جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کووید-19 » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Tourism industry has been affected by various crises over the years. Covid-19 has severely affected tourism in Iran, especially in Mazandaran. Small and medium-sized tourism businesses suffered the most hurt due to their limitations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting small and medium tourism businesses success in the post-Corona eras.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The method of this research is descriptive – analytical method based on survey. The tool used was a questionnaire with closed questions that its indicators have been collected by studying valid foreign sources and they have been approved by professors and tourism experts. The reliability level of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and then distributed among 177 tourism activists in Mazandaran province. SPSS and PLS3 software were used to analyze the collected data.

Findings show that there is a significant relationship between personal values and market-orientation. There is a significant relationship between personal values and customer orientation. There is no significant relationship between market-orientation and product performance. There is also no significant relationship between market-orientation and intangible assets performance. There is a significant relationship between customer orientation and product performance. There is also a significant relationship between customer orientation and intangible assets performance.

According to the results, suggestions show that it is important to place transparency and sharing of goals. It’s also important that government should support employees. The other important factors are integrated planning in the province, compliance with protocols, holding professional tours, etc.

Originality/value: 

For the first time, this research examines the factors affecting the small and medium-sized tourism businesses’ success in Mazandaran province during the pandemic.

As one of the biggest and most complex global challenges, the COVID-19 crisis has clearly shown how an infectious disease can spread rapidly around the world and deeply affect all aspects of human life. In the meantime, it is very important to adopt a smart approach and use smart city technologies and initiatives for urban resilience in the face of such crises so that communities and cities can best deal with the challenges ahead and have proper preparation for future crises. The current research was conducted with the aim of explaining the effective factors and indicators of a smart city in improving urban resilience against COVID-19 in Shiraz. The research method of this research is quantitative, descriptive-analytical in nature, and practical in terms of purpose. The data was collected using library documents and field studies. The statistical population of the research included all the residents of Zone 1 of Shiraz city, which was determined using the Cochran Jahm formula, and the questionnaires were distributed and collected among the citizens by systematic random sampling. Research data have been analyzed using the structural equation method. The results have shown that all four effective factors of a smart city, i.e., access to services, institutional management, economic, and sociocultural, have a significant relationship with urban resilience against COVID-19. Access to services is the most influential factor in improving the resilience of Shiraz city against COVID-19. The sociocultural, economic, and institutional management factors are in the next ranks in terms of importance and impact on the improvement of Shiraz city's resilience against COVID-19.

Air pollution is one of the most significant challenges in today's world, particularly in developing countries. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and control the amount of pollutants that threaten human health. In recent years, remote sensing data related to the Sentinel 5 Tropomy sensor has been considered a rich and up-to-date source of information for monitoring and investigating the temporal-spatial changes of air pollutants. In this study, the Google Earth Engine system was used to obtain Tropomi sensor products to check the amount of nitrogen dioxide pollutants in East Azerbaijan province. For this purpose, the distribution map of the NO2 was produced in four consecutive years (1397-1400). Additionally, due to the effective role of motor vehicle traffic in increasing the amount of this pollutant on the one hand and the restriction of activities and traffic of cars during the spread of the Covid-19 virus on the other hand, the changes of nitrogen dioxide in different time periods were investigated to determine the effect of restrictions on the concentration of this pollutant quantitatively. Also, in order to investigate the impact of the reopening of schools and universities after the corona pandemic, pollutant distribution maps were produced and compared for April 1400 and April 1401. The results showed that the density of NO2 in the center of the province was higher than in other cities in all time periods, and the 14-day closure in 2019 had the greatest effect in reducing the pollutant, which was about 59% in Tabriz.

The Covid-19 pandemic, the outbreak of which is attributed to Wuhan, China, has had severe effects worldwide on all industries, including the tourism industry. Sample tourism areas are one of the most important spaces that attract tourists and travelers in our country, which are established and managed by the non-governmental sector in order to provide services to tourists. The administrations of 50 exemplary tourism regions, Kermanshah province, as one of the potential provinces, are active in attracting tourists and providing services to them. It is one of the typical tourist areas of Kermanshah province, Sarab Ravansar, which is situated on Mount Shaho due to its beautiful landscape. Also, being in the vicinity of the central communication axis between cities, and a short distance from the border bazaar, this city, welcomes many tourists and travelers throughout the year. During the pandemic, the significant effects of Covid-19 have been accepted by the activists located in the area of this tourist attraction, like other tourist spots. Examining it can, while clarifying the dimensions of the impact of the pandemic on tourism activists, provide the necessary background and platform for future planning in the face of similar crises. Therefore, the central question of the current research is:-What are the most important socio-economic effects of Covid-19 on the active beneficiaries in the sample tourism area of Sarab Ravansar?

