جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « دولت » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

As one of the key countries in the Middle East and home to two of the most important cities in the Islamic world, developments in Saudi Arabia inevitably impact the broader Muslim world. However, the nature of political legitimacy, acceptance, and the challenges faced by the government remain uncertain. Moreover, understanding the relationship between the people, religion, and the state in this monarchy is crucial. Approximately 50% of Saudi Arabia's population consists of young people. Managing this segment of society presents a significant political, economic, social, and cultural challenge for the Al Saud regime. If the government fails to control the energy and frustration of these youths, it seems likely that the foundations of the regime could become unstable. This could potentially lead to the rise of social movements in Saudi Arabia. As witnessed during the Arab uprisings of 2011, the possibility of a domino effect in the region exists. Additionally, given the secular behaviors the government is employing to manage this situation, it appears that the relationship between religion and the state in Saudi Arabia is changing. Should this phenomenon continue, the social contract itself may also evolve. Even if social movements emerge in the country, analyzing and predicting their nature from local, national, regional, and even global perspectives is of great importance.

The present research adopts a qualitative methodology with a descriptive-analytical and historical approach. Data collection involved documentary-library research and interviews. The study also utilizes books, academic and research articles, both domestic and international, as well as online resources to answer the research questions. The data analysis strategy is inductive.

The government of Saudi Arabia was established in 1932 based on the ideology of Wahhabism and the Al Saud tribe, and these two pillars have remained the foundation of the state until today. The rise to power of Mohammad bin Salman can be seen as the pinnacle of the liberal movement's ascension against the Wahhabis and the Muslim Brotherhood. With the changes introduced by Mohammad bin Salman in recent years, it appears that Wahhabism and the monarchy may no longer continue. The alteration of this alliance poses a significant threat to the future of the Al Saud regime. Therefore, these changes are being implemented cautiously and gradually. Distancing from religion is a major risk that could lead to challenges for the future of Saudi Arabia. The underlying framework of Saudi Arabia's political and social order is based on Sharia, specifically Wahhabism. This is an inseparable part of the country's character and the foundation of the legitimacy of its political and social order. The Saudi government neither created nor inherited religious institutions. In this country, religious elites and politicians have cooperated for many years to establish and protect the state. This explains the overlap between religious and political discourses and also highlights the reason behind the opposition of religious clerics to certain secular actions taken by the government. The Saudi regime derives its legitimacy from Islam.The king, as the ruler, is responsible for enforcing Islamic laws, and the constitution repeatedly emphasizes the implementation of Islam. Saudi Arabia is known for three things: its unique position in the Middle East, being the world's largest oil exporter, and hosting pilgrims to the Holy Kaaba and the Prophet's Mosque. The religious role remains a high priority for the people. However, with the rise of bin Salman, Wahhabi institutions and movements have become isolated, gradually losing their power, and government policies have leaned towards secularism. Examples of this include the decline of the religious police, changes in the role of women in society, shifts in academic institutions, and the organization of events and festivals where Islamic symbols are absent, such as the Riyadh Season.

Iconography, as a spiritual factor and a force gravitating toward the center, is most prominently represented in Saudi Arabia by religion (Wahhabism), which has solidified the state's current structure. However, the government, through its recent actions, has sought to change its relationship with religion, opting for a different narrative of Wahhabism, which it refers to as "moderate Islam." Given the historical background of the Saudi people and the importance of religion and tradition in this country, this shift will likely lead to centrifugal tendencies among the citizens. Initially, it will create dissatisfaction among the people, and secondly, it will integrate citizens into the global context. This will result in a form of dislocation that has not been experienced in Saudi Arabia until now. With the new policies adopted by the Al Saud regime, religion's ability to serve as a unifying force is weakened, turning it into a centrifugal factor. In reality, the iconographic factor has transformed into circulation. Now, with the new religious policies, the government intends to no longer accept Wahhabism as the source of its legitimacy and instead seeks to adopt moderate Islam as its legitimacy factor. Until now, Saudi Arabia has positioned itself as the standard-bearer of Islam, as evidenced by the first article of the country's constitution. Therefore, neither bin Salman nor any other ruler in this country can govern outside the framework of Islamic laws or norms. Bin Salman is aware that he cannot change the country's constitution, or if such a change were to occur, it would come at a high cost with an uncertain future. Therefore, he is seeking to construct a new narrative of Islam, called moderate Islam, to govern based on the same Islamic laws created by himself and his allies. It seems that if bin Salman fails in this endeavor, the legitimacy of the state will face challenges, particularly in the eyes of various social groups and especially the religious elite.

