جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تحریم » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Brand resilience is a type of ability that enables the brand to resist the risks that have turned into a crisis and recover from the crisis if it is effective and even grow in a crisis situation. The current research was conducted with the aim of explaining and designing the model of brand resilience in the conditions of sanctions in the handwoven carpet industry of Iran using the foundation data method. The data of this research was derived from in-depth and semi-structured interviews with twelve experts and experts in brand management in the field of hand-woven carpets in Iran, which was based on purposeful sampling dependent on the selection criteria and continued until reaching theoretical saturation. Found. The validity of the research data was checked and confirmed by going back to the participants and external auditors. Data analysis was done based on the Strauss and Corbin model in the form of open, axial, and selective coding in the Atlas TI8 software. The results showed that the model of brand resilience in the conditions of sanctions in Iran's handwoven carpet industry includes causal factors (competition in the business ecosystem, development of knowledge and technology, internal politics), intervention factors (brand consumption challenges, handwoven carpet brand capabilities), platforms. environmental sustainability, brand nature, sanctions pressure), strategies (active development, internal resistance, creative support, production under sanctions) and consequences (commercial interests, brand capabilities, strengthening brand value and identity).

Maritime transport is one of the constant features of human life, which is generally associated with a place and geography. In this industry, time is a vital element, so the delay and detention of the ship should be avoided as much as possible, and the damages for detention and how to compensate it has always been one of the important issues in maritime law. In each charter parties, in order to avoide from detention of ship during the loading and discharging operation, term is predicted as demurrage. Demurrage is a form of obligation, meaning that the charterer is required to pay a certain amount to the ship owner in exchange for stopping beyond the time allowed for loading and discharge. Therefore the charterer must consider the capacity and facilities of ports of origin and destination for optimal use of time, as a result, taking into accidental risks for example sanctions, give him/his an allowed time for loading and discharge. Because which can prevent the performance of voyage charter parties. The issue discussed in the present article, is realized only in certain voyage charter parties and maritime bill of lading that includes a charter parties. So in this article we are trying to answer the question of who is responsible for the delays in loading and discharge ships and can regional mechanisms prevent detention of ships? With a descriptive- analytical approach, we will seek a convincing answer to it.

Western sanctions against Iran have a long history in the contemporary history of Iran, especially after the Islamic Revolution. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of political economy on the economic stability of the Islamic Republic of Iran by emphasizing the geography of sanctions in the Islamic Republic of Iran in the last decade and the role of illegal sanctions by the West and the United States over a decade. The main question of the present study is what is the analysis of political economy on economic stability with emphasis on the sanctions of the last decade in the Islamic Republic of Iran? The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. The required research data have been collected from library sources and articles as well as strategic documents. The results show that sustainable economic stability and making Iran's economy resilient to the numerous shocks caused by sanctions is one of the main priorities of policymakers. Iran's economy is in a fragile position due to its high dependence on oil revenues. In fact, today, the prevalence of knowledge-based industries can replace the sale of crude oil with other income-generating economic activities, and transform the mono-product economy based on oil revenue and move towards non-dependence on oil, and according to respondents, Attitudes toward international sanctions reinforce the collective policies of the resistance economy.

Chabahar is the only Iranian ocean port, one of the key positions on the margin of the Gulf and the Oman Sea, and has an important place in the North-South Corridor. This port is located on the transit path of the East, and has various economic and geographic urgent emergencies in transit. In general, the actualization of such a potential can, in addition to the functions and enhancement of the role of the macro geo-economic creation in the region, according to the vital needs of land enclosed countries in Iran's surrounding areas, can also be a kind of regional convergence. For example, Iran can achieve significant influence on the surrounding areas, especially Central Asia and Afghanistan using geopolitical and geo-economical potentials. Thus, the research question is that; does Chabahar have the potential for helping the country in the hard-working conditions? The findings of the research show that economic bonds are based on geographical and geopolitical infrastructure for countries that are under international sanctions. Iran can provide part of its strategic needs through the capacities that have gathered interest with neighbors and other countries. Also, economic dependence is based on the common needs of land enclosed countries to Iran, Chabahar’s geography and economic ties of the region, new Hartland in Asian, geopolitics of North and southern Iran in creating a two-way trading network, Chabahar Free Zone and Iran's links with neighbors and .. A major obstacle to the efficiency of international sanctions is especially US sanctions. This research has been studied using descriptive-analytical method, as well as the use of library resources (books, articles) and Internet resources and using geographic maps.

