling. To assess the key driving forces, foresight tools such as MicMac and Scenario Wizard were applied.

Fourteen significant factors impacting the revitalization of Shiraz's historical fabric were identified, including the degradation of historically significant buildings, limited financial resources for restoration, declining public appreciation of historical buildings, and the underutilization of tourist attractions in these areas. Among the six potential scenarios, the fourth scenario, which exhibited 13 favorable conditions, was deemed the most optimal, followed by the sixth scenario with 12 favorable conditions. The remaining scenarios (first, second, third, and fifth) were classified as critical due to their negative status. The fourth scenario, with a desirability score of 21.10, was the most advantageous, while the fifth scenario, with a critical rate of 33.33%, represented the worst-case scenario.

Six possible scenarios, each representing different combinations of favorable, static, and critical conditions, may arise in the revitalization of Shiraz's historical districts. The favorable condition is the most likely to occur, followed by the static state, with the critical condition being the least probable.

In Iran, the extent of worn-out and marginal structures and the inefficiency of the mechanisms to deal with these structures is considered as a fundamental issue in urban planning and management. Despite the age of schools of morphology, limited research has been done in the field of typology of urban fabric. Today, remote sensing and GIS techniques are considered suitable methods for data collection and quick and accurate decision-making in environmental studies. The main goal of this research is comparative comparison of parts grading. In order to carry out the research, IRS, Sanjande (Liss) satellite images in 2017 and Sentinel 2 images, bands 2, 3, 4, 8 (visible) with a spatial resolution of 10 meters were used and it was tried to find the best methods and Criteria should be adopted to evaluate the granularity of parts using remote sensing techniques, especially the object-oriented method of images. After making the necessary corrections, it was processed in the eCognition software environment and object-based algorithms were used for evaluation. The results of this research showed that this method (objective thresholding classification) has a good accuracy for evaluation with an overall accuracy of 93% and a Kappa coefficient of 91%, and in both studied tissues (worn and marginal), The indicators of fineness and impermeability were concretely present, so that in both tissues, the area of ​​more than 50% of the plaques is below 200 square meters. The results of the research show that there is no significant difference between the worn and marginal tissue and both the studied areas have fine-grained and impermeable tissue. Also, the map and data related to the urban context, due to their collection in the field and the outdated classification method, cannot meet the current study and executive needs. In this regard, with new developments and technologies such as remote sensing, which have caused a significant reduction in field studies, time and cost, it has been possible to study the granularity of tissues.

A fundamental topic in the science of geography is defining the functional boundaries of a city in spatial and locational dimensions to ensure proper management at regional and district levels. Determining the legal boundaries of a city and its various areas and districts involves considering various natural, social, cultural, and urban service factors within a geographical scope of activities. Consequently, large cities are often divided into different areas under separate managements supervised by the central municipality, providing activities and services to citizens based on this structure. In the urban management system of Iran, the historical fabric is determined based on requests from the Cultural Heritage Organization to the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture, which examines the areas that formed before the year 1300 SH (1921 AD). However, this approach, focusing solely on the preservation and protection of eligible buildings and imposing legal restrictions on urban expansion, often conflicts with urban management and has led to the destruction of many historical and cultural buildings. Thus, it cannot be the sole criterion for defining the central area of the city. In the process of future urban development, this issue has encountered numerous practical problems in the country. Therefore, the researcher formed a Delphi-based aggregation group consisting of 45 experts and specialists in geography, cultural activities, and urban planning. Based on the results of meetings with this group, a ten-point index was developed to define the central area, and six proposed options from this group were suggested as suitable models for determining the city's central area. Finally, the researcher employed a hierarchical approach inspired by the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method to compare each proposed model for the central area in the old urban fabric, considering their compatibility with the functionality of cultural and historical uses. The most compatible model with the performance of historical and cultural uses was identified.

 This research was conducted to identify the challenges and problems of tourism management in the desert destination of Baft city.

 The research is developmental in terms of purpose and survey in terms of nature. The research's statistical population includes the Baft city council and municipality members. The number of statistical samples was calculated to be 30 people. Data was collected through interviews, and data classification and analysis were done through interpretive analysis and Maxqda software in open coding.