In terms of approach, the current research is a quantitative study based on the objective of applied type, and in terms of nature, it is a part of descriptive-analytical studies. In this research, a library method has been exerted in theoretical foundations, and a survey method to collect information related to the studied society. The statistical population of this research includes all households in Ravansar city that engage in service-economic activities in Sarab Ravansar. In this study, to obtain a suitable sample and fit the study's objectives, the available simple random sampling method was used to determine the number of samples of the Cochrane relationship.The tool for collecting information in this research is a questionnaire that is taken from the studies of Rabiei and Tak Roostai (2020), Afzali and Zare Mehrjardi (2020), Askari Sawadjani et al. 2021, Pazukinejad et al. (2021) and in three parts, it includes questions about the personal and social characteristics of the respondents, including age, gender, education, occupation, etc. The second part includes items in the field of anxiety caused by Covid-19. The third part included items on economic effects, and the fourth part was also on the social effects of Covid-19 on tourism in the studied area. Related software such as SPSS and Smart PLS have been used in this study for data analysis.

Based on the results of the t statistic related to the studied indicators, it was observed that the extracted t coefficient was positive and significant for the indicators of concern about financial issues (t = 5.83), concern about closure, or disruption of activity. related things (t = 5.35), stress caused by thinking about Covid-19 (t = 7.9) and fear of being infected with Covid-19 (t = 3.48). This situation shows that the average of the mentioned indicators among the studied people is greater than the theoretical average (3). Also, the positivity of the two upper and lower limits related to the total index indicates the significance of the difference between the mean of the variable in question and the theoretical mean. On the other hand, based on the obtained results, considering the index of concern about the transmission of the virus to others (t = -3.32), the t coefficient was negative and significant. Therefore, it can be said that the theoretical mean (3) of the mean This index has been larger. In other words, as it was said in the first part, the studied people were not worried about the transmission of the virus by themselves to others.Based on the results obtained from the structural equation model, the variable of anxiety caused by Covid-19 has a significant effect on the variables in question, so that it has a significant effect on the economic (with an influence coefficient of 0.383) and social factors (with an influence coefficient of 0.509). have been. Also, the variable of economic factors affected by the Covid-19 has also had a significant effect on social factors with a coefficient of 0.137.

The social factors examined in this study include the three indicators of business, education and family domains. It showed that the initial results of the investigation of indicators related to social factors affected by Covid-19 were positive and significant, the t coefficient extracted for the indicators of the family domain (t = 4.96), the education domain (t = 3.06) and the business domain and work (t = 4.01). Based on this, it can be said that from the point of view of the studied people, Covid-19 had an effect on social indicators, and this was confirmed based on the structural model. So that the results of the model showed that the anxiety of Covid-19 (the effect of Covid-19) had a significant effect on social factors (with an influence coefficient of 0.509). Although the effect of Covid-19 on social spheres such as economic issues is not clear and direct, and even in some studies it is mentioned that these effects are not well known, but the effects of Covid-19, which include the implementation of quarantine, distancing social issues and even anxiety from Covid-19 have caused the closure or partial closure of many jobs and businesses in the studied area, which has affected family and educational relationships and even social interactions due to their jobs. The result obtained in the field of social effects caused by the Covid-19 pandemic is consistent with the results of Imani Jajermi's study (2019), Abbas et al. (2021), Suliko et al. (2021), Sah et al. (2020).

The current research aims to explain; The degree of diversification of economic activities has been done in increasing the economic and social resilience of touristic villages of Rasht county against the disease of Kovid-19. The current research is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and methodology, and SPSS and GIS software were used to analyze the data. The corona virus was reported by the World Health Organization in China in early January 2020. The virus spread rapidly in the Wuhan region of China. Following the crisis of the spread of the corona virus in different parts of the world, its spread was officially confirmed on 17 February 2020 by the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education. In Iran, with the spread of the Corona virus, the number of tourists decreased by 90 percent compared to previous years. Tourism in all the cities and villages of Iran has caused a lot of irreparable damage during the Corona era, and the highest damage estimate was related to touristic villages. The results of sample t-test and Spearman's correlation showed that diversification of economic activities at a significance level of 0.000 has a great impact on increasing the economic and social resilience of touristic villages. Also, in order to categorize the level of economic and social resilience in each of the Districts of Rasht county, focusing on the diversity of economic activities, standard deviation was used. The results showed that the state of economic and social resilience after From the point of view of council members and villagers, it is desirable to create diversity of economic activities in all the studied Districts of Rasht county.

Architecture is considered as a container for human life and in this regard, is necessary which the continuity/evolution in the dimensions of the durability of architectural buildings and the influence of external factors, should be considered urban designers and architects, in order for the interaction and social interaction between the individual and that work to be formed based on the interaction between the characteristics of the work and the mental image of the audience. 

Research Aim:

Considering the importance of architectural permanence in the context of time and the impact of various factors, the purpose of this study is to presentation a model of durability architecture (continuity/evolution) in the design of Tabriz commercial complexes in the post-Crown era.

The research method is mixed (a combination of quantitative-qualitative methods) with a practical purpose and analytical-contextual nature, and in order to analyze the information has been used structural equation modeling in AMOS software.

Studied Area: 

The geographical scope of the research includes the city of Tabriz and its commercial complexes.

Findings show that among the internal variables (architecture itself) the most impact on the durability of architecture is related to the strength of structures, attention to technology and technology in architecture and emphasis on values and culture of society with a value of 0.92, 0.88 and 0.85 respectively and among the external variables (corona effect) related to the variety of services for the benefit of the residents of the area (region) and the lack of extensive relocation, considering a precondition at the entrance of the complex to disinfect and use new materials with anti-aging properties. Bacterial values are 0.84, 0.70 and 0.66, respectively.