This paper discusses the impact of sanctions imposed by the US, the UN Security Council and the European Union on the lranian industrial technological changes. In this regard, at first, the sanctions imposed by the above three on six common fields (energy, banking affairs, petrochemicals, insurance, shipping and transportation) are being partly extracted in terms of quantity by the use of Principle Component Analysis approach. Then, by contribution of the data and statistics relevant to the estate industry 2_digit lSlC code and adding the sanctions variable, we estimate the model of this study by the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The result demonstrates that based on the existing data, on the one hand, imposing these sanctions has increased the benefit of the whole production of nonmetal mineral industries (26) and official and accounting machineries (30) and, on the other hand, sanctions' influence has a reversed result on technological changes of the production of tobacco and cigarette (16) and vehicles, trailers and mini trailers (34).

Israel lobby in European Union is different from United States and has developed during twenty recent years by granting powers from institutions of European Union. The relations between Iran and European Union has been faced with political challenges such as Iran Nuclear Programs. Israel lobby’ influence on foreign policy behavior of Euroepan Union on relations with Iran especially Iran nuclear programs would be essential according the importance of  European Union as an International actor .

The methodology of this paper is based on descriptive-analytical and discourse analysis methods seek to study the main question that is Lobby Israel’s Influence on relations among Iran and European Union by emphasizing on Iran nuclear programs

Findings of this study are discussed under the following themes:1- institutions of Israel lobby through influencing in European Parliament have attempted to benefit the maximum efficiency via Iran nuclear programs by organizing the sessions, conference, meeting with European authorities, interview, publication article and statement against Iran in order to decresa the relations among Iran and Euroepan Union as well as advancement of Isreal’s interest.2-European Jewish Congress and European Friends of Israel as the most important lobby institutions in Brussles affected on the relations among Iran and Euroepan Union in the fields such as the lack of formatting the relations in framework of comprehensive cooperation agreement, avoiding European authorities for trip to Iran and countinuity of critical tone of Europe to Iran nuclear programs.

Analysis:

Israel by using strategic instrument of negative propaganda agagint Iran as Iranophobia and highliting Iran nuclear programs as destructive threat in the regional and International level has attempted to influence the institutions of Lobby in European Parliament in order to effect and actualize political and strategic purposes.

The main hypothesis emphasize main question that Israel lobby’s influence in European Union has been affected the highlighting the Iran’s nuclear programs threat  in reducing political relations among Iran and European Union by applying economic-commercial sanctions and restrictive measures on Iran as well as continuity of critical tone of Europe to Iran nuclear programs.

International sanctions, whether in the form of unilateral or multilateral sanctions or in the form of UN Security Council Chapter 7 sanctions, although imposed to change the policies of the sanctioned government, have different effects, including on women and children. Based on the existing experiences in relation to Iraq, Libya and finally the Islamic Republic of Iran, they seek to reduce the level of economic growth, the level of education, many socioeconomic problems for societies and as a barrier to development, Lead to the rise of inflation and economic inflammation, minimize opportunities to expand the activities of women and children, and violate their fundamental human rights. In this regard, the issue of international responsibility of sanctioned governments is raised. Given the concept of fundamental human rights, which is mainly enshrined in international jurisprudence, how is the international responsibility of governments in imposing sanctions on women and children violated in the first place, and secondly, the international responsibility in the situation of sanctions? How will it be achieved? The results of the present study show that international sanctions, both in general and in the situation in Iran, can be a right to life (as emphasized in Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child); The right to adequate living standards, the right to health, the right to education, the right to development, etc., affect women and children and lead to the violation of their rights.

At the beginning of the 21st century two factors, having resources and communication position, play a major role in shaping the geoeconomic and geostrategic areas. Any country that has either one or both in economic strategies, world powers will have a special place. The main purpose of this article is analyzing the geo-economic position of Iran in the economic strategies of world powers. The main question of the paper is that what is the role of the geo-economic powers of Iran in economic strategies? And how can Iran take advantage of its geo-economic role? The hypothesis that we seek to answer the above question is that Iran has both hydrocarbon resources and communications status is a country with a geoeconomic position and this has shown itself in the strategies of economic powers. The methodology of this paper is descriptive-analytical using library resources and scientific and research articles, the research hypothesis will be analyzed and analyzed. The results of the paper show that Iran is playing a strategic role in the geoeconomic equation of the region and the world because of its communications position and its hydrocarbon resources.