 There have been various theories about how to form an authoritarian government in Iran before the first Pahlavi, and one of the most important is the patrimonialism theory. From Max Weber's point of view, in patrimonialism, a ruling person's will be considered the only means of organizing and guiding the society. Although political power maintained its autocratic form after the first Pahlavi, the means of exercising power were applied through bureaucracy and administrative systems. Many political science thinkers have welcomed the compatibility of patrimonialism theory with the government evolution in Iran before Pahlavi. However, in this adaptation, less attention has been paid to the political-spatial requirements of Iran. 

 This research has attempted to analyze the reasons for the continuation and stabilization of the patrimonial government in Iran before the first Pahlavi, with a descriptive-analytical method, and from the political geography view. 

 Findings show that a set of factors, including the environmental foundations of Iran's land, the lack of water, and the lack of continuous access to it in all seasons, provides the basis for the nomadic livelihood formation in Iran. So, the emergence of cohesion between different tribes and ethnic groups was possible only with the patrimonial king's political function. In addition, the landowners' production surplus and the urban capitalist class were appropriated by the patrimonial government in the form of tax. On the other hand, the risky geopolitical situation of Iran causes only totalitarian leaders to have the ability to create an alliance between incompatible clans in Iran against hostile foreign forces. 

 These geographical factors have created an increasing compatibility between Weber's theory of patrimonialism and the state-building Pattern in Iran before Pahlavi I.

Innovation: 

In general, the patrimonial king functioned due to natural and human requirements in Iran had organized the totalitarian logic that could not reduce the king's political position to alongside other social institutions.

Media literacy leads to public rights discourse. The discourse of public law is effective in monitoring the government through the qualitative and quantitative expansion of the demanding element. People are more persistent in insisting on the rights they are sure they have the right to have. In all societies, the interested people with the power of influence in the field of media turn society into an unequal campaign. The way to deal with this is to expand the right to media literacy. In addition, in advertisements that aim to show reality and distort it deliberately and biasedly, if the audience does not have enough knowledge and is deprived of many sources to benefit from information, it will not result in a distortion of reality or an inorganic change of public opinion. The action of the government in promoting media literacy, in addition to fulfilling one of the human rights, is a smart action that is effective in the field of public participation. If citizens benefit from the right to media literacy, we are faced with a controlling power that relies on collective wisdom. The present article is trying to find a universal solution through theory in order to have a micro-oriented government by relying on the processing citizens.

The method of carrying out library research is analytical-descriptive. In this regard, in order to answer the questions and test the assumptions, the method of content analysis has been used.The information has been collected by the library method and by extracting vouchers from reliable sources. After collecting information and laws in the fields of freedom of expression, freedom of information, media rights, public opinion and the right to education, the issue has been analyzed. In order to benefit from the role of interactive media, attention has been paid to the recent laws of the parliament and the amount of use of keywords related to those laws in the virtual space before they were approved in the public forum of the parliament. The findings indicate the approval of some recent laws based on public opinion, especially regarding the country's annual budget. The statistical population considered for the research is the Islamic Republic of Iran. Although, the ideas of researchers from other countries and other legal systems have also been used,

Media literacy guarantees the exchange of correct information and rational media filtering by using public wisdom. Media literacy significantly reduces the level of political indifference, a crisis facing modern society. The level of sudden arousal of motions by the media is less observed in societies that have a favorable level of media literacy. In addition to monitoring the government's power, increasing media literacy will increase the psychological security of society. The prerequisites for mastering the skill of selection are awareness and freedom. Strengthening and understanding the world of life by guaranteeing fundamental rights lead to the evolutionary evaluation of justice by citizens. The supervisory function of interactive media plays a critical role in increasing responsibility and accountability in various social fields. The regulatory role of the media is directly related to the recognition and guarantee of the public domain. The government is obliged to protect the public domain. The exchange of information in the public sphere is considered a part of the new freedoms and the continuation of the right to freedom of expression. People are trying to achieve mutual understanding in their interactions, and the active and interpretive presence of elites in the public domain plays a key role in promoting media literacy. In interactive media, where it is possible to benefit from collective wisdom through public opinion, and in social media, where content is produced by the public, it finds symmetry with Habermas' concept of the world of life. The active presence of citizens in the public domain requires guaranteeing freedom of expression and the right to access information. In this regard, changes in the laws related to the right to teach media literacy are inevitable.