The results indicate that the sustainable architectural model of commercial complexes can be compiled based on the consideration of the background factors (the architecture itself) and external factors (the effects of the epidemic) in the three dimensions of body, function and identity-meaning.

Health socialization and the practical adherence of citizens to the norms and values of the collective health system is one of the most important types of socialization, which is more important and necessary to pay attention to, especially in times of collective challenges and crises, such as the recent conditions that have emerged in the world due to the spread of the Coronavirus. Finds. For this reason, the current research, with a practical goal, positivist paradigm and a quantitative approach, seeks to measure the health behaviour and socialization of citizens during the Corona epidemic and identify the factors affecting it. In this regard, the literature and the theoretical framework of the research have been compiled using library studies and based on the integration of the KAP model with the theories of Keyes, Bourdieu and Schwarzer. Data collection has also been done through a survey method (using a questionnaire). While confirming the validity and reliability of the tool, the sample size was determined cross-sectionally and online with the help of Cochran's formula and the sampling process in the statistical population (residents of Tehran and Karaj cities). Finally, the sufficiency of the number of high-quality samples (667 samples) was confirmed using KMO statistics and the data analysis was done in a statistical manner (including descriptive and inferential analyses with the help of chi-square and Spearman coefficients and multivariable linear regression model in the SPSSv26 software environment) and the inference mechanism was realized. Is. Descriptive findings show a higher than average level of adherence of citizens (average 3.86) to complying with health and care recommendations considered in public spaces, and according to inferential findings, the level of health socialization of citizens directly depends on the state of awareness (the level of risk perception and its consequences) and Their attitude (perceived self-efficacy level and level of acceptance, cohesion, solidarity and social participation) is affected.

Today's urban environments have become places with high vulnerability due to the density and accumulation of countless natural and human forces. The spread of the Covid-19 virus and its unintended consequences are seen as a wake-up call to the current urban lifestyle. Observing the physical distance between citizens is currently considered as the most effective way to prevent the further spread of the Covid-19 virus and similar epidemics. This shows the increasing role of urban environments in the control and management of human resources. The purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of the functional environment of the central area of Zanjan in the effective Encountering with the Covid-19 epidemic. The research method is descriptive-analytical and questionnaire was used to collect information. The number of statistical sample people to collect data is equal to 152 citizens of Zanjan in the central area of Zanjan. Structural equation model was used to analyze the data and SPSS and Amos Graphics software were used too. The results show that the components of land use attractiveness, land use time attractiveness, land use activity hours during the day, unnecessary centralization of land uses and variety of land uses in the quality of the functional environment in the central area of Zanjan in the face of The Covid-19 epidemic was effective. Based on this, with a suitable combination of existing land uses, it is possible to improve the quality of the functional environment in the face of the Covid-19 epidemic by reducing the crowds and crowding in the central area of Zanjan.

With the spread of Covid-19, the demand for tourism decreased to a minimum. As a result, tourism businesses suffered from much damage, including a reduction in tourist stay, a decrease in the sale of rural products, an increase in unemployment of tourism sector workers, a decrease in income and an increase in economic pressure that faced a lack of capital efficiency in the tourism sector. This issue is of particular importance in tourism destination villages due to the dependence of a large part of the residents' income on tourism; Therefore, the current study has examined the vulnerability of rural tourism businesses in the face of Covid-19.

The descriptive-analytical research method is of applied type. Field data collection was done in the spring of 2021 before the start of the seventh wave of Covid-19. The study area is Kalat-e Naderi county in Razavi Khorasan province. In this study, eight villages were identified and studied as tourist destinations with the help of cultural heritage experts and district administrations. The unit of analysis was 201 tourism business owners who had direct and indirect income from tourism before Covid-19. The situation of tourism businesses in two periods before and after the Covid-19 outbreak was investigated with the help of the Pseudo-panel method with six variables on a relative scale. Also, the damage caused to the tourism sector was quantified with the help of 18 indicators on an ordinal scale. Data analysis was done with the help of paired sample and single sample t-test, two independent samples, exploratory factor analysis, and one-way analysis of variance. The reliability of the questionnaires was checked with the help of Cronbach's alpha, and its coefficient was 0.81 for 18 indicators.

The average vulnerability of tourism businesses on the Likert scale has been evaluated as high, with 4.03. The vulnerability of mature businesses is 4.1 more than that of start-up businesses, with 3.9 and growing businesses at 3.8. The high age and low level of education of mature business owners can help explain the high vulnerability of mature businesses. Exploratory factor analysis divided the most significant damages of tourism businesses under five factors with 63% variance. A significant decrease in tourism demand with a 29.91% variance is the main damage to tourism businesses. Then they are: jeopardizing job security and investments, stopping the activities of the tourism sector, lack government support for tourism businesses and closure tourism businesses, respectively.

The outbreak of Covid-19 showed that tourism businesses are extremely vulnerable in the face of external crises, and the owners of these businesses suffered an economic shock. In such a situation, these businesses were left alone, with no plan for survival or reducing their vulnerability. About 40 percent of the surveyed businesses, which had income from the tourism sector before Covid-19, lost their income from the tourism sector altogether after the outbreak, and the organizations in charge of rural tourism could not play an effective role in the survival and increasing the resilience of tourism businesses. Therefore, it is necessary to play the active role of trustee institutions in adopting effective measures to increase the resilience of tourism businesses, especially in the villages of tourism destinations, in the face of external impulses.