Abstract The sanctions against Iran can be divided into four categories: Multilateral sanctions, such as United Nations Security Council sanctions, EU sanctions, unilateral sanctions by various countries such as the United States and US Congressional sanctions. In this situation, it is necessary to seek scientific and accessible solutions to overcome the challenges posed by this challenge. The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the role of landlocking in the western regions of Iran in promoting the geopolitical depths of Iran in countering the West's comprehensive sanctions. The main question of the thesis is, what role can the western regions of the country play in enhancing the geopolitical depths of Iran in countering the comprehensive sanctions of the West? The assumption we are testing to answer the above question is that it seems that the territorial affairs of the western regions can give rise to internal power dynamics to counter sanctions. In this paper, Swat's analysis method is used to analyze and analyze the potential of Iran's geopolitical depth in countering all-embracing Western sanctions. The AHP method was used to measure the weight of the measurements. The statistical population of this dissertation is M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Political Geography of Islamic Azad University of Garmsar Branch and sample size is 50.  The results of the paper show that the most sustainable cosmetic, which ends in three important components of population, capital, natural resources and environment of a region or land, is the implementation of the land application program in the west of the country. Setting the relationship between human space and human activities in space  in order to exploit logically from a set of facilities in order to improve the material and social status of the community based on religious beliefs, there is a cultural background or an instrument of science and experience over time  that is part of geography. In terms of territorial development, organization of the coordinated and orderly system of the vital space of the country in the field of general policy of long-term development, social, economic, cultural and physical development the regionalization and divisional framework of the state and the requirements of social security and economic. Therefore, the territorial development of development has two dimensions of development and security.