In the modern government, with the development and growth of the media, the need for media literacy has become an inseparable part of the lives of the citizens of the modern government. The government is obliged to continuously review the laws and regulations in line with media innovations and create the evolutionary course of society through deregulation and policymaking based on needs. The power of cognition, the power of judgment, and data analysis are the fundamental foundations of media literacy education. Media literacy provides the power of understanding, the power of judgment, and the possibility of participating in collective discussions. In modern government, media literacy is the most important platform for the formation of the public sphere. By improving media literacy, the level of conscious participation improves. The public pays more attention to public domain issues. Operational solution: knowing the laws related to the theoretical field and making demands is based on the principle of the rule of law. In the laws and regulations of the Islamic Republic of Iran—the second paragraph of the third article, the third paragraph of the forty-third article of the Constitution, Article 26 and Clause 8 of Article 8 of the Civil Service Management Law—all of them have implicitly mentioned the need to promote media literacy as one of the duties of governance.

Along with the facilitation and development of communication and interaction between countries, border crimes have also been expanded. Human trafficking is one of the most important crimes that takes place in border areas. The purpose of this article is to analyze the international responsibility of countries in dealing with border crimes with an emphasis on human trafficking.

Given that this article seeks to describe and analyze the international responsibility of countries in dealing with border crimes, in terms of its objectives it is of an applied research type, and in terms of the method of collection and the nature of the data, it is a library and qualitative study. The current research seeks to answer the following question: what are the international responsibilities of countries in dealing with human trafficking crimes at international borders?

The findings indicate that victim protection, prevention, criminalization and determination of punishments such as confiscation of property and extradition of criminals are among the most important international obligations of governments in this field. Some of the governments' obligations are related to actions such as criminalizing human trafficking in the domestic arena, and some of them imply the governments' obligations in the international arena, which is about guaranteeing the implementation of legal gaps in this field.

The obtained results show that the commitments of governments in the international arena require two important components. First of all, the realization of governments' obligations in dealing with border crimes and human trafficking requires regional and international cooperation, without which, it is not possible to deal with this type of crime. Second, the necessary efforts should be made to include human trafficking in the context of an organized and widespread crime in the statute of the International Criminal Court, and this kind of guarantee of the necessary implementation of the governments' obligations in this regard should be provided.

One of the most important duties of the government in order to achieve distributive justice is to eliminate poverty and deprivation in the society, which can be identified in the Iranian constitution and the international covenant. The rights of the international covenant are also included in the constitutions of most of the countries of the world, including the country of Iran, and the governments are committed to these rights, despite the limitation of their sovereignty; But the problem is that, despite the many efforts of the government and the duties that are under the responsibility of the government based on the laws, but until now, distributive justice has not been achieved in the desired way. The present research, with the descriptive and analytical method, while explaining and analyzing the legal aspects of the important and fundamental concepts of the subject, with the aim of identifying the obligations of the government related to distributive justice in the constitution and the international covenant, and with legal analysis and interpretation, it will investigate how the subject is from different perspectives. became. and the international covenant and with legal analysis and interpretation, it will be investigated how the issue is from different perspectives.

The quality of living in cities is directly related to the quality of urban spaces. Determining the quality of urban space depends on the factors of space production. Despite the development of urban planning and architecture knowledge in the contemporary period, the quality of living in cities does not seem very favorable. The government and capital are in a close relationship and are considered to be the most important factors in the production of urban space in the contemporary period, including the city of Zanjan. The production of space in the contemporary period of Zanjan city has mainly been done in the form of land preparation plans. The findings of the research show that during this period, more than 94% of the total land was prepared through the direct intervention of the government or the cooperatives owned by the government employees. land development by the government has provided the conditions for land rent and creating added value in this way and has turned the land and housing sector into a safe place for capital reproduction. This shows the indisputable role of the government and capital in producing the urban space of Zanjan.The research method in this article is qualitative based on the purpose of the research and because the nature of the subject is non-measurable and non-quantifiable variables and the data under review are documents, textual and statistical data. Based on this, the method of conducting descriptive (post-event)-analytical study. To analyze the influencing forces on the production process of urban space, the "multi-issue-multiplayer Mector" model was used, and to evaluate the degree of coherence and in the spatial interweaving of the city, the correlation coefficient at the comprehensive and local level, as well as the depth coefficient, were used.Keywords: space production, government, capital, urban space, Zanjan city

This study was designed and implemented to identify the executive priorities of the 13th government in order to develop Iran's tourism industry, considering the county’s potential, the importance of the tourism industry as a tool for sustainable development, and the importance of developing appropriate programs and policies to develop and benefit from this competitive industry.Design/methodology/approach: This is an applied study that relied on a mixed research method using thematic analysis and the best-worst fuzzy method. The statistical population consists of 35 experts in the tourism industry in the qualitative part, and 13 people in the quantitative part, who were selected through purposefulsampling.

