جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "attitude" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

According to the Statistics Center of Iran's domestic tourism in 1400, about 55 million Iranians, equivalent to 18 million and 513 thousand 449 households, did not travel in 1400, and of a total of 26.301 thousand 670 Iranian households, only 7 million and 800 thousand households, equivalent to about 30 percent of households, had at least one trip. According to the statistics of the centers of Tehran and Varamin city in 1400, more than 12 percent of tourists entered the ecotourism resorts. According to the mentioned cases and in addition to the restrictions of Tehran province and due to its special location which is the capital of the country, many people due to traffic and other conditions cannot get out of the city of Tehran, and creating suitable conditions for ecolodges in the surrounding cities of Tehran, can overcome this defect to a great extent. Therefore, Varamin County has villages that have a number of ecolodges. Such as villages, Khave (Kaj and Naneh Agha), Castle Khajeh village (mansion residence), Kavir Abad village (Amome Reza's residence), Amin Abad village (residence of Mohammad Hossein Khan), but due to the old villages with ecotourism residence in Varamin, certain conditions prevail. Therefore, most villages do not have the necessary quality and cause tourists who enter the ecolodge houses practically cannot have that quality in these residences. For example, the lack of parking space, internet, and the lack of familiarity of indigenous people with tourists. Considering this issue, analyzing the attitude of tourists towards accommodation in ecolodges and the services provided to them, can be an effective way to improve the quality of such accommodations. Therefore، according to what is mentioned about the effects of ecolodges and the necessity of development and the willingness of tourists to stay in these residences. The present study was not merely to investigate and identify the satisfaction of tourists towards accommodation in ecolodges or Ecolodges, and the more important issue that has involved the researchers of this research is the deficiencies in the tourism sector of the villages of Varamin, of which ecolodges are an important part of it.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and based on the descriptive-analytic nature and in terms of the method of conducting survey. The method of data collection was in two ways: library and field. In the library method, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Meguiran and Iran Doc, the Statistical Organization and the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism have been used. In the field method, the main tool is a questionnaire that in this paper a researcher-made questionnaire has been used. Based on the conceptual model of research, independent variables include physical and physical quality of residences, quality of services, location and availability of residences, and education and experience in residences. And the dependent variable of research is the attitude and willingness of tourists to stay in ecolodges. The statistical population of this study is tourists who stayed in Varamin city Ecolodges. Since there are no official statistics of these tourists, the statistical population is unclear, and to determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used to determine the uncertain population with a confidence level of 95%, the number of estimated samples was considered 160 and questionnaires were randomly assigned among tourists. The criterion of selection were four tourist target villages which were selected due to the existence of ecotourism accommodation within the target villages. Validity of the questionnaire was assessed by experts and reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha test. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive statistical methods such as mean of answers, one-sample t-test, Friedman test and factor analysis were used.

Factor analysis has been used in order to categorize the factors affecting the analysis of tourists' attitude towards accommodation in the rural ecotourism residences of Varamin city. The result of Bartlett's test is (224 / 522) which is significant at the error level of less than 0.04 and shows that the correlation matrix between the items is not the same and the same matrix and on the one hand there is a high correlation between the items within each factor and on the other hand No correlation can be observed between some items and other factors. In this research, rotation and remax have been used to obtain significant factors. Therefore, ten factors can be made from the total of 20 items. These 10 factors explain 60.255% of the total variance of 20 items.

The obtained results about the physical status of the residences indicate a positive attitude of tourists towards ecolodges. Regarding the location and accessibility component، the results showed that the attitude of tourists towards the location of tourists was positive with an average of (3.16). Also، the results of Friedman test showed that being away from the noise of the city was an important feature which with a score of (3.37) was the first priority of tourists in this regard. This is true of the world and the Gospel of Revelation. The results of the study showed that tourists generally had no positive attitude toward providing services in ecolodges and the average obtained (2.45) of the total response median was less than the median of the total responses. Another component of this study was education and experience, which showed that tourists had a positive attitude toward acquiring education, learning and experience in such accommodations and Friedman test results showed that the possibility of direct experience of the local people's lifestyle with an average of 3.44 had the highest score. The overall results of the study showed that the tourism resort sector is not in a good position in terms of the quality of services, so it is necessary to monitor these residences and help to improve the quality of services in these residences by providing financial assistance and low interest loans.

