جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "رشد شهر" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

The growth and expansion of urban population in recent decades has faced the need for housing construction to provide shelter in cities at a significant speed. Housing construction policies have continued in different periods, sometimes with strong prosperity and sometimes with stagnation. This problem has consequently increased the area , growth, and dispersion in cities. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the role of housing construction in the growth of Kermanshah city. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population includes managers, municipal experts and business owners of the eight regions of Kermanshah city in the number of 2980 people. Based on the Cochran formula, the number of 340 people was estimated and the questionnaires were distributed by simple random sampling method. The studied period, the constructions of Kermanshah city during the years 1390 to 1400 were investigated. To investigate this issue, a questionnaire with four dimensions (policies, services and resources, land and housing market and immigration) has been considered. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed in form and content, and the reliability has been confirmed based on Cronbach's alpha for the entire questionnaire at the rate of 0.83. The method of data analysis was done using SPSS 25 software and exploratory factor analysis test. The results showed that the most important factors affecting the growth of Kermanshah city in the political dimension are the government's interventions in the land market with a factor of 0.851, in services and resources, improving access and providing services with a factor of 0.683, in the dimension of the land and housing market, the growth of second homes. and villa construction with a factor of 0.824, and in the dimension of migration, rural-urban migrations with the lowest factor of 0.364 have had a greater impact on the growth of Kermanshah city.

The increasing expansion of cities which is affected by population growth and migration, has led to unplanned constructions and many changes in the spatial structure and physical development of cities. One of the major problems in urban planning due to the population growth and the lack of infrastructure facilities is determining the appropriate space for the physical development to satisfy the current needs and anticipate future needs. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to the population as the main driver of changes in the future of the city. Considering the issue, this research tried to investigate the state of development and physical growth of Tabriz, considering the population of the city and the obstacles to its growth. To collect data, satellite images of Tabriz and document-library studies were used. For data analysis, 2016 Tabriz master plan and land use map (extracted for 1996 to 2022), as well as GIS, ENVI and TERRSET software were used. The ICM method was applied to predict urban growth. The findings showed that the direction of development of Tabriz is strongly affected by natural and human factors and will change the direction of development in the future. By examining the final map, the direction of development is determined. The future development of Tabriz will be towards the north and northwest. Finally, by predicting the population of Tabriz, its growth rate was adapted to the predicted population. At the end, some solutions were suggested to improve the current situation, which require the serious attention of managers and planners of this city.

The temperature of the urban environment is one of the parameters that citizens are in contact with at any moment. Studies show that the global temperature is constantly increasing due to environmental changes. One of these parameters that affect the increase in temperature; The physical growth of the city and its consequent destruction and loss of vegetation. In this study, using Landsat satellite images for the years 2001, 2011 and 2021; and the implementation of the single-channel algorithm, the surface temperature of the ground in the Iraqi city of Halla was calculated and its changes were investigated and analyzed. On the other hand, the NDVI index was calculated as a vegetation index on the mentioned dates and its changes were analyzed with the temperature changes of the earth's surface. The general results of this research showed that the area of the city of Halle has doubled during the study period, and this has caused a decrease in the amount of vegetation and an increase in the temperature of the earth's surface. In the end, the correlation between the surface temperature and the NDVI index was calculated, which was equal to 46.92, 44.35 and 52.98% for the years 2001, 2011 and 2021, respectively. This issue shows the strong relationship between these two parameters and the effect of the reduction of vegetation on the increase in the temperature of the earth's surface.

Review

The aim of this study was to evaluate and identify the trend of historical patterns of urban growth, simulate and predict the size and future growth of Zahedan city, and seek to investigate and identify the intervening factors in determining the intelligent direction of urban areas and the intention to answer this key question whether the growth of Zahedan urban area is in accordance with the prepared and planned patterns and matched with the population. Results/

The results showed that the historical growth trend of Zahedan city will be mostly based on organic growth, growth based on road orientation and urban areas growth as edge and future growth of the city internally and then on the edges of the existing texture. The results of the future growth of Zahedan city showed that further growth will be toward the west and parts of the south, which considering the desirability of land development in the western half, makes the pattern and the growth rate of the range in the future logical and appropriate.

Comprehensive urban plans are prepared for the balanced physical development of cities, whereas these plans face many problems and usually fail to achieve their goals. This study aimed to study of land use pattern realization and its relationship with the city growth of Zahedan.