Analysis of the collected data shows that the 13th government should consider 5 main priorities for developing the tourism industry, which are, in order of importance, supportive priorities (consisting of 5 main actions), managementpriorities (consisting of 6 main actions), human resources management priorities (including 5 main actions), marketing priorities (consisting of 5 main actions), and priorities related to strengthening and developing infrastructure (including 4 main actions).

The government's attention to the executive priorities presented in the current research during planningand implementation can provide the basis for better development of the Iran's tourism industry .Originality/value: In this research, the executive priorities at the macro-national level to the development of the tourism industry have been addressed for the first time.

One of the most important goals of forming states is to provide welfare and development for the society and the development process always involves the action of the state. Therefore, the nature of states, political and ideological philosophy and its structure play a key role in the development process, including rural development. Since the formation of the centralized state in Iran and after 1316, planning has started in its current form, and after 60 years, 12 programs have been prepared in the country, 11 of which have been implemented. During the years before the revolution, 6 programs were prepared and 5 programs were implemented. After the revolution, 6 programs were prepared and 5 programs were implemented, and the sixth program is being completed. In Iran, most of the stages of rural development have been done within the framework of five-year plans, and investment is the most important tool of the state to achieve rural development. Rural management approach until 1970, in most countries of the world, was influenced by the dominance of top-down development management policies and approaches, which followed the emergence of environmental challenges and socio-economic inequalities, the field of attention and change in bottom-up development approach. It has been provided since the 1980s in order to balance rural settlements. Therefore, in recent decades, empowerment has been proposed as a mechanism for rural development in Iran. But were the realities that took place in the country's rurals homogeneous with the demands and goals of the programs? In other words, considering the high volume of credits that are spent every year in rural settlements, the question can be raised that what does investing in rural settlements have to do with empowering the villagers? Has the agent of change been able to bring about the necessary changes and transformations in order to empower the villagers? In this study, by recognizing state investments in rural and its role in empowering villagers, how they affect the rurals of Kashan was analyzed. The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population was 15255 rural households in Kashan district and the sample size was 316 people. In this research, using the classification method and using a three-dimensional matrix, indicators such as state investment (effective index), geographical location of the rural and population were considered as effective indicators for determining the sample rurals and Finally, 12 rurals were selected. In this article, SPSS software was used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, so that using KMO test, the validity of the rural household head questionnaire to measure the level of rural empowerment is equal to 0.867 and the validity of the rural household head questionnaire to measure investment The state is calculated to be 0.826. Also, based on the results of the structural validity test, Cronbach's alpha coefficient obtained from the rural household heads questionnaire to measure the level of rural empowerment is equal to 0.974 and the rural household heads questionnaire to measure state investment is equal to 0.846. In this way, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed. To explain the relationships between independent and dependent variables, TOPSIS technique and regression analysis and coefficient of determination (R2) were used and for other spatial analysis, SPSS and GIS software were used. The results show that according to the ranking of rurals, 75% of the studied rurals had poor and moderate empowerment. Also, 67% of the studied rurals were evaluated with poor and medium investment. Findings from field studies indicate a strong, positive and direct relationship between the two variables of investment and rural empowerment (P = 0.000). In other words, based on the coefficient of determination, 13.5% of the variance of rural empowerment is explained by state investment. As a result, through regression analysis, it can be acknowledged that with increasing state investment in the studied rurals, the rate of rural empowerment also increases. Therefore, rural empowerment is studied as a new approach in the development of rural areas, with a systematic, integrated and combined view, so that self-determination, competence, impact, significance and trust emerge and organize as the driving force of empowerment in rural communities. In this way, the right to development and honorable life in rural areas can be realized objectively. In fact, due to their structural and functional nature, rurals are related to all factors of human life and the challenges ahead cannot be solved with a one-dimensional view. In the combined view, all factors are effective in empowering the villagers and the absence of one of the factors challenges the process of empowering rural communities. According to what has been said, the results of the article provide some strategic points: Lack of careful study and evaluation of developments in rural areas after the arrival of investments and on the other hand different perceptions of the concepts of capacity building and empowerment in practice has caused problems in rural society Stay tuned. Finally, in order to achieve the empowerment of local communities through the role of state in the developmentalist perspective, there are significant proposals that should be pursued through the state, realistic and targeted facilitation models. Thus, in sustainable rural development programs, participatory and facilitator planning, realistic, bottom-up and decentralized, conducting regional and local planning studies, deepening indigenous knowledge-based in rural issues, promoting individual responsibility at the design levels and Program implementation must be considered.