From the beginning of 2020, a new epidemic called Covid-19 affected urban spaces and creating a wave of changes in the physical, spatial and economic dimensions of the city; In a way, it changed from a medical phenomenon to a social and economic phenomenon, followed by the city and urbanization. On the other hand, during the years 2021-2020, the physical distance set by the relevant authorities as the first way to respond to the crisis and to prevent Covid-19 severely affected people's access to urban spaces. Thus, this pandemic encouraged and mobilized the breaking of habits and short-term innovations and quick solutions to urgent problems, so that the epidemic provided real opportunities for rethinking the urban space.  In the meantime, Iran and especially the metropolis of Tehran have not been immune from this crisis Due to the position of Tehran metropolis as the political-administrative capital and decision-making of the country was selected as a case study. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research method and in order to analyze the data and determine the main factors, exploratory factor analysis has been used. Therefore, conducting a study aimed at analyzing the effects of pandemic crisis (Covid-19) in redefining Urban spaces of Tehran in order to identify the factors and components affecting it and improve the ability to deal with pandemic crises in the field of urban spaces is doubly necessary. Results of exploratory factor analysis of 40 research propositions regarding the Analyzing the effects of pandemic crisis (Covid-19) on redefining urban spaces in terms of having a factor load equal to or greater than 0/6 (base criterion) in 3 main areas (redesigning, make smart, multipurpose) Were categorized. Therefore, according to the factor load, their placement in each factor and the relationship between propositions, 3 main factors, redesigning with 29 propositions (41/167% of the total variance), make smart with 7 propositions (15/192%) and multipurpose construction with 4 propositions (9/196%) were identified and identified as the main influential factors in redefining Urban spaces of Tehran.

Green city is one the new approaches evoked by the concepts of sustainable urban development, which can be used to improve the quality of the environment and sustainable urban development. Meanwhile, following the outbreak of Covid 19 virus, the reduction or cessation of some activities has positive effects on the environment. On this basis, proper management and maintaining a favorable environmental situation resulting from this pandemic can pave the way to achieving sustainable development. Therefore, the aim of this study is evaluate the stability of Ardabil city during the pavilion of Covid 19 with approach of realizing the green city. The leading research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method and its statistical population is citizens of the three regions of Ardabil. The method of determining the sample size was using Cochran's formula, in which 382 samples were determined. It should be noted that sampling method of this research is stratified random. Excle and SPSS software were used to analyze the data. Then, using the stability barometer model, the target areas were leveled. Findings show that score of stability of social dimension (0.522) economic (0.489), environmental (0.434) and total sustainability (0.476) and shows the average level of sustainability, welfare score Ecosystem is equal to (0.434) and human welfare is equal to (0.495). Among these, the towns of Azadi, Rezvan, Azadegan and Hafez due to having favorable conditions in all three dimensions of stability studied have the most positive impact and in contrast to Molabashi and Molayosef neighborhoods because they are informal settlements in all three dimensions of causal stability. Especially in environmental dimension, they have the most negative impact on the studied criteria. Therefore, the necessary planning in accordance with the strengths, weaknesses and priorities of each neighborhood is necessary..

The aim of this study was to plan and feasibility study of healing gardens as a planned landscape and its effects on mental health and repair of mental injuries in coronary and post-coronary conditions, and on the apparent healing effect of greenery on physical and mental health, especially in urban conditions. Covid Crisis 19 emphasizes; Which is a wave of panic disorders; It has shaped obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders in human societies. The type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method using survey method. The statistical population is 35 experts familiar with the subject of healing gardens in Iranian cities (non-probability sampling and chain sampling) has been used in the form of Delphi technique. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was provided to experts. Despite the passage of time in the experience of this epidemic, there is still no comprehensive and operational understanding in various scientific fields, including crisis management, and for the first time, healing gardens as a solution for urban planning and mental health management in this study. will be examined. The results of this study show the necessity of designing and redesigning the healing garden based on the healing and ecological components, especially in the critical conditions of Covid 19 in Hasheminejad Garden of Zanjan as a pilot, and in the absence of intelligent planning in healing the garden, Covid 19 will suffer adverse consequences for individuals in society.

Along with the growth of technology, and the increase of natural hazards in the contemporary world, human life is faced with many challenges, deal with social responsibility has major importance to prevent hazards and reducing their unfortunate consequences for humans which leads to a healthy relationship between people and the environment. To explain the factors affecting social responsibility, the current research examines the existing theories and analyzes previous research findings. The research method of this study is the documentary which explores studies related to the subject that was published from 2011 to 2022. The cited sources were obtained by searching the keywords: social responsibility, social indifference, social commitment, risk of Covid-19, and risky society. The data has been analyzed by attributive and holistic coding and factors related to social responsibility in a risky society, and have been categorized using the obtained results. Findings show that crises and risks can change people's actions and social responsibility is an important factor that affected the actions and relations between actors in crisis conditions. The final results based on holistic coding have extracts, 7 main categories, and 18 sub-categories. The important factors affecting social responsibility are social capital, moral and normative values, and inequality in various dimensions such as power, health, identity, awareness, and indifference, which have the greatest impact in a risky society. These factors through the concepts such as insecurity, citizenship, and altruism affect social responsibility.

