جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « برنامه ریزی فضایی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

One of the challenges of the space governance system in Iran is the confusion in the organizational culture of guiding in the areas of decision-making and decision-making. This confusion has always shown itself in the emergence of political planning and physical-spatial divisions in the field of spatial planning of the country. To explain the need for a paradigm shift in the culture of guiding Iran's spatial governance system, this research has tried to apply an exploratory approach and a mixed method in the form of a semi-structured interview. In the form of a targeted Delphi method, to identify and propose leadership models for Iran's spatial governance system at three local, regional, and national levels. The obtained results show that the spatial governance system in Iran requires a transition to strategic leadership in the decision-making system to change the paradigm in the guiding culture at the national level. At the regional level, the charismatic leadership model and, at the local level, the transformational leadership model are the proposed models for changing the guiding culture of the aforementioned levels in Iran's spatial governance system. This research shows the importance of transformation in the guiding culture of the space governance system in Iran as one of the most important solutions in achieving integration and understanding the importance of overcoming functional, political-planning and physical-spatial divisions in the process of moving towards sustainable spatial planning.

Introduction :

Environmental degradation and climate change are one of the most important challenges faced by all living organisms on earth today (Rafique et al., 2022). Human activities, urbanization, mining and industrialization accelerate environmental pollution (Etchie et al, 2018, Rahman and Anser, 2020). The effects of climate change or environmental destruction include melting glaciers, increasing air and ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, decreasing agricultural production, extinction of wildlife, unpredictable precipitation and climate change, and destruction of the workforce (Danish et al., 2019). In addition, due to the depletion of forests and natural resources, environmental pollution is increasing rapidly in the world (Appannagari, 2006). The rapid development process on the one hand and environmental limitations on the other hand have caused that today the evaluation of the effects caused by development on the environment should be considered as a part of development activities. The existence of a gap between economic growth and a sustainable environment has made planning a big challenge, so thinking about environmental considerations at high levels of planning can prevent environmental problems and disturbances despite the destructive effects that economic growth indicators have on their own. They put it, reduce it. In the present study, the place of environmental considerations in Iran's spatial planning, such as the provincial planning plan and the regional physical development plan, and the relevant laws and regulations have been analyzed.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The required data and information were extracted by using library studies and documents from the service description of provincial and regional physical plans, laws and regulations governing the urban and regional development of the country, prepared programs and plans, etc. The method of content analysis was to analyze the position of environmental and environmental studies in the spatial planning and development system of the country. In addition, the objectives, topics to be investigated and the process of environmental studies in regional physical plans and provincial plans have been compared in a comparative manner.

In this section, the necessity of environmental studies in land development and environmental management, the place of environmental studies in spatial planning, environmental studies in environmental and physical plans, and the process of combining natural environment studies in physical and physical plans have been investigated. The results of the research indicate the existence of many overlaps and similarities in the content and subjects of the study of the mentioned projects and differences in the objectives, the process of studies and the way of their integration.

The results of the research indicate that:- The regional physical plans and the provincial training program in natural studies have many overlaps and similarities in terms of content, topics and subjects studied. In regional physical plans, studies of the natural environment are examined in detail and widely. The purpose of environmental studies in physical plans is to eliminate land (with priority for other uses and high cost) and to rank the remaining land according to their suitability for urban, rural and industrial development. In the research projects, the evaluation of the ecological power in the ecological units for the types of main uses, as well as the identification of the environment of the province (strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats).The process of unifying studies and merging layers of studies to achieve the goals and final output (suitability of land for the development of residence and activity, etc.) .) are different from each other. In the regional physical plans, the suitability of the land is checked only for the development of residence and activity. While the ecological model for all land uses is presented in the land use program, and in the table of biological units, the characteristics of each of the environmental units are given separately according to the studied parameters. In environmental studies, the investigated criteria and sub-criteria do not have the same weight. In the regional physical plans, during the final integration, each of the criteria and sub-criteria are compared two by two using the AHP model and weighted based on their importance in determining the suitable place for residence and activity. In the provincial planning program, parameters are prioritized based on the type of uses.the type of uses. Although in the country's five-year development plans, especially in the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth plans of economic, social and cultural development, in terms of law, only emphasis has been placed on conducting evaluation studies before implementation, but this approach was not enough and In order to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to have a special, independent and comprehensive law for the process of evaluating the environmental effects of projects and plans. In other words, there is currently no independent law specific to the environmental assessment process in the country. Today, environmental impact assessment has found a real place as one of the effective components in environmental planning and policies.The following suggestions are made for reforming the spatial planning and management system with environmental considerations:- The integration of physical plans and land preparation and the definition of strategic environmental assessment in the process of spatial planning in Iran;Paying attention to the strategic environmental assessment in the country's policies, programs and plans before implementation; Conducting applied research on the pathology of the country's environmental assessment process with an emphasis on explaining the status of land use, ecological capacity assessment, strategic environmental assessment, cumulative impact assessment and environmental impact assessment;- the country's environmental assessment law in a specific and independent manner, in order to guarantee enforcement and strengthen deterrence; Paying attention to the environmental supervision and monitoring of the implementation of plans and projects after the issuance of environmental approvals by creating a monitoring system and environmental monitoring or control of plans and projects by increasing the quantity and quality of human resources in the environmental protection departments of the provinces and eliminating traditional monitoring and surveillance systems.