In rural areas with favorable capacities and potentials in terms of tourism attractions, especially the target villages for tourism, tourism development can be a suitable option for social vitality and rural development; it can help, on the one hand, stabilize and maintain the population in rural areas, and on the other hand, preserve the socio-cultural identity in these areas. The support of the host community is one of the main prerequisites for rural tourism development.

Design/Methodology/Approach: 

The current research is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research was 18 years and older people living in the tourist target villages located in the Marvdasht sub-province, including Dashtak, Kondazi, and Jidarzar. The required data was collected by completing 350 questionnaires and the data analysis was done by conducting one-sample t-tests and multiple regression analysis using SPSS software.

The villagers' attitude towards the favorable economic, cultural, environmental, and infrastructural consequences of tourism, as well as the local community support for tourism development, is higher than the average level. Also, at the 95% confidence level, the combined effect of villagers' attitudes towards the economic, cultural, environmental, and infrastructural consequences of tourism on support for tourism development is significant, and it explains 72% of the variance of support for tourism development.

Some actions such as sharing the host community residents in the economic benefits of tourism, emphasizing the preservation of the cultural content of the local community, developing infrastructure in rural areas and providing the services needed by the host community and tourists, can play an effective role in strengthening the local community's support for tourism development.

Originality/Value: 

This research is one of the few studies that examines the effect of the economic, cultural, environmental, and infrastructural consequences of tourism on the local community's support for tourism in the target villages of tourism.

Urban areas are often considered important tourist destinations due to the fact that they have many historical and cultural attractions. The tourism industry as a new industry, especially in recent years, has had a profound impact on the economic, social and cultural situation of most countries in the world. Studies on the effects of tourism in the 1960s focused on the positive effects of tourism and on its negative effects in the 1970s, and in the 1980s, they turned to a more balanced and systematic approach. From the cultural and social aspect, tourism will cause cultural interaction with the outside world, the internationalization of local culture, the improvement of educational and health systems, but with all its beneficial effects in the socio-cultural field, it has also had destructive effects. In this regard, this article has investigated the aforementioned factors with the aim of evaluating and understanding the effects of tourism development in the metropolis of Tabriz. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The most important research tool is the questionnaire, which was distributed and questioned among the residents of the host community. In order to analyze and evaluate the results, statistical methods and models, including Cronbach's alpha, Klumgrove-Smirnov and Student's t-test, have been used as needed. The results of the research show that the host community of Tabriz does not have a positive understanding of the effects of tourism development in this city, which indirectly has a negative effect on the social participation of citizens and their sense of acceptance of tourists.

Citizens' behavior towards the environment and their moral values in interaction with nature are among the issues that are important in the quality of urban life and sustainable viability of cities. In the present study, using stratified random sampling, Gorgan residents were examined regarding environmentally friendly behaviors and ethical values. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by face validity and reliability by Cronbach's test. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS18 software. The results showed that the pro-environmental behavior index was at a moderate level. However, women and men were not different in regards to pro-environmental behaviors. As studied people grew older, pro-environmental behavior improved, but education level did not correlate significantly. The results also showed no significant correlations between anthropocentric and theocentric orientations with the pro-environmental behaviors index. However, with strengthening ecocentric orientation, the pro-environmental behaviors decrease. These results reaffirm the gap between moral values and behavior in which behaviors have no relationship with environmental beliefs. According to the results, it is suggested that necessary facilities to reduce the cost of environmentally-friendly behaviors should be provided for citizens.

Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township)Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township) Analysis of tourist's attitudes and tendencies towards community based tourism (Study area: villages of Tonekabon township)

Understanding the attitude of the local community in relation to tourism development is an important step in the development of sustainable tourism. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the attitude of the local community on tourism development in order to plan properly for the future. The present study aims to investigate and analyze the residents’ attitudes of the Naqsh-e Jahan neighborhood in Isfahan towards tourism.