 
Iraqi Kurdistan is the name of a Kurdish region located in northern Iraq that has been struggling to be separated from Iraq since the country’s independence in 1932.After years of struggle, Kurds managed to achieve a minimum level of autonomy in 1991 in the light of no-fly zone and with the support from the foreign powers. After the fall of Saddam in 2004, Kurds succeeded to turn Kurdistan into a federal region. However, with the rise of ISIS in 2014, they were challenged by the central government of Iraq. Due to their disagreement with the central government of Iraq over the budgets and territorial conflicts, Kurds held a referendum on September 25, 2017 which was accompanied by the Kurds’ vote for independence from Iraq. A descriptive-analytical research design was used in this study and the data were collected through written sources and the internet. The main question addressed in this study is: what are the possible outcomes of holding the referendum for Iraqi Kurdistan at the regional scale? In response, it should be stated that the referendum had negative political and economic consequences for them.
The findings of the study indicates that the imposed geopolitical isolation, the Turkish-Iranian trade embargo on Kurdistan and Israel's supports of the Kurdish decentralization were among the regional implications of the referendum in Iraqi Kurdistan. Therefore, given the enclosed geographical position of Iraqi Kurdistan, any action taken by the Kurds in this regard, regardless of its outcomes, is doomed to failure. Iraqi Kurdistan is the name of a federal regional in northern Iraq, which includes four provinces of Erbil, Dohuk, Sulaimaniyah, and Halabja. Most of the inhabitants of the area are Kurdish people. Iraqi Kurdistan was able to achieve a minimum level of autonomy in the light of the no-fly zone created after the Iraqi invasion against Kuwait in 1990 and the subsequently the deport of the Iraqi forces from Kuwait by the United States and its Western allies in 1991,. But with the US invasion against Iraq in 2003 and the positive role that the Kurds played in drafting the constitution of Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan became a federal region. However, with the passage of several years since the establishment of the federal system in Iraqi Kurdistan and despite the positive effect that the federal system had on its economic prosperity, the Kurdish leaders decided to hold a referendum because of the conflict between the federal government of Kurdistan and the Iraqi government over the budget and disputed areas, The purpose of this study is to examine the implications of this referendum; Because this referendum, beyond geopolitical isolation, had political and economic consequences for Iraqi Kurdistan; a matter that greatly impacted the morale of the Kurdish people and invoked their reaction to bad economic and political conditions. The most important and strongest method in experimental sciences including geography is inference (deduction). The deductive reasoning or inference discovers scientific principles through the process of reasoning which is a logical method. In fact, it is logical reasoning that supports and enhances the ideas and conceptions gained through the experimental techniques and create synthesis by developing a thesis and an antithesis. In this method, the ways of establishing a rule as a basis for the validity of that rule are explored. Iraqi Kurdistan with an area of 60643 square kilometers and a population of 7.6 million is a region rich in resources. The Kurds managed to achieve economic prosperity after they created a federal system in Kurdistan and established security, so that they were called the "Dubai II". However, with the rise of ISIS (2014), they encountered many problems. What exacerbated these problems was the cut off Kurdistan’s budget by Baghdad. In 2017, Iraqi Kurdistan went through a critical situation in a way that, as a result of falling oil prices, the Kurdish Trust Fund was almost emptied, and poverty hit Kurdistan and the region was on the brink of stagnation. The Kurds' demands for budget from Baghdad and Baghdad's refusal to repay Kurdish funds made the Kurds follow a different approach. In mid-2017, while ISIS was spending its final days in Iraq, and somewhat in Syria, Kurdish leaders who were worried about the post-ISIS era held a referendum. The referendum, which was accompanied by regional and global opposition, had some negative political and economic consequences for the Kurds. Imposed geopolitical isolation, a trade embargo on the Kurdistan region by neighboring countries, and Israel's support for the Kurdish divergence were some of negative implications of the referendum. Iraqi Kurds managed to achieve a federal system in 2004. In this system, the economic boom swept through the region due to prevailing security in Iraqi Kurdistan. But this situation did not last long due to the cutoff of the Kurdistan’s budget, the emergence of ISIS, and the controversy between Erbil and Baghdad. Iraq Kurds who were exposed to some challenges due to their conflicts over Article 140 and cutoff their budget by the Iraqi government held a referendum on September 25, 2017 despite regional and global opposition. The referendum left the Kurds at a disadvantage because the neighboring countries imposed sanctions on Kurdistan. Therefore, Kurdish leaders should refrain from any hasty action by understanding the geopolitical position of Kurdistan, because Kurdistan has no access to the Free Sea. In the second place, Iraqi Kurdistan has geopolitical affiliations with neighboring countries, and the movement of this region towards independence has stimulated Kurds in other countries. Therefore, it is natural for neighboring countries to oppose the independence of Iraqi Kurdistan. Now, given the conflicts between Erbil and Baghdad, the only solution to the current crisis is the diplomatic negotiations within the framework of the constitution of the federal Iraq state.
Keywords: Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraq, Referendum, Geopolitical isolation, Sanction