Spatial Planning Desirable pattern of Ecolodges is a mental and objective image of stakeholder role at space context at the regional and local level at a given period of time; when a favorable and accessible landscape of the ideals and needs of the stakeholders Shows. This research has been done in a descriptive-survey method, which is based on a survey of experts, stakeholders and tourists in the value chain. The statistical population of the study (including 128 villages with 189 ecotourism Ecolodges in the 9th Territorial Region (North, Razavi and South Khorasan). According to the personal estimation method, 20% of the volume of the statistical population was used as a basis, which finally determined the number of 26 villages and 38 ecotourism Ecolodges. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and GIS software. The findings of the study based on the test results of ANOVA showed that the spatial planning of the value chain governance is the desirable Pattern of ecotourism Ecolodges in the study area. Also, the results of the T test showed that the level of desirability of each of the average pattern components is up to high, and in addition, Pearson correlation test results showed that between all the desirable pattern of Ecolodges, a significant relationship directly with different intensity intensity. And the results of the multi -criteria analysis model showed that the villages studied are not equal in in terms of design, management and pattern monitoring in the region.

The metropolis of Tabriz, as the largest population center in northwest Iran, has seen a lot of physical and population growth in recent years, with the density and development of economic and infrastructure projects on the one hand, and the expansion of problematic structures on the other hand, as well as the inability of the urban management system to regulate these issues has made this city face many problems and vulnerability in times of crisis. In this regard, there is a need to achieve sustainable development by emphasizing approaches such as passive defense in spatial planning and organizing the spatial structural and functional system.

Goal:

Considering the importance of spatial planning and benefiting from approaches such as passive defense in order to achieve sustainable development, the aim of the current research is to analyze the spatial planning system of Tabriz metropolis with emphasis on the parameters of passive defense and to provide solutions to achieve the desired pattern in the spatial planning system and realize sustainable development.

The research method is quantitative with an applied-developmental nature, in order to analyze the data, partial least squares model was used in Warp-PLS software. The statistical population of the research also includes managers, officials and urban experts of Tabriz (about 1500 people) and the sample size is estimated to be 340 people based on the modified model of Cochran.

Geographical area of research:

The geographical scope of the research includes Tabriz metropolis.

The findings of the research show that among the six components emphasized by the planning system with an emphasis on passive defense, only the population component with a coefficient of 0.51 at the 95% confidence level has been realized in Tabriz metropolis and the five components of vital infrastructure, physical infrastructure, open spaces, roads And the roads and land use and functions have not been realized, and the coefficients obtained from the structural model for these components are equal to 0.23, 0.38, 0.32, 0.27 and 0.42, respectively.

The results indicate that the non-realization of passive defense in spatial planning of Tabriz is caused by inadequacies in the decision-making system (integrity and systemic), content of plans (realism, flexibility and foresight) and implementation (commitment and transparency).