The expansion of international relations, as well as the expansion of various political and social issues in the world, has led to an increase in the relations of the people of the world, followed by the entry of foreign nationals into different countries, which can in some cases lead to conflict with the interests of the host country. Various legal issues. But this entry of citizens in time of war and special conditions of war, finds its own characteristics and legal dimensions. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the rights of citizens to deal with deportation and deportation during wartime in international law and its important and fundamental challenges. In time of war, the conditions and rules of deportation are different from in time of peace. Even a country that was a neighbor and ally before the war, changes the course of its relations with the onset of war, the first effects of which are seen in the expulsion and persecution of its citizens. This article seeks to study the rights of citizens to deal with deportation and deportation in international law through descriptive and analytical methods. The results show that the expulsion of aliens, even in times of armed conflict, must be based on formal and substantive deportations under peacetime international law, such as human rights restrictions.

Recently, the terms governance and good urban governance have become increasingly pervasive in the world development and management literature, and bad governance is considered as one of the causes of all problems and misery within urban society. Urban governance, as a set of methods in which individuals, institutions, the public sector and the private sector manage and plan the common affairs of the city, is an ongoing process through which conflicting or incompatible interests can be harmonized and collective action Occurs. Urban governance is intertwined with the well-being of its citizens. Good urban governance is based on the principle of citizenship and its most important and central concept is the participation of citizens in the management of city affairs. Citizens' participation in the management of the city is so important and decisive that if this feature is weakened, it can no longer be called good urban governance. In this research, based on the data collected from library studies, the obstacles and underlying challenges facing urban governance in Iran have been investigated. The results show that components such as "lack of city and the existence of a basic theory to define the city in Iran", "lack of strong and effective civil society", "lack of development of the concept of planning in Iran", "lack of position of the concept of citizenship" "Government in Iran", "The position of urban management in the laws and documents above", "Lack of integration in urban management" and "Unsustainable financing of municipalities and its related problems" are among the most important obstacles in this field.

Despite various studies on the role of government in urban development, few studies have examined the dimensions of government intervention in suburban areas. In fact, the question has not yet been answered as to what was the mechanism of government intervention in the process of urban development that provided the grounds for the activation of other mercenary forces and left the following adverse consequences? Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the role of government in the development of the suburban area from the perspective of the pathology of maps and its tasks, which has been followed by a case study of Sanandaj.

Using a Mixed method, research data were collected in three main areas, including "survey data based on interviews with 15 experts", "documentary data extracted from documents of Sanandaj suburban area" and "field data from settlements of Sanandaj suburban area". The research period is the forty-year period of 1976-2014.

The results obtained from the analysis of the development trend of Pirashahri area showed that the city of Sanandaj has always moved towards you in a scattered manner that this type of development has often occurred in Pirashahr lands.  The main categories are: inefficiency or incorrect implementation of laws related to the boundaries of the city and area, inefficiency of comprehensive and detailed plans in controlling the boundaries of the city, disregard for land management principles in locating land uses, incorrect policies and actions in the land and housing sector, lack Dealing with marginalization for political, social and legal reasons.

The complexity and interaction of factors affecting the development of suburban spaces, puts the government in a new position of responsibility that necessitates the redefinition of its roles and tasks in relation to the management system and policy development of urban development.

There are different definitions and perceptions of the city that have similarities and differences. According to Article 4 of the Law on Definitions and Criteria of Iran, the city is a local place with legal boundaries that are located in a specific geographical area and in terms of construction context, employment and other factors have a feature with its own characteristics, so that The majority of its permanent residents are employed in business, commerce, industry, services and administrative activities and are relatively self-sufficient in municipal services. The city is the center of social, economic, cultural and political exchanges, and has a population of at least ten thousand people. Or the gathering place of a large number of people with different tastes, thoughts, behaviors, etc. Physically, the city is a place that has tall buildings, streets, parks, offices, infrastructure and urban facilities, and so on. In the economic dimension, the city is a place with a dominant aspect of industrial employment, services and consumption style and life or production method is different from the village. However, in Iran, there has been a lack of a city and a lack of a basic theory of the definition of a city in Iran, which the author has addressed in a descriptive-analytical way and using library resources.