  From a total of 30 interview texts, 437 codes have been collected, divided into eight main categories under the title of identifying the challenges and problems of the Baft Desert tourism destination. In this way, "the lack of access to water resources" in desert areas is the highest, with 120 codes. Also, the findings indicate that tourism opportunities in desert areas should be organized based on desert geography and existing crises, marketing and development goals, local education, and human resource development. In this way, possible damages to the destination can be identified and corrected to develop as much as possible.

 It has been observed that the management of tourism in this particular destination is facing certain challenges. Therefore, the basic resources of the destination, characteristics, and competitive skills should be determined so that aligning the business goals with the long-term sustainable development goals causes the fragile destination to become an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and tourist-friendly destination.

Innovation:

 This research is the only research that has been done on tourism management in Baft city, and its results are effective in the sustainable and long-term development of tourism in this destination.

The purpose of this study is determining the most suitable method to evaluate the vulnerability of informal settlements in Tabriz city against a possible earthquake. ELECTRE FUZZY models and the WASPAS model were used in relation to 13 criteria (passage width, building quality, materials, the number of floors, distance from public open space, distance from urban facilities, distance from medical centers, population density, building density, distance from fault, geological type, plot area, land use) were compared. For this purpose, all informal settlements in Tabriz city were analyzed and the results of both models were evaluated by the authors’ field studies. Then, the most suitable method was chosen. The results of the research indicate that according to the WASPAS model, informal settlements located in Region 5 with a rank of 1 are the least vulnerable and region 10 is the most vulnerable with a rank of 6. Moreover, more than 57% of the area of informal settlements in Tabriz city are exposed to very high vulnerability, 11.05% are exposed to high vulnerability, 03.27% are exposed to moderate, and only 4.01% are exposed to low vulnerability. The results of the ELECTRE FUZZY model calculations indicated that the informal settlements located in Mentafah 3 with the rank of 1 are the least and areas 1 and 10 are the most vulnerable with the rank of 5. Moreover, more than 34% of the area of informal settlements in Tabriz city are exposed to very high vulnerability, more than 27% are exposed to high vulnerability, more than 25% are exposed to moderate vulnerability, and only 12.69% are exposed to low vulnerability. Based on the field studies of the researchers, the results of the ELECTRE FUZZY method are more accurate and realistic than the WASPAS method.

Crime as the most important social problems in many cities in the world that has a negative impact on the lives of people with mental, physical and financial shares. This article aims to inefficient spatial analysis of crime in the context of the neighborhood martyr Tehran Harandi District 12 is performed. The research method in this study is an analysis and matching to identify and understand patterns of crime in the neighborhood Harandi statistics and graphics based on GIS is used, the information needed for the amount and type of crime as a library of Tehran Police is derived. The findings showed that crime hotspots in the neighborhood Harandi are randomly distributed. On the other hand high levels of exhaustion, high permeability, and the presence of vacant lots and abandoned as well as the lack of some required applications of citizens, to increase geographical distribution and type of crime rate and the formation of spatial patterns of crime have been effective. It seems that with the improvement and renovation of old ones and modifying the physical and physical spaces, widening the passages under 6 meters and make way for streets impasse, locate police centers and recreational spaces and leisure healthy increase in official monitoring in this area can be possible the vulnerability of these communities and reduce crime.