Different approaches to spatial planning are a way to make our surrounding world meaningful. The Structural-Functional Dynamic approach (SFDA) has recently been articulated within the context of Iranian geographers to provide an alternative meaning for spatial planning concerning the socio-spatial context of Iran. We have interpreted some methodological aspects of this approach in Structural-Functional Dynamics Approach to Spatial Planning ("planning") published in Spatial Planning journal in 2016. The main argument was that the conceptualization of the two essential concepts of space and man in SFDA needs to be revised based on consistent assumptions. Although SFDA, following humanism, has rejected objectivism, an elitist top-down spatial planning, the idea of threshold in the neoclassical economy, and universal laws of human behavior, it reproduced them due to its tendency to positivism and the paradigm of geography as a spatial science. In 2018, the author of SFDA in scientific critique and the critique of the Structural-Functional dynamic approach ("Scientific Critique") criticized the way of interpretation presented in planning because of the incorrect translation and misinterpretation of scientific texts, the secondary referencing; and the misunderstanding of the concepts articulated in SFDA. The present article aimed to clarify arguments and interpretations presented in the planning to reply to the Scientific Critique

Urban communities are exposed to various natural hazards. Promoting resilience has been introduced as the most reliable way to deal with these threats. The main goal of this research is to help the resilient planning of cities for the future and to explain the resilient spatial planning model against earthquakes. This goal is achieved by understanding the mutual relationship between spatial planning and urban resilience against earthquakes. Therefore, first, with the help of document study, a new framework entitled as SRPF was introduced, then, with the help of qualitative meta-analysis method, 71 documents related to physical resilience against earthquakes were reviewed and after introducing the most important components and criteria, the ranking of them was done by the assistance of fuzzy AHP method. Based on this, a framework was introduced that urban planners and managers can easily access the most important components and criteria for making cities resilient for the future by referring to it. In general, the results of the research show that there is a significant similarity between the components of spatial planning in dealing with disasters (roads, open spaces, physical infrastructure and critical infrastructure) and the physical resilience criteria of cities against earthquakes (physical resistance, road network, service status and infrastructure facilities, as well as the status of open space). Also, the most important factors that should be taken into consideration in providing a resilient spatial planning model for the future of cities against earthquakes include preparation, changeability, strength, adaptability, flexibility, and self-organization. Finally, the criteria and sub-criteria obtained from the meta-analysis method are verified with the help of the five main arms of SRPF and the validity of the proposed framework is confirmed.

Spatial planning of eco-lodge value chain governance allows us to understand how the eco-lodge life cycle is affected by the results of the communication networks and the degree of coordination and trust between the links (vertical and horizontal) in the chain helps to form clusters. Hence, close interactions between value chain links, support markets, empowering environment, vertical-horizontal communication and the final market in the dimensions of partnership, integration, efficiency and effectiveness, etc. cause sustainable spatial development. This research has been done using a descriptive-survey method, which is based on a survey of experts, stakeholders and tourists in the value chain. The statistical population of the study (including 128 villages with a total of 189 ecotourism resorts in the 9th region of the country (North, Razavi and South Khorasan)). According to the personal estimation method, 20% of the volume of the statistical population was used as a basis, which finally 26 villages and 38 ecotourism resorts were determined. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and GIS software. Findings based on the Gabriel test showed that participation indicators with an overall average of 2.98 and efficiency with an average of 2.95 are more important than other indicators of spatial planning governance of the value chain of eco-lodges. Also, the results of the one-sample t-test showed that all spatial planning indicators of ecotourism eco-lodge value chain governance are in an unfavorable situation and the results of gray relationship analysis, in this case, showed that the studied villages in terms of spatial planning of ecotourism resort value chain governance in the region are not equal.

Recognizing the function and pattern of urban network activity in regional areas to identify potentials and assets correctly leads to effectively guiding spatial planning for achieving creative competitiveness and spatial balance at the regional level. The current research attempts to analyze the spatial pattern of activity accumulation and distribution in the urban network of Khuzestan province using a practical and developmental approach, along with a descriptive-analytical method. Activity and employment statistics of 78 urban points in the province, based on data from the Iranian Statistics Center and the regional survey plan of Khuzestan province, have been cited.The results from spatial autocorrelation analysis and the z-score function, as well as the Repilli k function, show that activities related to the agricultural sector have a cluster distribution pattern in the urban network of the province. On the other hand, the activities of the industry and service sectors in the province follow a scattered pattern. Spatial analysis of the activities in the urban network of the province indicates that due to the proximity of cities to each other and the close employment statistics in each of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors, the northern parts of the province and the southern part (specifically the ports of Imam and Bandar Mahshahr) show the most areas related to hot spots from an activity point of view. Meanwhile, the service function in the urban network of the province, despite having significant employees, exhibits the most cold spots and dispersion, especially in the central areas of the province.