One of the most controversial issues in political geography is the role of local government and governance in the urban space. Governance deals with individuals and organizations that are involved in the decision-making and enforcement process. Today, by recognizing the patterns of governance, the city must be managed by them. The transition from idea to action, along with the structural and functional changes of government, require more than just a government, and other actors have an impact on improving the quality of life and well-being of different stakeholder groups. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, after examining the concept and different angles of the governance model, proves that in todaychr('39')s cities, the management of the urban system is governed by the governance of local organizations.</strong>
The results show that governance at the micro-macro-spatial level is a step towards self-organization of urban communities and fragmentation of government power that requires the involvement of citizens and social groups in addition to government actors. In fact, there are different ways in which local authorities are elected to govern in the world.</strong>

Since the 1980s, with the ever-increasing superiority of neoliberalism views and declining government investment in public affairs, the functional and ownership roles of the government in the economy have diminished and the role of non-governmental institutions, companies and forces in managing and producing space has increased, which weakened the independent influence of government-affiliated institutions in the management and planning of the territorial space. The purpose of this study was to present a new classification of government functions and how to study it in the management and planning of the territorial space in the framework of the neoliberal perspective with reference to valid theoretical documents. This research is of theoretical type and the data were collected by documentary and library methods and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method based on inferential approach.

Since spatial planning is affected by profit-oriented economic motivation based on free trade, the government lacks an independent position and function in spatial planning management. In this regard, government institutions seek to expand and continue the cycle of making more profitable talented areas and facilitate the faster return of capital through tax policies and coordination with the wishes of companies and economic institutions only through spatial management planning. In the formulation of land management policies by governments in the neoliberal model, different regions in the subdivision of the land level do not have the same value in attracting capital, and spatial polarization in population, movement, and activity in the territorial space will always exist. On this basis, land management in the neoliberal model has led to the importance of the concept of leveling, ranking, and decline of the concept of spatial justice, which is considered in the Keynesian model in land management studies.

 
The space and how it can be organized and evolved in time and place can be the most fundamental issue and focal point for all topics and schools of geography, urban planning and urban design. Therefore, the organization of human settlements, activity centers at ground level with certain possibilities and limitations and the regulation of the interactive relationships between these elements in order to achieve an effective community can be considered as an ancient aspiration for spatial planning . Organizing and producing space in the form of a state begins since the Constitutional Revolution with the advent of a modern state in Iran, In fact, the modern state is trying to change the nature of space from consumption to exchanging mod for controlling and managing the space. the tool of this changing is city.  In this way, the modern state (emerging from the heart of the city) seeks to change the nature of space through urbanization of space. The modern state has consistently embraced in  strengthening and development of cities and urbanization with its city-centered and orbital city policies and in return, it paid less attention to the lives and livelihoods of rural and nomadic communities. In this research, the process of changing the nature of space in Iran from consumption to exchanging and commodity mod and the influential elements in this change will be discussed. To clarify the issue, Tehran city will be considered as the capital of the modern state and the most important place in space changing during the last century in order to examine the changing of the nature of space in the last 100 years in Iran. The present study aims to study and analyze the process of formation of the production of capitalist space in contemporary Iran, especially during the period of the emergence of the modern state with the Constitutional Revolution.  For this purpose, the method is descriptive-analytical study. The documentary (library) method has been used for data collection, The research approach was based on the study of the process of formation of the state capitalist space in Iran based on the city of Tehran in six areas in five periods of Qajar, Constitutional Revolution, the First Pahlavi, Pillar, Second Pahlavi, and the Islamic Republic. These areas include social structure, political economy, spatial system of the country, Tehran's place and role in the spatial structure of the country, spatial and physical changes of Tehran city which has been studied in five stages in order to analyze the process of production of state capitalist space. Space is a product of society and social production and every. Each production mode produces its own space according to its political and ideological characteristics. In the process of space production, three dimensions of space (spatial practice, representation of space and representational space) are involved, the balance of these three dimensions of space makes space equilibrium. The process of production of space in Iran before the Constitutional Revolution was in equilibrium and all the stakeholders in space were involved in its production. And also the nature of the space was concrete and for consumption, but after the advent of the modern state in Iran, the government not only influenced urbanization processes but also began to create new space by changing production methods,overnment intervention in space created an imbalance in space; in fact, the government began to represent space without regard for other stakeholders. The result of government intervention was to overcome the balance of space and the change in the nature of space, Over time, other actors (city planners, municipality, capital, and local communities) have been influenced in new space production. In fact, the state provided the necessary base for the new elements, but over the time, the role of the state in space was reduced and the role of capital increased, the purpose of capital in the new space was to generate more profits, thus, with a strong central focus, it reduced space barriers to accumulate profits. This created an uneven geography of urban development that the spatial structure of the city and the space organization, went to an unbalanced line Which resulted in the disintegration of space, Also, by changing the nature of space from Consumption space to exchange space Converted space into goods and this has caused the loss of sense of space in space, these are the  desirable spaces which have exchange and sale value. As a result of such a process, space has become abstracted and its users have no role on it. In Iran, after the Constitutional Revolution, the state not only affect the urbanization process. And changes the process of urbanization by using the mechanism of changing the mode of production from the capitalist mode to the state capitalist mode but also changes the nature of space (urban space) as urbanization expands. This means that the nature of urban space is also beginning to change and the government creates new space that the nature of the space consumption is dimmed. And the exchange space is replaced by it. in this process, new actors are formed through the government that each of them help the process in some way, The city of Tehran as the capital of the country was the first place where these changes took place and the process of changing the nature of city space over a century has been giving to the state and its related elements that the city has changed a lot to accumulate capital and accelerate the process of production, distribution and consumption during this period. And changed from a "city-life" to a "city-capital" and eventually to a "city-commodity".  And it has been the result of a hundred years of state effort in space production, The state has taken control of space with great influence on the representation of space (imagined space) and abstract planning of the city and with the process of changing the everyday life has also been affected the living and perceived space.