Horizontal expansion phenomenon in the last half century, not only in developed countries but in developing countries has occurred. This phenomenon has spread into areas of marginal and outer space arbitrarily banning city and as low-density development and detached. Today our cities, with the development and increase access to physical space and new territory, beginning from within their own quality Azdstdadh depleted and many of the surrounding areas more and more developed, and any attempt to draw urban development program to deadlock. With the abnormal increase of population, especially urban population in iran in the recent decades, the issue of the environment and the spatial sustainable development of considerable importance have been.Urban population growth. in iran with sprawl development of the city and eliminating agriculture and natural resources of surrounding towns have been demolished,While many cities have space resources and are valuable but Deteriorated. The solution for many of the problems caused by cities now is the problem of Regeneration and the Revitalization of these. Valuable spaces are considered In this regard, Smart growth approach in the United States of America as defined management model, pay special attention to the capacity of the inner city. In this The approach, Defined principles and tools for land management and in the system the country's urban planning are applied. These executive instruments guide development the land so that it would occur in the landscape the land development. On this basis, the main idea of this research, the development of the inner city, with emphasis on the development of this tissue is too old to reminde this fact that As long as the capacity of the old tissues are in cities, Steer development towards the Cities around will cause instability in the Framework of the city. Therefore, in this study, using form-based zoning model is one of the Instruments smart growth approach, Area and neighborhoods Borazjan City according to Smart growth coding system In Software GIS Through the Respective indices were zoning in Three general Regions, communities and zones. The three levels are networking with each other. In the areas that are the equivalent regions Potential development areas in six separate sections determined. There are three zones at the community level that The development model defines six areas. In the third level, each of the areas of natural and rural zones to urban core part of the spectrum is divided. Accordingly, the use of spatial analysis software, GIS, suburban areas and penetration Borazjan, According to the above levels, Under transected was placed. Finally, according to the model using form-based zoning Borazjan, to test the assumptions. The study Distressed neighborhoods located in an area of 229 hectares and a population of 21614 people Borazjan (Population and Housing Census, 1390) that it completed the relevant information needed to be collected. Based on the research aims to study the development of endogenous damaged, Using smart growth approach, form-based zoning model Borazjan were included. The purpose of The implementation of this model, to meet the assumptions of the study. The performance of the model form-based zoning, zoning out city in six different areas in terms of power and talent development. Each of these zones based on indicators that are, On the part of the form and structure of a certain capacity to adapt to any development, respectively. In this zoning, the study area of research, In the subset of zone (G4), the area was re-qualified talent development. Therefore, according to this model, The first hypothesis, "old textures and Central Borazjan have the potential redevelopment" Was approved. The second hypothesis of the research is based on this theme"Using form-based zoning in smart growth development model old textures Borazjan be revealed." In order to verify this hypothesis, two gross population density and parts size were analyzed in the study area. Then using spatial analysis of these two indicators in the software ARC GIS, The results on the zone (G4), combined and integrated, and finally, two pattern (TND) and (RCD) In order to Old texture of community development. zone (RCD), the potential development of commercial orders and mapping (TND), the potential development of urban areas and regional centers are to having. In the third step of the analysis, Each of the two zones assigned to the T-Zone (transected) were divided. At this stage, the identity of any part of the urban environment to urban nucleus was determined. This research Is part of the Applied Research and of The method Part of the research is analytical and documentary field. In the process of researching and defining the principles and practices investigated And to perform old studies on the structure of the population, use, physical and access have been discussed. According to what is said in relation to determining the pattern of development in each of the zones And necessity steer development to areas inside the city and protection of agricultural land and natural resources around the city It can be said the best area In order to future development Borazjan, old textures and city center. Led development of the city, within the context of old downtown, can be reduced to the extent of sprawl around the city and pulled it off. In this regard The use of smart growth strategy and Principles in the urban development plan, can accelerate this process and order and direction of future city growth and development within the context of old and inefficient guide. If you enter the land into city limits is inevitable due to the classification of land around the city based on factors such as soil type, erosion, land slope, soil depth and texture, the irrigation, drainage, water-holding capacity and so as much as possible is agricultural land that has less talent are to be added to the city limits.

The aim of the present study is to identify the factors of effect on the sense of place, analyze its change in the displacement of Kanzaq village after an earthquake, and evaluate the influence of physical factors in the new village in order to upgrade or decrease the sense of place and unity of people. Using an analytical-descriptive method, the parameters of sense of place were discussed in four categories including community, social interactions, identity, and passion for place and location. The data were gathered by means of a validated questionnaire (74.0 = α). As many as 278 people were questioned. The data analysis was done by using the Spss software, single-sample t-test and Pearson correlation. The displaced Kanzaq village is not in the old village design. It is assumed that using the old architecture pattern of Kanzaq can upgrade the sense of place in the new Kanzaq village. As a conclusion, by relocating the village and maintaining certain factors such as the materials of the old village, it will be possible to enhance people’s sense of identity in the new location. Surprisingly, failure to follow the form and plan of the old houses also creates a sense of place, but it is expressed with a delay. Indeed, the impact of the factors affecting the sense of place depends on the comfort and convenience of the residents.