As providers of general goods and economic development infrastructures, governments may face periodical crises caused by surplus accumulation or they could be placed under sanctions, preventing them from playing their common role. Large cities and metropolitans can be considered as geographical fields that play the significant role of pioneers in national development as well as interacting with the world economy (Piri, 2012). Given the presence of social, economic, cultural, and political complexities in such fields, the entire national and transnational developments are reflected in socioeconomic relations among metropolitans. Similar to metropolitans, social macrostructures have always involved dialectical relations. Circulation of capital inside the regional geography of metropolitans (Harvey, 1987; Piri, 2012) has surpassed local and national borders to reproduce itself, occupying vast fields considered as consumer markets for the products of its factories and manufacturers. Consequently, the nature of the capital and various economic sections become subject to a set of extensive developments. Social capital is the result of relationship among actors in frequent games (Piri, 2011). The central theme here involves the fact that through participating in a collective life, people could become members to various groups that reflect their own identity, norms, beliefs, and priorities, while shaping such norms themselves (Macinko & Starfield, 2011).
The present inquiry is a descriptive-analytical research using field studies. Questionnaires were used as the research instrument with a sample population that included entrepreneurs and industrial managers in Tabriz. Using the Cochran formula, approximately 200 people were selected for the sample population. One-sample t-test was used in order to demonstrate the relationship between the study’s independent (social capital) and dependent (entrepreneurship and economic development) variables. Economic sanctions act as a change of context and the items corresponding to variables can be specified given how they act under sanctions.
The nature of economic development in post-Keynesian metropolitans has been changed from the dominance of production atmospheres to consumer environments. Meanwhile, mass consumerism has been transformed into private consumerism. Through the perspective of post-modernist political economy, the evolution toward post-Fordism accumulation system is a turn from mass production and consumerism to flexible production and private consumerism.
The platform for mass, collective entrepreneurship is preceded by the participation of major stakeholders and shareholders of the city including the state, private sector, market, civil society, and local communities.
The following factors should be taken into account in providing the context for collective entrepreneurship:• Legal requirements of sharing the benefits among members and shareholders
• Constant rehabilitation of skills and ongoing education (as creativity and entrepreneurship entails a creative destruction process, the continuous rehabilitation of the members’ skills is essential)
• Private and public consumption marketing (in order to continue their activities, social entrepreneurs require marketing in private consumer markets within geographical and cultural boundaries. Private consumerism is mostly the product of transition from Fordism to post-Fordism systems.)
Corporate and spatial branding (given the cultural and socioeconomic developments occurred through transition to post-Fordism, the activity success and the continuous profitability of collective entrepreneurship is preceded by the quality of the goods as well as the ability to compete in the market. One of the main approaches of marketing is corporate branding.)
Collective entrepreneurship could begin using location-based goods. Brands such as Tabriz Carpet, Rafsanjan Pistachio, Liqwan Cheese, Sar-daroud Pictorial Carpet, etc. have become famous due to their geographical titles. As a result, they could be utilized by collective entrepreneurs at the same geographical location.
Under economic sanctions, governments would rely on domestic socioeconomic, political, institutional, cultural, and geographical resources so that the damages caused by sanctions could be avoided by producing and circulating capitals. Sanctions could bring about problems such as economic collapse, threats against social solidarity, political tyranny, etc. which would lead to a more complicated, challenging economic condition; nonetheless, reliance on pioneering metropolitans in leading the national economy and offering the context to reproduce regional capitals is another approach which could provide dynamic resources inside the region along with increasing governments’ activism against sanctions and reducing the aforementioned damages. Metropolitans are highly capable of significant production, supply, and services to domestic and international consumer markets as well as offering a vast supply and demand market to manufacturers and entrepreneurs. Given the restrictions caused by sanctions, both the state and society would rely on their own local properties; here, social capital is one of the important elements of extracting and utilizing such properties in line with the economic development of metropolitans.
The results of the study show that connective, relevant social capital plays a role of utmost importance in entrepreneurship and economic development under sanction conditions; these capitals could act in flowing national capitals in metropolitan areas within a cultural framework of Iranian products and brands.

Sanctions are set of measures that can be used to punish a party to persuade it to stop or perform the desired action. The aim of the sanctions is very different. In the past, mainly sanctions were applied in the form of unilateral and in some cases as multilateral, but after World War I and the establishment of the League of Nations, sanctions are considered for global peace and security, and also was changed in addition the breadth of participants, including members of the League of Nations and even it was as successful in some cases.After World War II and the establishment of United Nations, the implementation of sanctions were considered by approval of the UN Security Council and all Member States are also required to implement and comply with its provisions, which increases the efficiency and the success of UN sanctions.UN sanctions until the late twentieth century mostly were in the form of non-targeted, like a public punishment, was applied to all people and sectors of the country that suffer innocent people which made its performance and success poor. To solve this problem, the strategy of targeted sanctions is followed. The aim of this kind of sanction is that, as much as possible target only aimed sections and in some cases the leaders and those who are responsible for specific measures in the country. Security Council sanctions against Iran, because of its nuclear activities are started in 2006 and by 2010, six resolutions in this regard was issued and over the time caused some problems in different sectors and the power and national survival factors.This paper aims to study the impact of sanctions on the basis of national power theoretically and also the effects of UN Security Council sanctions against Iran over its elements of national power. The descriptive analytical method is used in this study and data collection was through documents and internet resources. Data analysis is qualitative and content analysis was performed. According to the UN resolutions concerning Iran's nuclear activities, sanctions imposed by the UN Security Council against Iran are in category of arms, financial and travel ban of individuals involved in nuclear and missile industries. Although these sanctions are far from comprehensive sanctions, but their impacts to the community are palpable and they have negative effects even on unsanctioned sectors such as health care and most elements of national power, such as economy, the environment, the efficiency of the political system, science and technology, society and culture, military affairs, and even cross-border affairs.This research has examined the impact of sanctions on Iran's national power, over the past decade. The results show that although in cases that sanctions have been applied as targeted, they directly targeting the roots and foundations of national power, but indirectly also hit other unsanctioned parts of the country.