Abstract Governments as upmost authority and legislative of basic factor are regional development. The researcher past displaced regional system imbalance in Iran as basic problem and in the meantime Iran government role as main conversional was included in regional development. The search method this paper is descriptive – analytical. The data cumulation method is documental. In beginning Iran government role specify in regional development after Islamic revolution, then with detaes 25 indicators of economic – social to models antropy shnon and topsis rank province of Iran in decades 90s and 2010s. Great government nature (governmentalism) retained in first decade of the revolution, notwithstanding, performance of Structural adjustment program in decades 90s. in spite of regional heavy imbalance in this decade, least regional development proceeding for the reason that neoclassic nature of Structural adjustment accomplished in sazandegi state period. Regional development proceeding in reformation state period with governmentalism and centralized become less effect in ninth and tenth state period. Therefore necessity of equilibrate of Iran regional unbalanced system with addition 31 degrees of weight development of Tehran (first province) then Kurdistan(end province) is needed evolution in government structure and function based good government pattern as basic strategy in national and regional level.

The political economy of space studies the spatial patterns of capital, public goods, infrastructure, and how to adopt the necessary measures for the continuation of capital accumulation by political actors. Obviously, among different frames of political economy, the state-oriented approach seeks to study the role of actors and governing institutions in who distribution of public goods and services and policies for the continuation of capital accumulation and subsequent the rebuilt of space at the territorial level. The change of policies and the presence of new political actors in decision making and implementation their policies in the national scale will shape different patterns of space political economy. Within the framework of capitalism, study of spatial political economy often ignores the role of government and political changes and spatial changes increasingly explanted in unpolitical approaches. This paper discusses the hypothesis that meeting the basic needs of communities and how to benefit from scarce resources by social classes; without government it will not be possible. In this article, the government is considered an institution beyond trade ::union::s. In this regard, has been tried to study and explain the most important spatial structural symbols and functional processes of political economies constructed by the government on the national scale. This research is based on Trans - positivism approach, seeking to analyze the spatial dialectics in the distribution of public goods and the allocation of budget by government. Findings research reveals that spatial political economy in governmental approach studies the allocation of scarce resources and its spatial subsequent. In addition, within the capitalism ideology, the competition between social classes and trade ::union::s for access to public goods must be controlled and balanced by the government and government do it this duty by spatial planning. This includes protecting property rights, regulating how to allocate money by interest rates of credit facilities and providing the necessary physical infrastructure to sustain capital accumulation. this approach can explain comprehensively the changes of the spatial organization of the territory.