This study was carried out on 2022 in Zahedan. The list of indicators affecting the city was growth prepared using expert opinions and determining the coefficient of criteria in Expert choice software. The opinions of 18 experts were used using targeted sampling. The urban growth in 1991-2022 was investigated by overlapping effective indicators and extracting the growth range in the GIS software. The indicators affecting the realization of the land use pattern were prepared by assessing the opinions of the same experts, and the importance and weight coefficients of each were calculated through the AHP and ANP models, respectively. The final evaluation of the land use pattern was conducted in the BSC Designer software. Forecasting the growth trend of the city area until 1450 was assessed using spatial data analysis in ArcGIS through SLEUTH model.

Physical (49.28%) and social dimensions (32.26%) have the most and least development in the land use pattern of Zahedan. The land use pattern of Zahedan was in an average level (41.86%). According to the SLEUTH model, Zahedan city is developed on the basis of organic growth according the tendency towards the road, and the future growth of the city will be internal on the sides of the existing fabric.

The master plan of Zahedan city was realized less than 50%. This can be seen as a result of the lack of required legal tools and the financial capacity of the municipality.

With increase in population in recent decades, the main concern of cities has been to deal with unplanned development and prevent the problems caused by it. By referring to historical documents, it is proved that human beings are always looking for a systematic system. One of the problems of population growth is the horizontal growth or sprawl of the city, which leads to problems such as improper land use and, consequently, environmental, economic, social and physical problems. The method adopted in this research is analytical-descriptive and applied and the phenomenon has been analyzed by using content analysis and case study methods .The required information has been collected by the method of libraries and the information about Bastak city has been collected in the form of a combination of available resources, field visits, use of satellite photos and images and their comparison in different time periods as well as questions from informed people. Then the data have been analyzed the data with Excel and Arc GIS programs as well as the Heldern model. The results show that segregation plans between 2006 and 2020 have caused the sprawl of this city and there are also two types of sprawl, linear branching and clustering. In the end, Some suggestions have been represented such as preventing and confronting traders and Stock traders, using and exploiting unused areas within the tissue, encouraging the public to build with high density, mass construction and virtualization by allocating loans and facilities to prevent and control this phenomenon in Bastak.

Identifying effective mechanisms and urban expansion forces is an important step for better understanding of the spatial pattern, process and consequences of urban expansion   that it is essential for planning and urban growth policies and sustainable urban development. The purpose of the research is to identify and analyze the factors affecting on sprawl of the city of Ahvaz. This research is descriptive-analytic and in terms of objective, applied analytic. The method of data collection is library-documentary and survey. Fuzzy Delphi technique was used in two stages for reaching a group consensus among experts (20 expert). Based on the results of the research, the factors affecting the urban sprawl of Ahvaz include are Lack of integrated urban management, Government policies in the housing sector, urban development plans, natural population growth, migration, construction laws, lifestyle changes, integration of peripheral villages, decline and deterioration central textures, natural environment of the city, the abundance of land, the price difference of land, personal ownership of the car, access to roads, cheap fuel, public transportation, Land speculation, personal preferences of individuals, zoning regulations, inefficient planning and management, economic justification of urban residences, increasing poverty, Steel industry, universities and higher education institutions, the existence of military lands within the city, the conflict between the interests of the public sector and the municipality, the issue of land ownership in the city, land exchange, railways, Karoon River, settlements and institutional homes, Expensive and shortages of housing for low-income groups administrative corruption, informal settlements, taxes, municipal income, Separation of uses, ambiguity in laws and regulations, change in the use of agricultural land, ethnicity, oil facilities, underground water , climate, conflict between the interests of the municipality and the private sector and the bridges.

The increasing growth and expansion of cities under the influence of population growth and migration, has led to unplanned construction and many changes in the spatial structure, especially the physical development of cities in unfavorable places that require basic guidance and organization. In the present descriptive-analytical research, using Fuzzy ANP method, the development and growth of Yazd city has been evaluated. Using weighted overlap method in GIS the analysis of the development pattern and guiding urban growth has been done. To analyze the effective factors in the development model of urban area, first 7 main criteria (including environmental, economic, demographic, land and housing market, spatial-physical, government plans and policies, and access to public services) with 32 sub-criteria were determined for Yazd urban area by examining the internal and external sources. Then questionnaires were completed by 20 officials of relevant organizations. Using the Fuzzy ANP model, the coefficient of importance of each indicator was obtained and the most important factor in the development pattern of urban areas was determined. The results show that spatial-physical criteria with 0.170, and population with 0.158 have the highest and economic criteria with 0.052 and government plans and policies with 0.035 have the least impact on the growth and development of Yazd. Because region one in the north of Yazd city has less worn-out texture and region 3 in the south lacks fertile agricultural lands, these regions can be suggested for the future expansion of the city.