Different amount of social capital in different urban planning and designing would significantly enhance the quality of urban life. In high levels of social capital, the social interaction among residents will boost, and convention and the feel of belonging to the neighborhood will influence. The condition in itself will intrigue development. The study aimed at boosting social capital through spatial planning in selected urban neighborhoods of Sari city, Iran. It tried to answer the question that what considerations and strategies of spatial planning can enhance social capital. The applied research uses a mixed method of survey and document studies. The data on evaluating the social capital in selected neighborhoods were gathered through questionnaires filled by residents, exploring documents and field observations. The data were analyzed using statistics tests, map analysis regarding the criteria of the theoretical framework. Using force field analysis technique, a synopsis and suggestions were provided. The results indicated that the amount of social capital and its difference in terms of the level in the studied neighborhoods show the influence of difference of formation and physical differences in neighboring neighborhoods. Moreover, connectivity, diversity, security, and feature may influence the amount of capital of urban neighborhoods. So, such issues will help the enhance of social capital: increase in the per capita of green space and public space, variety in passages, considering the quality of footpaths, making signs, appropriate distribution of services, boosting public transportation, and considering local facilities with an expanded access to provide security.

A B S T R A C T
The purpose of this research is to stratify the urban areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces and to determine the priority of the development of the cities in the region and the priority of each factor in each city. This research uses 84 different indicators combined in spss into 8 factors; Employment and activity, housing, economic production, transportation and communication, public urban services, health and treatment, book literacy and education related to the statistics of 2015, using two techniques; Morris and confirmatory factor analysis has been done. The statistical population of the research is the urban areas of seven cities (17 cities) of the province. The statistical population in the department related to the identification of research factors were experts and university professors at the province level, and the sample number was estimated to be 364 people using the principle of principal component analysis in structural equation modelling. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using the face and face validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha. The research findings indicate that Boyer Ahmad, Dena, and Gachsaran cities are in the first to third ranks, and Behmai City is in the last rank of development. Based on the approved structural model of four components; Industrial-manufacturing, employment, public-urban services, and transportation and communication have had a more significant impact on development inequality with coefficients of 0.71, 0.62, 0.54, and 0.51, respectively, compared to other variables. The priority of spatial development in the planning of the province should be in the order of the cities; Behmai, Cheram, Kohgiluyeh, Bashet, Gachsaran, Dena and Boyer Ahmad with the priority order of the sections; industrial-production, employment, public-urban services and transportation and communication.
 
Extended Abstract
The most critical threats are facing Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, including extensive migration of villagers, nomads and even residents of small towns of the province to Yasuj and its suburbs; lack of quantitative and qualitative development of human capital in the province; inability to maintain skilled workers and economic activists; severe shortage and even lack of commercial and economic infrastructure and the infrastructure; and in short, the low level of all indicators in the small cities of the province and the low level of these indicators compared to other provinces, which doubles the need to recognize the differences and review the development planning policies of the province. The results of this research can be used in future planning and in order to allocate financial and physical resources in the province. Therefore, considering the above, the importance of ranking, measuring, and prioritizing the level of development of counties’ urban areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province are more visible, and these questions are raised:-What is the situation of each city in each factor (set of indicators)?
-Has the current distribution and service model caused disproportion and imbalance in the urban and regional system of the province?
Therefore, special attention and planning for this developing province, prone to development and understanding the extent of development of its urban areas to allocate resources better and create justice, balance, and proportion in this area seem necessary.
 
The method used in the research is descriptive-documentary and quantitative-analytical, so the study is part of applied research. The statistical population of the study is 16 cities and 7 counties of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in 2016. Based on 84 indicators extracted from the results of the 2016 census of the Statistics Center of Iran, their combination
 
and reduction to eight factors, and using two Morris techniques and confirmatory factor analysis, the counties of the province were graded and compared.
 