During the pandemic and spread of Corona Virus, human life, and cities were exposed to a difficult risk, which has exposed urban societies in all their elements, more than just local and topical damages. Therefore, the current research aims to analyze the effective factors that increase social resilience to the Corona epidemic through social crisis management. This research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of its purpose. Based on an analysis of the theoretical foundations of the research and a Delphi method with experts in urban planning who belong to research centers and universities as panelists, the research components were identified. This research used a library method and a survey method in the form of a questionnaire to collect the required data. In the analysis section of the confirmatory factor analysis model in the form of structural equation modeling in AMOS software, the type of components was analyzed according to the impact and effectiveness on other components. The analysis of the structure of the identified effective factors using confirmatory factor analysis shows that the identified factors have a significant structural relationship in creating resilient communities against Corona in Zanjan. The results also show that participation and social networks factor (F1) with a factor load of 0.89, social capital factor (F2) with a factor load of 0.88, knowledge and skills (F3) with a factor load of 0.85, and awareness (F4) with a factor load of 0.75, have the greatest effect in creating resilient societies against the corona disease.

Today, the discussion of the resilience of residential areas is considered one of the most important study topics in the world. Since the world is constantly and constantly involved in many issues including natural and human accidents, it is necessary to have safe settlements against human and natural hazards. During the past centuries, the world has seen some unexpected epidemics and pandemics such as the outbreak of tuberculosis, polio, cholera, AIDS, influenza, Sars and recently, Covid-19. Therefore, increasing or improving the capacity of a system is very important for standing and recovering from epidemics. In this research, the aim is to evaluate the effects of the diversity of rural women's economic activities on the resilience of rural settlements against corona disease in the rural settlements of the central part of Neka city. This research is a practical and quantitative study. The results showed that the level of economic and physical resilience of the rural settlements in the central part of Neka city is lower than the average assessment, and the level of social resilience is at the average level. According to the linear regression test, the variation of women's economic activities with a beta of 0.428 has had the greatest impact on the resilience of rural farming households.Also, the variables of the diversity of women's economic activities in the agricultural and non-agricultural sector are directly influencing the increase of the resilience of rural households.

Rapid urbanization in recent decades has been a major driver of ecosystems and environmental degradation, including changes in agricultural land use and forests. Urbanization is rapidly transforming ecosystems into buildings that increase heat storage capacity. Loss of vegetation and increase in built-up areas may ultimately affect climate variability and lead to the creation of urban heat islands. The occurrence of natural disasters such as flood, earthquake … is one of the most effecting factors on the changes in intensity of urban heat islands. So far, a lot of research has been done on how it is affected by various types of natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, droughts and tsunamis.Two major environmental challenges for many cities are preventing flooding after heavy rains and minimizing urban temperature rise due to the effects of heat islands. There is a close relationship between these two phenomena, because with increasing air temperature, the intensity of precipitation increases. Drought is also a phenomenon that is affected by rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration, water and soil conditions. One of the major differences between drought and other natural disasters is that they occur over a longer period of time and gradually than others that occur suddenly. Another natural disaster is the tsunami, which increases the area of water by turning wetlands into lakes, thereby increasing the index of normal water differences, which has a strong negative relationship with surface temperature. Ecosystems in urban areas play a role in reducing the impact of urban heat islands. This is because plants and trees regulate the temperature of their foliage by evaporation and transpiration, which leads to a decrease in air temperature.Applying the locked down of the Covid-19 pandemic since the spring of 2020 has led to the global restoration of climatic elements such as air quality and temperature. In this study, the effects of Covid-19 locked down on the intensity of urban heat islands due to the limitations in industrial activities such as factories and power plants and the application of new laws to reduce traffic in Tehran were investigated. In this regard, the Landsat-8 satellite taken from a part of Tehran city has been used.

In order to investigate the effects of locked down in the spring of 2020 on the intensity of urban heat islands; the status of UHI maps in Tehran during the same period of locked down in three years before and one year after has been studied. The proposed method in this paper consists of two main steps. The first step is to generate UHI maps using land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land use / land cover map analysis. In the second step, in order to analyze the behavioral changes in the intensity of urban heat islands during locked down and compare it with previous and subsequent years, changes in the intensity of UHIs are monitored.UHI maps consist of three classes of high, medium and low intensities urban heat islands, which are based on performing the rule based analysis on land surface temperature characteristics and normal vegetation difference index derived from Landsat-8 satellite images as well as land use / land cover map. LULC maps are produced by support vector machine classification method consisting of three classes of soil, building and vegetation. In order to calculate the spectral features used in the rule based analysis, atmospheric and radiometric corrections must first be made on the red, near-infrared, and thermal spectral bands of the image captured by the Landsat-8 satellite. Then, vegetation spectral indices including NDVI and PV indices are generated.