The combination of spatial analysis, different methods of positioning and mobile and ubiquitous processing, positioning technology such as global positioning systems and a part of spatial analyses and GIS equipment have led to the emergence of a new trend as context-aware and mobile GIS. One of the context-aware services that has been welcomed by most people is location-based services. Location-based services provide services to users using the user’s position. Tourism is one of the areas that can be focused based on these applications. Tourists need structured information that is available to them at any moment and any place. This information helps them to justify their position to the place that may be new and unfamiliar to them. It helps them to find their desired locations and the best path which leads to that location. Context-aware systems match their behavior based on these contexts by examining the user’s current contexts.
To design and implement a context-aware tourism system, we initially should identify effective contexts, and specify and model the effect of each of these contexts. In this research, location context is used to provide services such as finding the right places like tourist spots, historical sites, gas stations, restaurants, hotels, hospitals, etc. which are close to user location, map graphic displaying , and to optimize the tour schedule. The user movement speed is another effective context in context-aware systems. Provision of information for users with different speeds is varied. Another effective context in providing services to tourists is the user movement direction. Direction can have different applications in providing information to tourists. For example, map details increase in the user movement direction or the map magnification changes according to the movement direction. For example, the size of the symbols of locations on the map can be changed according to the user’s direction. Time context is another important in providing information to tourists. This context may be dotted during a day or a period. One of the time application in the provision of information is the working time of different place.
Designing and implementation of a context-aware information system is usually complicated. It is well clear that mobility creates some challenges in these systems. Therefore, an operating system is needed to take the users and tourists’ demands into consideration in a dynamic environment. Context-aware applications aim to meet these needs and select various aspects of context such as the tourist or user’s current location, time, and other activities. In addition, increasing the amount of data makes it difficult to get access to this information through mobile equipment used by tourists. Accessing and finding the necessary information at the right time and with the right level of detail is very important for tourists.
A questionnaire survey was designed to evaluate the system. A number of experts in tourism, municipality, and also citizens were asked to use the system for providing a comparison with non-context-aware systems. The results revealed that the proposed system was more efficient in terms of being easy to understand, having the necessary information, providing timely information for users, etc.
In this research, a context-aware system was designed and implemented to provide information to tourists in the city of Maragheh. The system provides related information to tourists based on contexts, such as location, movement speed, movement direction, the type of path and time context. The system introduced new contexts, that is, speed and direction. Some of the services in this system for tourists are creating tourism tours based on the type of attractions such as historic sites, sports sites, etc. In addition, the tourists can choose the type of path based on their preferences such as the shortest path, the most beautiful path, and the path of shopping centers. The implemented system was given to 20 users including 17 tourists, 2 municipality experts, and1 tourism expert for assessment. The results showed that an average of about 83.33% of users were satisfied with the implementation of the system and recommended it for using by other tourists.

Features extracted from single-date satellite images can not lead to high accuracy in crop classification. As a result, in this article use of multi-temporal images and textural information is assessed. This research evaluates discrimination of four crops i.e. alfalfa, wheat, potato and cucumber in Ghorveh county (Kordestan province) with single-date and multi-temporal images (SPOT5 & ASTER). Seven images of four different months were obtained and separability analyses determined optimal scene combination (i.e. July 2nd image for single-date image and July 2nd – October 21st for two-date image) for classification. GLCM method has been used for extracting textural information. Approximate window size was determined with variogram, then extracted features were stacked with single-date and two-date spectral bands. The best single-date image overall accuracy (classification without texture) was 24% higher than the worst single-date image accuracy (76.02% versus 52.28%). Accuracy in two-date image reached to the highest levels (89.61%) and only five-date image has higher accuracy than two-date image, but with adding texture features to five-date image, accuracy decreased 5% lower than two-date image with texture features. This can indicate that texture has more importance than multi-date images. The highest classification accuracy was reached with the best two-date image (97.48%). In single-date images, July 2nd image reached to highest classification accuracy (95.2%). Results indicated using multi-temporal images along with texture features has very higher accuracy in comparison to conventional methods (without texture features or multi-temporal images).