Findings showed that in the employment factor of counties, Basht, Gachsaran, and Bahmaei were in the first to third ranks, and Boyer-Ahmad and Dena counties were in the last ranks. Boyer-Ahmad, Gachsaran, and Charam were in the first to third ranks in the urban housing factor, and Basht and Bahmaei were in the last ranks. In the economic-productive factor of counties, Gachsaran, Kohgiluyeh, and Boyer-Ahmad were in the first to third ranks, and Charam and Bahmaei were in the last ranks. In urban transportation and communication factor, Boyer-Ahmad, Gachsaran and Kohgiluyeh were in the first to third ranks, and Basht and Bahmaei were in the last ranks. In counties' urban public service agents, Dena, Boyer-Ahmad, and Charam were in the first to third ranks, and Gachsaran and Bahmaei were last. Dena, Boyer-Ahmad, and Kohgiluyeh were in the first to third ranks in the urban health factor, and Charam and Gachsaran were in the last ranks. In the book and urban literacy factor; Boyer-Ahmad, Gachsaran, and Dena were in the first to third ranks, and Bahmaei and Kohgiluyeh counties were in the last ranks, and finally, in the educational factor of the counties, Basht, Charam, and Dena were in the first to third ranks, and Gachsaran and Bahmaei were in the last ranks.
 
This study aimed to identify the spatial inequality prevailing in the counties of the studied province and investigate the effect of the studied factors and indicators on spatial inequality. Based on the results obtained from the Morris technique of the counties, Boyer-Ahmad, Gachsaran, and Dena were in the first to third ranks, and Bahmaei was in the last rank. In terms of the level of development of counties, Boyer-Ahmad, Gachsaran, and Dena are at the level of near development, Basht is improving, and Kohgiluyeh, Charam, and Bahmaei are deprived and lacking. Therefore, the priority of spatial development in the planning of the province should be focused on Bahmaei, Charam, Kohgiluyeh, Basht, Gachsaran, Dena and Boyer-Ahmad counties based on industrial-production, employment, public-urban services and transportation and communication sectors. According to the approved structural model, the four components of industrial and production, employment, public and urban services, and transportation and communication with coefficients of 0.71, 0.62, 0.54, and 0.51, respectively, have a significant effect on inequality development than other variables. Considering that all coefficients within the structural model are significant and the model fit indices are optimal, so the research model is approved.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The main purpose of this study was modeling the suitability of recreational services in order to identify the high-priority areas for the development of recreational activities. To identify the spatial patterns of recreational services, the landscape attractiveness index, visit rate estimation, and access distribution were combined using a set of sub-indices. Moreover, the weight of each index was calculated using CRITIC weighting method and the importance of each index in the formation of recreational services spatial suitability was determined. The results showed that the presentation of highly recreational services is mainly done in the areas with forest ecosystems, protected areas, and aquatic ecosystems such as rivers and wetlands that have diverse landscapes. On the contrary, urban and human-built areas have the least potential for the provision of recreational services. Getis-Ord Gi* statistic was used to model the recreational suitability, identify recreational suitability clusters, and zoning. With its very low suitability, Zone 1 covers 19.9 percent of the area under study. This zone is mainly filled with agricultural lands (54.7%), grasslands (36.1%), and urban lands (6.8%). In contrast, with its very high recreational suitability, Zone 5 covers 16.5 percent of the area under study. The main uses of the lands in this zone are forest lands (55.5%) and aquatic layers including rivers and wetlands (17.2%).  Zone 3, which has an average suitability rate, covers more than half of the area under study. The approach presented in this study helps identify the development priorities in the light of the recreational potentials of the ecosystems existing in an area. Thus, it can be used to improve the spatial planning of recreation and tourism in order to preserve ecosystem services and sustainable use of them.

Many researchers and scholars believe that when using tourism for regional development, cross-border partnership and cooperation (CBC) and turning these areas into places for cross-border tourism development and planning for the development of communications on both sides of the border is an important factor for sustainable tourism development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors and indicators of success of cross-border cooperation (CBC) in order to develop cross-border tourism in Zahedan. In terms of its objectives, the present study is of an applied research type and in terms of methodology it is considered as a mixed method study (qualitative and quantitative). The data collection tool is a questionnaire and an interview. The results of the research indicate that both local and trans-local factors have a direct relationship with the success of cross-border cooperation. The results of QFD model and communication matrix showed that among the success indicators of cross-border cooperation, ten indicators of linguistic commonalities, cultural commonalities, cross-border markets, ethnic-religious ties, strengthening communication network, local infrastructure, joint programs, removing economic-trade barriers, implementation of long-term tourism projects and strategies and the existence of common economic interests between the two countries have had the most relationship with the development of tourism in the city of Zahedan. Investing, resolving water tensions, combating evildoers and terrorists, and creating non-governmental organizations (NGOs), respectively, were the most prominent requirements and important measures in this field. The results of this study can be used to develop cooperation between border areas and tourism in different border areas of Iran.