The capability of the proposed algorithm in this paper is first evaluated in the whole area covered by satellite images taken from the city of Tehran, and then in three areas including residential, industrial and green spaces. The data used inhis article are images taken by the OLI sensor of Landsat-8 satellite in the spring of 2017-2021.in the first step of the proposed method, maps of urban heat islands are generated based on multi-temporal satellite images of Landsat-8 taken in the years 2017to 2021 in the MATLAB programming software. Then, by comparing pairs of UHI maps in each of the residential, industrial and green space study areas, the trend of changes in the intensity of UHI is analyzed and the effects of locked down application in 2020 are evaluated.The results of changes detection in urban heat islands in the period under consideration in this study showed that the percentage of areas that are in the class of high UHI in 2020 due to locked down of pandemic Covid-19 compared to the average of three years before that is 55.71%, has a decrease of 17.61%. The percentage of areas in the class of medium UHI intensity in 2020 due to locked down compared to the average of three years ago, which is 39%, increased by 4.8%, and in 2021 this amount again has decreased to less than the average. Also, the percentage of low intensity UHI class in 1399 compared to the average of three years ago, which is 5.3%, has increased by 12.8%.

In this study, the effect of locked down application due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic, which was applied in Iran in the spring of 2020 is investigated on the intensity of  urban heat islands in a part of Tehran city and three selected areas with residential, industrial and green space. Detection of changes in the intensity of urban heat islands was done based on the post-classification method and on the UHI classification maps related to the years 2017 to 2021. In order to produce UHI maps, in addition to the land surface temperature, the amount of vegetation index and the type of land use / land cover class were also used in the form of a set of classification rules.Comparing the results of the study areas of residential, industrial and green spaces, it is important to note that the rate of reduction of the area of UHI with high intensity in the residential area is 5.25% more than the industrial area and 6.1% more than the green space. However, the reduction of locked down restrictions in 2021 had the greatest effect on the return of the area of ​​the high UHI class and caused the area of ​​this class to increase by 23% compared to 2020. These results indicate the fact that restrictions on the activities of industrial units such as factories and power plants and the application of new laws to reduce traffic, despite the same weather conditions in an area have been able to significantly reduce the severity of urban heat islands.

In the last few years, with the outbreak of Covid-19, human life has changed. One of the important economic sectors of countries that has a lot to do with the crisis and the spread of the pandemic is tourism; Because tourists plan and travel according to the situation of each region. Therefore, with the outbreak of the Covid-19, the tourism sector has also experienced new conditions. In this study, the aim is to first study the situation of rural tourism and then identify and analyze the effects of the prevalence of Covid-19 on rural tourism. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on survey studies using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consists of residents of three tourist villages of Dasht Arjan, Band Amir and Qalat in Shiraz county, which amounted to 7465 people. Based on the calculation of Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated to be 365 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the elite community and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient of 0.84. A comparison of the type of imported tourists now compared to before the outbreak indicates that the number of domestic tourists entering the three villages is faster than foreign tourists. The test results confirmed that the Covid-19, economically and socially at a level of less than 0.05 negative effects in various fields such as reduced income, reduced employment, closure of tourist resorts, reduced product supply, reduced financial resources, reduced capital attraction , reduced interaction, reduced tourist tours and reduced women's participation in the tourism sector; But the three variables of rural education and knowledge of tourism, creativity and innovation of tourism, as well as the position of technology in tourism after the pandemic method, had more suitable conditions;