The Distribution networks are the most important part of the services that distribute electrical energy to the consumers. The Problems about the information of location reference are consist of inaccuracy, the lack of control and the lack of access to the information are some of the technical problems. The complexity of updating information and the complexities related to storing the information are also other examples of these problems. The technical problems and not using of advanced systems in the field of aid, causes the prolongation of black out time. The aim of this study is modeling and implementation of a context aware system for a few services in the field of urban electrical distribution events. The urban electrical distribution networks are made ​​up of different parts and equipments. The rescuer according to the available and accessible information of the network determines the type of failure. The type of failure and spatial position of the aid automobile are considered as user environment context and position context, respectively. Therefore, in this study, the contexts are divided in two main categories of position and network context. Finally, the implementation and testing of context aware system which is designed in order to help aid management of urban electrical distribution networks, will be examined. The recognition of contexts has a proper and acceptable performance and according to surveys done, 80 percent of information is presented on time and with proper accuracy.

Cities are complex phenomena. During the last two decades, one of the efficient tools in identifying morphological urban complexity mentioned and discussed in books and various publications is fractal model. The model, which was presented by Benoit Mandelbrot, is an effective tool in the study of urban morphology. This article both introduces this model and deals with its role in comparative study of the old and new contextures of the city of Zanjan. To this end, two software programs were used. Excel software was used in calculating the fractal dimension and ArcMAP software was used in generating the fractal maps. The research method is analytical and comparative. The collected data is provided through documenting methods and Zanjan detailed plan maps. Research findings indicate that the fractal model is a real and accurate tool for understanding urban morphology. The results also showed that the old contexture of Zanjan in comparison with the new one is more fractal.

Most of common classification algorithms in remote sensing are based on spectral characteristics of the pixels. These approaches result in ignorance of many precious information, such as texture, in the classification process. The urban environment has an inhomogeneous texture, which makes land covers detection a complicated process. In this study, use of texture extracted from the panchromatic image of ALI detector for improvement of Hyperion image's classification accuracy in urban regions was analyzed. Classification carried out using Random Forests method and in five different scenarios. These scenarios included: 1- Classification of the fused image by CNT method (Without Incluion of Texture Information), The other four scenarios covered the classification used by simultaneous use of texture extracted by Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix »GLCM« in 4 different window sizes: 3, 5, 7, 9 and fused image. Results of these analyses revealed that use of texture information as a useful parameter can lead to an enormous improvement in classification accuracy. Our findings showed that use of texture resulted in an increase in overall accuracy by around 10 percent from 80. 47 to 90. 74 percent. Many of land use/land covers such as roads, residential and industrial areas also experienced the improvement in producer and user accuracies. OOB error as an essential random forests parameter inclined as far as 11 percent from 19. 86 to 8. 87 percent. Moreover, the GLCM feature vectors such as mean and contrast achieved high ranks in importance evaluation in random forests classification. Increase of window size also led to a rise of classification accuracy and the window size 9 gained the highest accuracy accordingly.