 Urbanization is a continuous process and the spatial patternsof urban growth havealways played an important role in the transformation of human life throughout history. Urban growth has two dimensions: demographic and spatial, meaning that with increased urban population, the need for shelter increases and cities are faced with spatial growth. Expansion of cities in the spatial dimensions have several consequences,including changes in land use and land covers of areas surrounding cities.Land use change is currentlyone of the major concerns ofthe environmental approach, since land use changes in areas surrounding cities have led to changes in the economic structure of cities and the destruction of vegetation and agricultural lands as one of the main foundations of production in these areas. They have also seriously damaged other water resources, wildlife habitats, and resulted in the reduction of soil organic matter, changes in soil humidity and saltiness, increased energy consumption, increased urban heat islands, climate changes, as well as negative effects on the mental and physical health of urban residents. Nowadays, rapid growth in remote sensing technology and geographic information system, as well as the advancements in computer science and its application in environmental sciences and urban planning have created spatial modeling techniques such as Markov chain, Cellular Automata, intelligent neural networks and statistical models. Due to its dynamic nature, the capability of showing spatial distribution of land use changes, as well as its unique characteristics in modeling of natural and physical geographic featureson the ground and simpler adaptation with remote sensing data and GIS, a combination of Markov chain model and Cellular Automata are used as an important supporting toolfor decision making in urban planning and environmental sciences in many studies performedrecently.  Over the past few decades, the population of Iranhas increased from 27 million in 1955 to 79 million in 2016. And according to the 2016census, 74 percent of the population lives in urban areas. In recent years, the population of Kurdistan province has experienced a 1.42% (2011 to 2016)average annual growth rate (especially in Baneh, Marivan and Saghez), which isaround 0.18% more than the average annual growth rate of the country (1.24%). Investigating census data shows that Baneh, Marivan and Saqezhave experienced a higher urban growth rate as compared to other cities in the province, and thus monitoring this growth and predicting its negative effects on the surrounding land use seems crucial.Destruction of vegetation and agricultural lands not only results in climate change, but also directly affect the lives of residents in the region. Therefore, understanding the growth rate is necessary for properplanning and managementofthese areas.

Images received from Landsat in 1987, 2002 and 2017 were downloaded from the US Geological Surveywebsite and used in the present study. Google Earth images, land useand topography maps, and ground control points (GCP) were also used to perform imagepreprocessing, classification operations, and accuracy assessment. The study area includesBaneh, Marivan and Saqqez cities, which have recently experienced a high level of population growth. Considering the impact of population growth on increased rate of construction and physical development of urban areas, it is therefore necessary to study urban growth. In order to reduce the city’s impact on land use in future, it is necessary to modelurban growth. Using these models, planners can guide the urban development back to the optimal and appropriate routes and minimize the destruction of the land use.Image pre-processing in the present research was performed in ENVI5.3 environment. Then, using Maximum Likelihood algorithm, the images were categorized into five classes of water, residential areas, vegetation, agriculture and open spaces. Then, the overall accuracy of the classification maps was assessed using ground control points. To predict the urban growth, CA-Markov model was used in the IDRISI TerrSet software.

Findings indicate that the classified images have an accuracy of above 80%, and thus, land use maps of the study areas are valid.Investigations shows that the growth inMarivan and Baneh has most severely affected vegetation and agricultural land use. In the time period of 1987 to 2017, 897. 39 and 801 hectares of vegetation in Marivan and Banehhave been transformed into urban areas, respectively.During the same time period, 790.38 hectares of agricultural land in Marivan and 772.29 hectaresinBanehhave changed into urban areas. It is also important to note that unlike Saqez, the degradation of vegetation and agricultural lands in Marivan and Banehwas more severe than bare lands. In other words, bare landsinSaqez were more severely affected (as compared to vegetation and agricultural land), and about 1249,29 hectares of bare lands have turned into urban areas, while only 121.50 hectares of vegetation, and 509.04 hectaresof agriculture lands haveexperienced such a change.Also, results of the CA-Markov model showed that the growth of Baneh and Marivan cities in the 2017-2032 period will be in the Northeast and East directions, respectively. Results also indicate that this urban growth will affect agricultural and bare landsmore significantly. It is predicted that about 511.29 hectares of agricultural lands and 722.70 hectares of bare lands (in Baneh city) and 1080 hectares of agricultural lands and 2402.101 hectares of bare lands (in Marivan city) will turn into urban areas in this time period. 