Developing according to foreign investment in South Korea is an economic miracle of contemporary century. The evolution of economic miracle has been accomplished by complete success of spatial planning. The most striking feature of spatial planning in South Korea is its implementation. Using descriptive- analytical method, this paper will seek success procedure of South Korea spatial planning and basic role of government in order to respond three questions: how government of South Korea was able to achieve such successes? Applying spatial planning as a tool in this process, which role government play? And what doctrines have this experiment in order to apply in Iran?
Spatial planning of South Korea implement in three scale of master land, regional and urban plan. Urban planning of Korea has a three-tier structure. Urban master plan determine long-term growth path and future image of city in the upper level, urban management plan present program of city with binding rules and objective details in the next level, and the manner of programs and necessary strategies implementation in the third level. Urban management plan, including zoning plan (land use), urban facility plan, Maintenance plan of the city (time-out texture) and detailed plan of regions, is an unique, thorough and so successful sample among different countries and its doctrine is exploitable for Iran which has no land use and urban facilities plan and no sufficient and necessary solidarity in the field of time-out textures and detailed plan. Administrative identical process, preparing all plans by executors and approving lower – rank plans by preparers of upper – rank plans are another striking feature applying in spatial planning system of Korea which is major factors of urban plans implementation.

The term “state” owing to its simultaneous presence in two epistemological and scientific fields named political science and political geography has assumed multiple meanings, applications, natures and synonyms, in a way that it has stirred a kind of chaos and lack of consensus, especially among political geographers. According to various texts, “state” is an abstract entity, intertwined with a selection of notions, values, and thoughts concerning human and spatial issues. Accordingly, the present research tries to analyze the spatial-philosophical aspects of the word “ state” and answer the question as to the reasons why this word has gained varied and sometimes contradictory synonyms and meanings (especially in the fields of political science and political geography in Iran).
In terms of collecting the data, the present research is a qualitative one, and in terms of its nature is regarded as a foundational research. With respect to the method of processing and interpreting the data, Meta-analysis has been used. Meta-analysis is a collection of methods used to resolve the contradictions created by researches conducted concerning a single topic. Meta-analysis converts the findings of various researches to a joint scale, investigates the relation among research specifics and the findings and finally, proposes an overarching suggestion for converging the studies. The present research, in line with its objective which concerns the investigation of divergences and conceptual, theoretical and semantic contradictions of the term “state” among political geography’s thinkers and theoreticians and its attempt to bring viewpoints, in an overarching manner, together can be categorized as a meta-analysis.
Every concept in geography, considering the comprehensive and holistic epistemological nature of this science, gains a “comprehensive and universal “feature, where no other rational trajectory neither can nor should be traversed, before unwinding the interwoven elements and components of this twisted skein. Nonetheless, it seems that any attempt to resolve such a conflict would be irrational. The only rational thing remains paying attention to the “spatial, comprehensive, holistic and multiplicity” basis in geographical concepts which stem from its epistemology. It seems that incorporation of spatial, geographical structures and factors such as “ land”, “ country”, “ nation”, “ regime” and “ governance” have paved the way for its plurality of sense and profusion of meaning, to the degree that meanings and concepts of “state” are closer to reality that in addition to structure-agency views, incorporate “spatial” and “holistic geographic” views.
So on the basis of the epistemological feature of geography (to which political geography belongs) the conceptual expansion and long range of inclusiveness in political geography is neither too surprising nor paradoxical. The word “state” contains simultaneous and multifold other meanings such as “ land”, “ government” , “ governance” and “ people” and unless these elements are included and combined in creating a whole, we cannot use the word “state” for it. Thus, only when the biologic and cultural feature specific to humans, i.e. territoriality, adopts a national (concerning a population with a given and fixed identity) and political (a country, when all the elements of the administration, governance, execution and management or government are organized) quality can it represent a word called “state” in the political geography.
State is an abstract concept, intertwined with a collection of concepts, values, and thoughts regarding human and spatial issues and owing to its simultaneous presence in two disparate epistemological and scientific fields called political science and political geography it has assumed multiple meanings, applications, natures and synonyms. The word state, in its general sense, has a meaning of “condition” and “situation”. This concept, in order to materialize in the fields under discussion, has no other way than to be manifested in its material components. Among the components of “state”, the concepts of nation, regime, and country has been used, many times, interchangeably thus causing multiple meanings for the concept of “state” such as country, regime, administrative, executive branch and etc. The findings of this research indicate that each of these concepts (country, regime and nation), in different situations where the concept of “state” can be situated, can carry its semantic features. For instance, when there is a geographical and territorial understanding of “state” , it comes very close to the concept of “country” and when its administrative-executive aspect is intended, it referrers to the government .So, the profusion of the meanings of “state” is not in contradiction with its main sense. To put it simply, “state” in some situations is synonymous with country and in others with government or political society. This does not damage its abstract and main meaning, since without these components, “state” has no meaning and in order to become materialized and manifest in various situations, it is dependent upon its constituent elements.