Many experts believe that in order to achieve rural development, it is necessary to pay attention to various fields and factors that interact with each other (Ratan, 1997: 6). A system is anything that derives its form and coherence from the current interactions of its components. According to the main subject of geographical studies, namely the human-environmental system, to discover this nature, it is necessary for the researcher to know the environment and human well, to determine the relationship between the two or the role of each in this system (Ajaghloo Ajaghloo, 2016). A review of research conducted in rural development programs shows a lack of attention to the environmental dimension of rural development in the laws of all programs (Fatah Elahi, Vamiri Police Station, 1396, attention to the development of structures and physical manifestations and disregard for goals Functionality, human beings and rural people (Rahimi and Tavassoli, 2012), and the effect of contextual variables of policy-making environment on the nature and structural variables (Omidi, 2012) are the characteristics and policies adopted in rural development. Lack of a comprehensive model for sustainable rural development leads to a reduction in the effectiveness of rural development programs and in addition to the negative population growth rate in these areas has led to migration and issues such as urban slums and declining population active in the strategic sector of agriculture and production. Will have. Therefore, in order to reduce discrimination and economic and social inequalities in rural areas and national-regional and local development, provide a coherent model consisting of interaction and interrelationships between the environment and inside the system, paying attention to the structures and functions of the space system with spatial interfaces and Systematically guided non-space is mandatory. Village, rural development and development planning are all systemic concepts. Therefore, recognizing them and any action to create the desired change in them requires a proper attitude. The central premise of the present study is that the systemic approach with respect to the structural-functional approach is a suitable model for recognizing and developing and sustainable development of rural areas and subsequently creating the desired change in it.

The present article is fundamental research in nature and applied research in purpose. Systemic approach provides a methodological framework for research and study on the construction and operation of a system; And allows geographers to construct a new form of geographical comprehensiveness as a methodological tool.

In general, with a review of the projects in rural spatial development and the systemic approach proposed in the present study, the following issues were raised in rural planning. Rural development goals require social justice, facilitating agricultural development along with the expansion of trade and urban industries, and therefore more attention is paid to the economic development of small and medium-sized cities as a link between urban and rural economy can be comprehensive development and balanced distribution. Accelerate interests (Randinley, 1118: 1918). Therefore, paying attention to strengthening the interconnection and interaction between cities and villages is one of the requirements of rural development, which by adopting integrated policies of balanced urban and rural growth and development, as well as economic and social strengthening of small towns to serve the surrounding villages. it's related to. - Paying attention to the system of program production as a functional component that is important based on the form and scope of relationships and how to meet local and regional needs and stimulate motivational factors. Rural planning to achieve the goals of spatial-physical and economic-social organization of rural settlements requires attention to structural-functional approaches in rural areas.Emphasizing the need for a systemic approach using a structural-functional approach and its relationship to spatial planning, the basic discussion is to provide a definition of the position, roles and interrelationships between system components. 1- Rural functions-structures and internal-external links in the field of rural planning and development can be studied in two axes of strategic policies and indicators of rural spatial organization at the village level with economic, social and physical subsystems. It is related to service functions and service distribution. 2- Paying attention to the factors of spatial-functional vacuum of rural services at the land level in the field of rural planning and development can be traced with service range indices and population threshold, and with regional results The village is related. Organizing existing diversity in terms of regional resources, regional needs and capabilities, division of labor between urban and rural sectors are systematically guided through institutional and managerial structures. 3- Popular institutionalization is one of the internal factors and inputs of the system that includes the support of indigenous knowledge. Institutional approach of participation in order to encourage the motivations of the system that stimulates its internal and external functioning by building structural and operational capacity along with changing the planning system to a region leads to comprehensive and balanced improvement of different parts of the village and local institutional development , Provides national and regional.