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that planning urban growth inthe study areas should be performed in a way that vegetation and especially the surrounding agricultural lands are preserved, and the negative effects of land use changesare minimized. Also,plannerscan apply the results of the present study in their future plansto guide the development of Baneh, Marivan and Saqeztoward optimal ways and reduce land use degradation.

The rapid growth of Kerman in recent decades with modernism thinking has caused the formation of new and marginal neighborhoods, for many reasons old neighborhoods have been converted to inefficient fabrics that their quality is not suitable for citizens' life. New Urbanism has confirmed new approaches with compact, mixed-use, walkable, and relatively self-contained communities by relying on historic lessons from the most beautiful and successful cities. This study aims to determine the compatibility of New Urbanism principles in the traditional, middle and new fabric neighborhoods of Kerman to increase their quality of life. The present study is applicable, and it utilizes descriptive, comparative and surveying methods. Data collection is gathered from the desk and field studies. GIS analytical functions and statistical methods are used to determine the degree of compatibility. The studied indicators are divided into three categories of transportation, physical and historical, and in seven principles, then they are evaluated by the four-level spectrum. According to research results, the indicators show a significant difference in the use of new urbanism principles in various neighborhoods formed in different periods of Kerman development. Mozafari historical neighborhood (with Bazar) and the new one Hoshang-Moradi with the geometric meaning of 3.03 and 1.81, respectively, have the highest and the least adaptation with the new urbanism principles. Also, the highest and lowest compatibility in the studied neighborhoods is related to connectivity and housing diversity principles. New neighborhoods concerning physical principles; and old neighborhoods concerning historical and transportation principles are more compatible with new urbanism. Average of compatibility in Hoshang-Moradi neighborhood in physical principle is 3.56 and in Mozafari neighborhood in principles of historical and transportation is 3.67 and 4. Due to the relative compatibility of the neighborhoods with the new urbanism principles, its guidelines can be used to improve their quality of life.

Rapid expansion of cities and their uneven physical growth, which calls “urban sprawl”, has some consequences such as; vanishing the villages and their surrounding farm lands, converting agricultural lands into other land uses, and destructing the ecological resources. Such a situation is more serious in regional metropolises. Isfahan and Urmia are two important regional metropolises with different environmental and economic structures. Both cities have experienced a rapid expansion during the recent years. The present paper has adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to study the physical expansion of the mentioned cities and their impacts on the surrounding areas. Required data were collected using documentary method, and required remote sensing data were obtained from Landsat7 images in 2001 and Landsat8 images in 2013. Comparing different periodic images of two cities and analyzing obtained data from Statistical Center of Iran showed that both Isfahan and Urmia are vastly facing with rapid population growth and alteration of their surrounding’s land uses. Application of the Holdren method for a duration of 1956-2011 showed that physical expansion is more than the real needs of the population in both cities, especially in Urmia. The result of such process is alteration of more and more agricultural lands into other applications. The rate of population growth in Isfahan, during the study span time, was nearly consistent, but in Urmia the trend was different with a high population growth especially at the beginning of 1980s due to Iraq-Iran war. It can be concluded that main reasons for alteration of farm lands around Urmia include: inefficiencies associated with urban detailed plans, low levels of farm land prices against the urban ones, vulnerability of horticultural activities next to the city, and lower rates of financial interests of agricultural activities. But, the main reasons for converting the farm lands into urban construction in Isfahan are: industrialization of the area, constructing residential estates around the city, and expansion of academic and government activities at the surrounding area. The mentioned factors have accelerated migration of different groups of people from nearby villages and towns towards Isfahan. Therefore, population growth and need for urban constructions have been leading to change the agricultural land uses and finally more vulnerability and inconsistence of environmental resources.

In the present century, the government has the greatest effect on physical development of the cities which occurred through transferring free or affordable lands for construction of residential buildings, grant facilities through banking systems and preparation of urban development plans with the consequences including lands annexation and land use change.This research aimed to understand the direct government intervention in lands and housing section and ultimately physical development of a great city like Kermanshah. In this respect, this question arises that how this intervention took place? What was its impact on the physical development of the city? The research method of this paper is analytical- descriptive method and by analysis of the existing information and statistics in this field as well as aerial photos and maps of Kermanshah city, has come to the conclusion that the government policies particularly in the form of urban land was the greatest factor in physical development of Kermanshah city, Also the maps of urban development stages together with ownership of public lands and transferring indicates that this event caused the horizontal spread of the city and low land use intensity.