Currently the geographical spread of Covid 19 in different parts of the world is continuing rapidly. The spread of coronavirus can have negative consequences at the macro and micro levels of rural communities and involve them in economic, social and even environmental issues.The prevalence of this phenomenon has led institutions, organizations and other bodies, as a group or even individually, to take fundamental steps to prevent its spread. Therefore, with the epidemic of corona in rural areas, the economic, social and environmental dimensions have been severely affected, and the appropriate measures of rural working groups in these areas will alleviate the suffering of some villagers. In the agenda of various working groups,including government and governmental officials,specialized and non-specialized groups and organizations, spontaneous groups of people in real and virtual space, organizations and non-governmental organizations, etc. were placed and all with Intensity and weakness have taken steps towards the realization of this important. The issues that involve all areas and elements of the country are multifaceted issues and the consequences of this phenomenon are crystallized in various social, cultural, political and economic areas, and it is obvious that its management and control require accurate information and cognition. These are the effects and consequences. In this regard, the performance of institutions and organizations in the villages is very important because these are the institutions and organizations that can plan for development and guidance of the rural community in terms of structure-function, or slow or stop the development process with improper performance. There is a great variety of measures to reduce injuries and prevent coronation in rural areas, which seems to be very prominent and extensive in the face of the crisis, the role of institutions and organizations in helping and supporting the government and the people. In fact, the most optimistic ways to limit the spread of the disease (it can be the efforts of working groups) are to encourage people to minimize traffic and voluntary quarantine. Therefore, considering the position of villages, the development of which will contribute to regional and national development, the necessity and importance of examining the performance of institutions and organizations in the economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions of villages are determined.Therefore, measuring the performance of rural working groups (including institutions, organizations, grassroots groups,organizations, etc.) in dealing with the spread of coronavirus in rural areas and its effective dimensions has formed the main research question. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and its purpose is applied. Theoretical information is obtained by documentary-library method with reference to articles and other sources and quantitative data is based on first-hand information and through semi-structured interview method And has been collected using a questionnaire tool. Therefore, the instrument used in the survey method was a questionnaire based on the Likert scale, which was prepared and developed after reviewing the studies conducted in this field and interviewing experts. The statistical population corresponds to the rural households of Khoshab city. Due to the large number of villages (70 villages), first a list of villages was prepared and then 4 villages (Bulqanabad, Robat Jaz, Neshib and Qarzi) were selected as a sample based on stratified random sampling based on Cochran's formula. Of these 4 villages with 1600 households, 140 households were determined as the sample size of the study .Continuing the activities of institutions and organizations such as council, Dehyar,Jihad-e-Keshavarzi, natural resources,educational institutions, cultural institutions, rural youth organizations, donors, etc. in social, economic and environmental dimensions according to Likert 5 options It was formed with 14 indicators. All of these institutions and organizations are somehow related to the villages and are effective in counteracting the spread of the coronavirus in the villages. These effects are clear and measurable in the context of their tasks. In order to analyze the collected data according to the objectives and questions of the research, from descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (K-S test and T), from the Vickor model to prioritize villages in terms of the effectiveness of institutions and organizations. Corona was used to deal with the spread of the virus, SPSS software was used for statistical operations and data processing, and GIS software was used to map the study area. Therefore,the general performance of rural working groups in dealing with the spread of coronavirus, had a significant level of less than 0.05. In summary, the performance of institutions and organizations in the villages of Khoshab city in dealing with the corona outbreak have been effective in social, environmental and economic dimensions, respectively, and their performance has been satisfactory from the perspective of villagers. Then, in order to rank the studied villages in terms of the highest activity of institutions and organizations to deal with the corona virus, the Vicor multi-criteria prioritization model has been used.Therefore, the normalized indices are weighted by Shannon entropy matrix method and the sample rural villages are ranked based on the Victor technique. According to the question raised at the beginning of the study, the results obtained based on statistical tests indicate that, in all studied indicators, the level of significance (sig) is less than 0.05, which indicates a relatively favorable opinion of respondents about the activities of the working group. The results of the T-test also showed that among the performance indicators of organizations and institutions, the index of social distance in the first place, the index of health care in the second place and the index of infrastructure expansion Internet rankings are ranked third, finally, based on the ranking of villages, in terms of the effectiveness of institutions and organizations in combating the outbreak of coronavirus, studies indicate that the village of Bulqanabad ranks first in the service of institutions and organizations. have been allocated to themselves.

The crisis of the outbreak of Covid 19 virus in Iran, which started in late February 2020 and continues to this day, has caused negative effects on the tourism economy, including businesses related to this sector. In this regard, the coastal city of Babolsar and the coastal villages of this township, which are located along the coastline, in recent decades with the development of tourism, many businesses have been formed in this area in this area. These businesses are affected so that businesses related to this sector such as accommodation and hospitality services, transportation, leisure services, business and the like as a result of reducing the number of tourists and temporary closure of this type of business The work of the government to control this crisis is in jeopardy. Therefore, in order to reduce the risks and challenges ahead, the discussion of tourism business resilience in the face of this crisis is a very important and key issue, so recognizing and explaining the level of resilience of tourism businesses in the study area and Each of the factors affecting it is very important and necessary in order for tourism businesses to adapt to this crisis and also return businesses to their original state and improve them. In this regard, officials and implementers based on the findings of this study can formulate and implement appropriate policies, strategies and laws and regulations to improve the level of resilience to this crisis. Therefore, considering the importance and necessity of this discussion, this study tries to answer the following question:  What is the level of resilience of tourism businesses in the study area against the Covid 19 virus outbreak crisis and what factors are affected?

This research is based on the nature of application and in terms of descriptive-analytical survey method. The data collection tool of each item was a questionnaire. The required variables of this study were selected from the study area using the study of valid scientific sources and field study. In this study, the questions related to the questionnaire variables were adjusted from very high to very low using a 5-point Likert scale. The analysis unit in this research is the business owners related to the tourism sector in Babolsar city. Also, based on the Cochran sampling formula, the sample size of 200 business owners related to the tourism sector was determined and the sampling method in this study was simple random sampling. The collected data were analyzed by one-sample t-test, independent t-test, regression and path analysis.

in order to influence each of the independent variables on the level of business resilience as a dependent variable, multiple regression model and path analysis were used. The results of regression model show that the multiple correlation coefficient of the resilience level of tourism businesses with independent variables is equal to 0.75, which is a direct correlation with high intensity. Thus, this indicates the correlation of independent variables of dependence on the tourism sector. Value identity is related to business, social capital, human capital and the component of economic factors with the dependent variable level of business resilience. Also, the coefficient of determination is 0.62 and indicates that 0.62% of the changes in the level of business resilience in the coastal city and villages of Babolsar can be explained through the above five independent variables. The amount of variance calculated in this model is equal to 52.03 and its significance level is less than one percent. Also, among the components, the economic component has the most positive effect on the level of resilience, with a beta of 0.411 and the component of dependence on the tourism sector has the most negative effect on the level of resilience with a beta of -0.106. Also, the impact of management factors and government policies on the resilience of tourism businesses has not been significant. In this regard, although the government has provided support to tourism business owners in rural and urban areas, business owners have not considered such support sufficient. Also, some decisions have been taken to support the tourism business at the provincial and national levels, which have not yet been implemented.