Realization of rural development is made possible by a complete set of coherent patterns of capital distribution in the village, organizations, institutions that are accompanied by a series of appropriate external links. A systemic approach in spatial planning that is a related set of various structures and functions with the aim of reducing discrimination and economic and social inequalities in rural areas and national-regional and local development and recognizing the spatial vacuum - mandatory rural service functions Is. A system in spatial planning with a structural-functional approach with a comprehensive understanding of the space organization, provides the basis for local, national and regional institutional development.

spatial Planning organization is to plan for distribution optimal spatial infrastructure facilities and services in urban and rural settlements in the region and area. Planning spatial organization becomes reality in the form of spatial structure of the region and the area. In this study have been carried out the analytical method, and with applied purpose to rely on library resources and data obtained from the Statistical Center of Iran and other relevant institutions, objective is analysis spatial structure Salafchegan District city of Qom.The results which have taken place based on geographic information system (GIS) in the interpolation facilities and services and TOPSIS at the leveling of settlements, show that in terms of the services and facilities according to the results of settlements five settlements Jndab Tayqan Rahjerd galea Cham and taj Khatun as the most developed settlements Salafchegan sector in terms of having been considered and the five settlements Tarlab Fathabad Nietzsche Gharehsou and Dolatabad as deprived settlements in this respect are known. According to the results at the end of the study is presented proposals to complete the study and provide ideas for better spatial planning in the future in this area

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of the urban spatial organization approach and metropolitan areas of Iran based on changes in modern economic structures with emphasis on the metropolis of Tabriz. Because it seems that in the conditions of incompatibility of the spatial structure of metropolises, which are the cause of growth of national economies and enhance the international and global position of countries, with the role and function commensurate with the changing structures of the world economy, the problem of physical contradictions They will face and the way to globalization of the country through big cities will be blocked for them.

In this article, the basic principles for urban and regional spatial planning and the need to pay attention to the role and position of metropolises using the opinions and theories of experts in this field such as Daniel Bell, Fritz Ma Klopp, Alvin Toffler, Frank & Bed, Youngji Masuda, Simon Nora, Alan Monk, Mark Avery Pourat and Manuel Castells, who have views related to the information society, have been studied and the theoretical foundations of Tabriz metropolitan development plans have been compared.

 In terms of methodology, data collection and analysis has been descriptive and secondary analysis, which has advanced the research work under the branches of survey and case study.Also, in the analysis of this article, content analysis, comparative and test methods have been used.

The main findings of the article are the characteristics of metropolitan space organization based on the requirements of the information society and the use of information paradigm in compiling the ideas and documents of urban development plans and regions of Tabriz metropolis that have been prepared since 1989.

Spatial planning as an alternative approach to sustainable development in the knowledge of geography is based on a correct and appropriate understanding of space. This type of planning is a systematic phenomenon that plays a central role in guiding society towards the principles of sustainable development. The construction of dams and irrigation networks in the form of development plans inorder to supply water for agriculture, drinking and industry has caused various structural-functional changes in the spatial system of human settlements. On the other hand, the construction of dams and irrigation networks is considered as an intervention in the environmental system that has many effects and consequences. These consequences are considered as part of geographical spaces that play an important role in the process of spatial evolution and space production. The present study uses positivist and integrated methods, quantitative and qualitative methods, completing household and settlement questionnaires and statistical analysis to evaluate the effects of Alavian dam and irrigation network (in East Azerbaijan province) on spatial changes of rural settlements through a spatial planning approach. The results showed that the implementation of Alavian dam and irrigation network due to lack of comprehensive and systematic approach based on the principles of spatial planning in different stages of study, implementation and operation has not led to the organization and balanced growth of the spatial system of rural settlements.