Despite of the social - economic development systems and urbanization, people are increasingly suffering from the effects of natural disasters. Earthquak is one of the major natural disasters that cause damage to building and urban infrastructure. So, Vulnerable areas of the cities are areas that we can with identify, zoning and policy making, reducing the negative effects brought about by the disaster. The present study was included in two parts: descriptive and analytical. The descriptive section of the library and documentation in accordance with the criteria selected and Three indicators of physical, social and environmental are considered and criteria for each of the parameters are considered. descriptive data were collected and the analytical models used. In this study to determine the seismic vulnerability of the region to be used in the model ANP and Fuzzy. After obtaining the weight of each criteria set by the model ANP, Fuzzy techniques for the integration layer is used. The results indicate that, urban Fabric vulnerability at District 2 is high and this rate in southern and east regions according to the results of fuzzy techniques is much higher. In our times with the development of social-economic systems, and urbanization, earthquake is one of the major natural hazards Cause damage to buildings and urban infrastructure. During the twentieth century, growth population cause for the construction of settlements in high risk areas. A large number of the population will settle in big. Many of the major cities have been at or near the active faults. Thus, the‌ vulnerability of cities, especially in urban contexts in developing countries is a serious examination of the earthquake. Hence, the study of earthquakes in urban areas is also important, not only for developing countries but also in developed. Among these, Tehran as a metropolis in recent decades has a growing and increasingly irregular and non-homogeneous led to tissues is of non-standard. Despite the increase in construction in some areas of the districts2 of Tehran, Due to the high price of land has developmed rapidly and had a high density. The District 2, have a population of over 321,496 thousand. Much of the area due to the rapid construction in the past two decades. On the other hand the existence of faults in the vicinity and within this range, the region's vulnerability to natural disasters is increasing. Hence it is necessary to identify the fabric vulnerable to serious remedy to reduce vulnerability to earthquakes take place in urban contexts. Thus, the need to attention this region as one of the most vulnerable areas of Tehran. This study include of two parts of, descriptive and analytical that the section of descriptive with using the library and archival research objective selection criteria in accordance with the descriptive data has been collected. The analytic model in this study to determine the seismic vulnerability of the region to be used in the model ANP and Fuzzy. One of the common methods of multi-criteria decision making process of network analysis ANP. Model, analytic network process ANP complex relationships between and among elements of the decision through the replacement of hierarchical network architecture into consideration. In this study, the the effectiveness criteria identify and were defined and for The rating criteria for each study, the questionnaire was designed to get the opinions of experts (30 experts) were recorded Tables that The criteria for determining the value and importance of the approach ANP to calculate the weights of the criteria. After obtaining the weight of each criteria set by the model ANP, technique, Fuzzy and to combine layers of spatial analysis and GIS, is used and Finally, vulnerable areas in the study area has been provided. Identify and prioritize effective criteria of the vulnerability of urban planning and appropriate corrective actions in these tissues is particular importance to during the incident. Therefore, in this study, the indicators in the areas of environmental, physical and social chosen the following set of criteria considered, and for The rating criteria for each study, the questionnaire was designed And to get expert opinions, the tables have been recorded and used to determine the value and importance of the criteria by ANP method to calculate the weights of the criteria we have discussed. In this study Eleven criteria have been considered. After entering the inputs to the software SuperDecision the final weight is obtained by set criteria. In this study, in order to attain the purpose of and to characterize the vulnerability of urban used of Spatial Integration of GIS techniques GIS and fuzzy operators. criteria through ANP has weighted and For each criterion, the layers are prepared and then The criteria in GIS environment using appropriate fuzzy operators (gamma), fuzzy membership to have received. Through the appropriate digital layer on the investment criteria established by each layer, and the digital layer of vulnerable zones in the study area are shown. The values in the standardization of map layers and the weight of each layer is considered zero to one. Whatever the number is closer to one indicative of a greater utility and desirability of any size is closer to zero, it will be reduced. As you can seen in the map, Amount of pixels that are closer to dark spaces have value of zero and reduced from space utility And urban fabric have high vulnerability, Conversely, pixels that have been gray and white colors Values are more And the vulnerability index have more desirable. With a little reflection on the current situation can be found in the map, the majority of the district 2 have moderate vulnerability that In the meantime, the eastern half, both South and North-West district 2 of Tehran Municipality due to high density residential population has a high vulnerability. The central part of the urban area due to the lack of open spaces and bright colors of certain users are more desirable.

Precipitation is one of important parameters of climatology and atmospheric science that have more importance in human life. recently، extensive flood and drought entered many damage to most parts of the world. Precipitation forecasting and alerts management role is responsible for these problems. Today، Artificial Neural Networks are one of developed method that applied for estimate and predict of parameters that using Intrinsic relation among data. The purpose of this study is prediction of daily precipitation using daily data of common statistical period، 23 years، (2012-1989) from meteorological stations، by Perceptron Neural Networks and Radial Basis Function in Kerman، Baft، Miandeh Jiroft. Different combinations of parameters، such as minimum temperature، maximum temperature، average temperature، relative humidity، wind speed and direction and the mean pressure as input for Artificial Neural Network and precipitation was considered as the output of the Network. The analysis of output results from، Radial Basis Function shown that these models have better accuracy and a high ability to forecast precipitation than Perceptron Neural Networks. The analysis of output results from، Radial Basis Function Neural Networks shown that these models have better accuracy and a high ability to forecast precipitation than Perceptron Neural Networks. such that in the best combination with minimum and maximum parameters، minimum temperature and relative humidity، the wind speed and direction and mean of pressure in Kerman station with correlation coefficient 0. 907 and root of mean square error of 0. 014 known as the best model for predicting rainfall in this paper.