 In general, among the variables affecting the level of resilience, after the variable of economic factors, the variable of social capital has the most impact on the level of resilience of businesses and among the indirectly influential variables, the variable of social capital has the most impact through Economic factors in improving the level of resilience. In this regard, the results of this study are consistent with the results of studies by Chaohari et al. (2018) and Aldrich (2011). On the other hand, the component of dependence on the tourism sector, directly and indirectly, has had a significant inverse effect on the resilience of businesses. According to the results of this model, as the dependence of business owners on the tourism sector increases, the level of vulnerability of businesses related to this sector increases and as a result, the level of resilience of business owners to the crisis decreases. Dependence on the tourism sector has had a significant inverse direct effect on the level of resilience and indirectly through a significant inverse effect on economic factors, the level of resilience of businesses related to the tourism sector in the cities and villages of the region The study has played a role. Accordingly, the results of this study are consistent with the findings of Dahles and Socilovati (2015) and Lasso and Dahles (2015).

In rural areas, Covid-19 has, directly and indirectly, affected all aspects of rural society in the medium and short term. Thus, the economy of the tourist destination villages of Kalat county, which has a lot of dependence on tourism, has faced a severe recession due to the impact of Covid-19 and has been severely damaged. In general, based on the initial exploratory studies of the economy, these tourist destinations have faced the following problems:A) Decrease in tourism demand: Due to the impact of Covid-19, the number of tourists entering the rural tourism destinations of Kalat county has decreased significantly. The average annual number of tourists in Ortakand village has decreased from 200 thousand people to 10 thousand people, in Baba Ramzan village from 20 thousand people to 4 thousand people, and in Abgarm village, from 40 thousand people to less than 20 thousand people after the outbreak of Covid-19 which has created many problems for the economy of these villages. 
B) Decrease in the income of the tourism sector: Due to the decrease in tourism demand, we are witnessing a decrease in money coming to tourism destinations and a decrease in the direct and indirect income of activists of the tourism market in the villages of tourism destinations, so that in the village of Ortakand, the income of those working in the tourism sector has decreased by about 90%. Before Covid-19, the people of this village earned money by selling livestock, and agricultural and horticultural products, as well as through supermarkets and renting resorts to tourists. Also, before the outbreak of Covid-19 in Baba Ramzan village, 90% of dairy products, 80% of handicraft products of the villagers, as well as other products of the village such as gardens, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, medicinal plants and rice were bought by tourists, but after the outbreak of Covid 19, The income that the people of this village earned from the sale of these products has decreased by 85-90 percent. 
C) Increase in unemployment: The decrease in tourism demand has caused a decrease in job opportunities in tourism destinations and the unemployment of many tourism activists in rural areas. After covid-19, those villagers who have been active in the tourism sector, such as eco-tourism resorts, guest houses, renting beds and gazebos, selling agricultural, garden, livestock, dairy products etc., due to the lack of tourists, have faced unemployment. So 80% of people in Ortakand village, 30% in Baba Ramzan village and 20% in Abgarm village have become unemployed due to the spread of Covid-19.
D) Inefficiency of investments: After Covid-19, due to the decrease and absence of tourists, the investments that some people in these villages had made in the tourism sector, such as eco-tourism resorts, beds and gazebos, supermarkets, etc., which has often been by obtaining facilities, but has remained without returns, which, in addition to the problem of unemployment, has made it difficult for these people to repay these facilities.
According to these, the research question is raised as follows: To what extent has the spread of Covid 19 affected the economy of the tourism target villages of Kalat County?

The research method is descriptive-analytical and of the type of applied-developmental research. In this study, eight tourism destination villages in Kalat Naderi County were identified and studied with the help of field and documentary studies. The impact of Covid-19 on the economy of tourism destination villages was quantified based on the Likert scale and under the three components of employment, investment and income with the help of 19 indicators. The research tool was completed with the help of 22 experts from tourism destination villages. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using 19 indicators, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was favorable with a value of 0.9.

With the spread of Covid-19, rural tourism destinations have faced many economic problems. Since these villages get a large part of their income from the tourism sector, they faced unemployment after the spread of Covid-19, and finally, the economy of these villages faced stagnation. According to the obtained results, it can be said that Covid-19 has had many negative effects on the economy of tourist villages. The results showed that the average impact of Covid-19 on the economy of tourist destination villages was 3.68 on the Likert scale. Also, the impact of Covid-19 on income, with an average of 3.8, is higher than on investment, with 3.54 and employment, with 3.53. Obviously, the income from the tourism sector has decreased greatly due to the sharp decrease in the number of tourists. Also, the average impact of Covid-19 on the economy of all the studied tourism target villages was higher than 3. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the average effects of Covid-19 on the economy of the studied villages after the outbreak of Covid-19 compared to before, and the average of the investigated variables has decreased significantly after Covid-19. So that in the villages of tourism destinations, there has been a decrease of 19,941 tourists per year compared to before the outbreak of Covid-19. This situation has caused an average decrease of 31 direct businesses and 44 indirect businesses active in tourism, 47 direct and 77 indirect employees and 1.5 eco-tourism resorts compared to before the outbreak of Covid-19 in each of the tourism destination villages.