Spatial planning as an alternative approach to sustainable development in geographical knowledge is based on a proper and appropriate understanding of space as a systematic phenomenon that has a fundamental role in guiding society towards the principles of sustainable development such that social and economic development and Improving the quality of life of each region depends on its spatial planning system. The construction of dams is considered to be an interventionist measure in the environmental system, which may lead to positive or negative impacts. While these impacts can be recognized directly in all elements and phenomena that are related to the geographical space, they play an important role in the process of spatial development and "production of space". This article questions to what extent the construction of the Alavian dam affects the integrated spatial reorganization of rural settlements. To investigate this, the Alavian reservoir dam in East Azarbaijan province (Iran) has been selected as a case study. The construction of the dam and the Alavian drainage network in the Maragheh and Bonab areas began in 1990 and ended in 1995 aiming to provide drinking, agricultural and industrial water as well as flood control. We hypothesized that the implementation of this project has caused a wide change in the structural and functional status of the spatial system as well as the changes in the environmental, socio-cultural and economy of the human settlements located at the margin of the reservoir. We studied such structural/functional changes in the spatial system of the Alavian dam and its irrigation network. It is presumed that "the role of the construction and Utilization of the dam and irrigation networks" has a great impact on "developments of the spatial system of rural settlements", mostly in social, economic and environmental. In summary, we offer the following hypotheses: In terms of segmentation, the top-down approach and structural approach, implementation and exploitation of the dam and Alavian irrigation network have not changed the spatial system of rural settlements within the scope of the project. Spatial performance due to the construction of the dam and the Alavian irrigation network is different in structural and functional changes of the spatial system of rural settlements according to their dispersal and spatial distribution. In this study, a descriptive-analytical method was used based on a comparative strategy. Within the framework of structural-functional scanning theory, four main criteria with 40 related indicators were selected to study the effects of reservoir dam construction and the irrigation network on all human settlements located in the geographical scope of the design. These criteria are considered to be the most important structural-functional components that are based on sustainable development. All data (quantitative and qualitative) required for this research were collected using two methods of library studies and field survey and then analyzed. Data collection tools, including village and household questionnaires, interviews, focus group meetings, observation and field surveys, were collected through all data collection tools. The general questionnaire for all villages (27 villages) was completed in full format. The household size of the samples was calculated using a Cochran method with a confidence level of 95 percent for all 370 households. The household questionnaire was randomly filled out. The questionnaire of villages and households was completed according to the impact of the construction of the Alavian reservoir Dam separately and with a proportional distribution in the upstream and downstream villages. To analyze the data, normality, correlation, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Kendall coefficient were performed using SPSS software. This study presented an innovative way to evaluate the effects of construction of the dam and irrigation network on the variation of the spatial system of rural settlements in an integrated manner based on spatial paradigm. The findings of this research are the result of collaborative fieldwork to describe the relationship between dam construction and irrigation network and changes in the spatial system of villages. Spatial planning as a new, comprehensive and systematic approach to geographic knowledge can well support the theory of sustainable development. This approach is based on the harmonious and balanced development of the environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic and physical conditions of the spatial system. To sum up, it can be said that observation of the spatial organization of the areas affected by the implementation of the dam and the Alavian irrigation network, as a result of uncompetitive development policies, is indicative of the imbalance and inequality in access to opportunities (such as access to agricultural water, increased agricultural production, increased income, etc.). Accordingly, due to lack of a Integrated and systematic approach based on the principles of spatial planning in the study and implementation of the Alavian Reservoir Dam, is not possible the conditions for positive change in rural settlements. It actually causes disarray, disunity and imbalance of the spatial system of the regions. In other words, is one of the most important reasons for failure of development projects in third world countries, ignoring the dimensions and structural-functional aspects of spatial systems. The project of construction of Alavian reservoir dam and its irrigation network can be a good example of such projects.

This research has been done in the framework of constructivist-interpretive paradigm, qualitative methodology and the approach of contextual theory. The participants in the study are experts from government departments and organizations, as well as rural experts living in the Mohammadabad-Zarrin Gol district. Among them, 29 people participated in the research using theoretical sampling. The techniques and tools for data collection were semi-structured interview techniques and semi-structured interview checklists, respectively. Open, central, and selective coding were also used for analysis. Based on the findings, this study concluded that the polar spatial organization of Mohammadabad-Zarrin Gol region (Aliabadaktol city) (with the dominant role of two urban points of Fazel Abad and Aliabad) is affected by factors such as mountain topographic structure, urban centrality, ، The weakness of services and access to it, the one-way relations within and outside the region, the weakness of the supply chain and the value of tourism and the weakness of the labor market have not been able to move towards a network pattern by

Spatial planning is one of the approaches that can be effective in different economic, social, cultural, environmental and political aspects of tourism and as a system dominate the region and be considered as a basic strategy. The present study seeks to evaluate the spatial planning indices of sustainable development of rural tourism destinations in the east of Mazandaran province. The purpose of this study was descriptive-analytic and questionnaire was used and its validity was confirmed by (sources reviewed, university professors). Data were analyzed using statistical tests (one sample t-test, Pearson correlation, multivariate regression and path analysis). The findings of the study showed that economic and social variables are in relatively good condition. Fitting the regression model shows that 53% of the dependent variable changes are explained by the independent variable. From the viewpoint of locals and tourists at the level of (0.05) there is a significant relationship in all variables. From the experts' point of view, there is a significant relationship between all dimensions of activity and location except for human dimension, with all dimensions used. Therefore, the first hypothesis is rejected for the three groups studied and the second hypothesis is confirmed.