What will be explored in this article are urban spots in the problematic outer texture which is affected by annexation villages to city during the exogenous development of city. In fact، these areas will be the contexts with lack or shortage of utilities and infrastructure، widespread land speculation، widespread usage of informal / illegal natural resources، substantive change of land-use and the problem of institutional failure. The circumstances of these areas are the lack of an integrated organizational structure in the urban texture، confluence of partial institutions of overlapped functions، inconsistencies within and between organizational structures of rural urban textures. Villages can be put in category of urban settlements in three ways: 1. aggregation of several villages and forming of an urban area، 2- conversion of a big village into a small city، 3- joining village to city and its conversion to an urban area. In this article، the order of “rural – urban texture” as a word is the third mode of conversion of a village into a city. Given the many and various issues facing the urban textures، several types of urban problematic textures will be recognizable. The integrated villages in the cities can be classified in limited categories besides having unique characteristics. Related researches to urban form addressed typology of all urban forms with diversity purposes. Typology is effective، for three reasons; first، as a tool for describing urban structure; second، as a tool for planning to understand urban types which paves the way in micro and macro level for more appropriate planning and design. This article is following the third approach. In fact، urban form emphasize on the spatial distribution of drivers of land-uses related to physical basis and transportation network. From Lynch’s view، urban form is spatial and formal emergence of civic-social life of city and activity of urban communities in place and time has found a multi-dimensional nature in the combination of subjectivity and objectivity. Urban form is resulted from the interaction of many forces which can be classified in three categories: natural، artificial and human factors. Understanding of urban morphology means to study settlements forms and provide critical insight comprehend urban growth models. The science of morphology considers three approaches in relation to the city’s phenomenon: environment and behavior: focus on man-made environment in relation to human usage، behavior and perception. place and its image: focus on dimensions of man-made environment in relation to human experiments، meanings and values. structure and trend: focus on evolving man-made environment through analysis of classified element based on their types proposed in “urban morphology”. Third approach is addressing systematic description and man-made environment analysis by focusing on studying the man-made environment without human dual behavior. This article، with aim of typology in the rural-urbans with the element of their forms attempt to recognize their structure through following the “structure and trend” approach. In the literature review section، in addition to collecting data with documentary method، the approaches with the ability to apply for typology of adjoint rural textures is selected and presented in the condition of Iran. In order to address the typology of these textures، comparative method is used based on some features of adjoint rural textures in Yazd City and finally، by the expert analysis method the results can be generalized. This aim of this article is to define basis for typology of rural-urban textures. Following the principles of Rappaport (in order to formulate typology) such as applying multiple indices (multi- indexes typology)، avoiding pure and ideal type diagnosis، and selection of logical indices، this research attempts to generalize the image city theory of Lynch and follow the behavior of village and city during adjunction of 15 sample villages into city of Yazd. According to the results from substantive study of these textures and general categorization of rural-urban textures، they can be classified into three types: 1- physical (combinatorial، linear and nature-oriented compress، combinatorial، linear and man-made compress)، 2- location (lower and upper satellite، lower and upper contiguous، lower and upper midland)، and 3- human identity (economic- oriented، religious- oriented and ethnicity- oriented). These will be the basis for typology of 15 adjoint rural textures to city of Yazd. This research shows that we are able to classify rural-urban textures in efficient types with the aim of identification of related problems and production of essential forecasts for revitalization to determine implicitly rural-urban future identity. Identification which is not only requires for nowadays life of the rural-urban texture، but also will be prerequisite to future vision- making of each identified types.

Historic monuments in each land are the documents of its identity. Here the architecture and urbanism works have significant role in transmission of cultures and ideologies. Historical fabrics and in the better expression، historical cities were formed with consequent of varied and multipe factors and this makes them unique and non-reproducible. However، in our country (Iran) in recent decades، the historical cities seriously damaged because of different factors including new infill constructions. Therefore it is necessary for the formation process of new buildings in historical cities that be considered and guided in the right direction to conserve what remains. In this field، international documents as a global convergence and consensus on the conservation of cultural and historical heritages can be referred to extract useful guidelines for Iranian historical urban fabrics. This paper is an attempt in this direction. 2. Theoretical bases This paper is organized in special view to three topics; first: the concept and action of infill buildings، second: the concept and value of historical urban fabrics، third: attention to the context of new architectural work. Thus the formation of new infill building in historical fabric is as replacement new architectural word in a strong and valuable existent historical «text» or «context». Naturally this requires special sensitivity and precision. This paper follows the sensitivity and precision that above mentioned، referring to international declarations and charters which are the result of consensus of experts from different countries، and obtains the intervention guidelines from them. 3. Discussion Contents of international agreements، declarations and charters have different approaches to historical monuments and urban fabrics، but their overall process shows a gradual focus on context instead of building and then importance of historical city as a whole. Many of international related documents have a special attention to features of historic townscape of old cities and their historical urban fabrics. This matter and the importance of maintaining the environment around monuments and their panoramic views، have create the principles and criteria for interventions such as new construction near historical monuments. These principles and criteria could be explained in attention to values and historical unique character of cities، the harmony and companionship of old and new elements together as well as special attention to the context of the new buildings. 4. Conclusion Despite a wide range of rules and criteria discussed in international decisions for intervention in historical contexts and cities and diversity of their approaches، but the most important results achieved in surveying of such documents related to infill buildings in historical urban fabrics، can be can be found in a few cases with greater emphasis are: 4. 1. Special attention to the «context» as an active، effective and non-passive ground 4. 2. Special efforts to the «continuity» of place، architecture and city identity in the context of time (history) 4. 3. Attention to new buildings in coordination with historical monuments of an old city and their «integrity» 4. 4. Inspiration of old patterns of native and vernacular architecture in each of the new creations without requiring imitation 4. 5. Special efforts to improve the quality and absorption of life in historical cities 5. Suggestions Considering the importance of preserving the remained small parts of historic cities of Iran، referring to international viewpoints، it is suggested that the principled conservation of historic cities should be placed in plan of action. Particularly، the principles and criteria which extracted from international documents for guidance of new infill buildings – that are necessary for continuing the life in historical urban fabrics – be operated and performed. 5. 1. Trying to registering valuable urban fabrics in national or international heritage list 5. 2. The necessity of codification a national charter for conservation of historical cities 5. 3. Adapting of theory and practice in new infill buildings in historical contexts 5. 4. Avoiding any non-qualified or huge-scale infill developments in historical fabrics 5. 5. Studying and use the methods and experiences of developed countries without any necessity of imitation.

The old texture of Kashan is one of the worthy old textures that is confronted with physical, social and economical changes due to some difficulties such as the lack of suitable facilities, economic decline, physical and social wear, etc. Different encounters with the procedure of current changes and processes have caused the physical and spatial construction of the texture to change and while changing the form of the texture, it gradually reflects the undesired features of the new texture in itself and presents an abnormal appearance within the framework of the qualities of the organic texture. Therefore, in this research, the spatial physical processes were studied with an emphasis on the processes which change the form and appearance of the texture and the impact of the spatial set up and the finally old physical construction of the historical city on the procedure of the growth and development. For studying and clarification of this research, a combination of descriptive, analysis and survey methods has been performed. The consequences of the data analysis, clarifies that the masonry quality and the materials used in the building of residential masons, are the effective factors in form transformation and morphology and the physical transformation of Kashan old texture. So that more than 60 percent of residential masonry form 400 studied units in Kashan old texture area are destroyed and repaired, based on the quality and built of bricks and mud based materials. Also the study shows that the high building expenses especially in the center of the texture, lack of the appropriateness of the ancient transport bands with the modern needs and eventually the decrease in texture dependency among the youth and unaboriginal migrants are the most significant factors that play an important role in texture form and physical transformation.

The Dashtak Formation (Middle Triassic) is one of the most important cap rocks of the Dehram group (Permo-Triassic) gas reservoirs in southwest of Iran. This formation has 625 m thickness in Kuh-e-Surmeh surface section and more than 2100 m thickness in Sartal-1 well and mainly consists of anhydrite/gypsum، dolomite، limestone and shale. The Dashtak Formation in these sections consists of various facies which related to sabkha، tidal flats، lagoon and barrier environments. Evaporite minerals mainly composed layerd and nodular structures and crystalline، needle، fibrous، lath/bladed، combination and pore-filling cement textures. Investigation of these structures and textures shows that the most of them were formed syndepotional (sabkha/tidal flats) and early diagenetic processes.