Descriptive-analytical method was used and information was collected with questionnaire and interview technique. Data analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, also qualitative research method.

The results indicated that local residents welcome the tourism development. Because the tourism development leads to the improvement of economic, social and physical conditions in the neighborhood. But locals are skeptical of some aspects of tourism development, such as crime, and believe that tourism development could lead to some anomalies. Also, based on the analysis of the interview, 28 strategies in 7 categories to increase satisfaction by the local community were obtained, including job capacity development, capital attraction, participatory planning, strengthening the interaction of the host and guest community, culture building, strengthening urban security and strengthening neighborhood infrastructure.

The spread of tourism benefits to the whole neighborhood will not only create satisfaction in the local community for tourism, but also with hospitality and providing better services to the guest community will play an effective role in the ultimate satisfaction of tourists.

Today's environmental issues are deeply socialized and consequently, a responsible view of the environment is one of the hallmarks of many societies for moving towards sustainable development. Environmental attitudes are defined as a set of friendly (positive) and unfriendly (negative) feelings towards the environment and related topics. Environmental attitudes are strong predictors of environmental behaviors. Therefore, solving environmental crises depends on changing one’s attitude and perceived value to the environment. Two perspectives can be identified in terms of two paradigms regarding attitudes towards the environment. One view is referred to as the dominant social paradigm and the other is the new environmental paradigm. The new environmental paradigm points to the limitations that must inevitably be placed on human (economic) growth, namely the importance of maintaining a balance between nature and the development of a sustainable economy, or the need to rethink the belief that nature exists solely for the sake of human needs. This paradigm emphasizes the balanced relationship between humans and other species as well as sustainability in the use of natural resources. This paradigm consists of three dimensions, which include ‘growth restriction’, ‘rejecting anthropocentrism’, and accepting the ‘fragility of nature’s balance’. Given the importance of attitudes towards the environment and its role in dealing with nature, the question posed in this study is: which environmental perspective is common among societies? Some experts attribute environmental problems to people and believe that their views on the environment are not appropriate and their indifference to the environment is excessive and unjustifiable. But is this claim true, and is it just for ordinary people? In other words, do natural resource management and conservationists have a good view of the environment? This research was conducted to find the environmental views of forest guard staff in Golestan province. 

This research was conducted using the survey research method. The study population consisted of the Forest Guard staff of the Golestan Province. Using the stratified random sampling method, 264 of them were selected in the counties of Golestan province. Data collection was done in 2018 using a questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire included questions about the demographic and occupational characteristics of staff including age, marital status, work experience, level of education, and place of residence. The second part consisted of 15 items related to the Environmental Attitude Index based on the new environmental paradigm. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by face validity and Cronbach's test, respectively. 

The results of the study showed that the average age of respondents was 40.36 years. They had an average of 14.26 years of work experience. The majority of them (92%) were married. Also, 60.2% of them lived in cities, and the rest in rural areas. The average educational level of the study samples was above the high school diploma. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the structure of Forest Guard staff’s attitudes towards the new environmental paradigm derives from five factors including ecological equilibrium, growth restriction, technology-oriented, optimism about the future, and anthropocentrism, which explained 56.32% of the variance of the dependent variable. Among these factors, ‘growth restriction’ is the first priority and ‘no optimism about the future’ is the last priority. Married participants reject more anthropocentrism than singles, but singles are more skeptical about the future of the environment than married. The attitudes of Forest Guard staff were independent of age, marital status, and place of residence, but with increasing levels of education, their attitude towards the new environmental paradigm became weaker. 

The results of the present study showed that the environmental attitude of the study population could be assessed at a relatively appropriate level. However, this attitude was not strong enough. In addition, attitudes towards the new environmental paradigm is a multidimensional phenomenon with five dimensions including ecological equilibrium, growth restriction, technology-oriented, optimism about the future, and anthropocentrism. The dimensions revealed in the present study are consistent with those introduced for the new environmental paradigm in other studies, namely the rejection of human dominance over nature, ecological balance, and limited development. Using re-training and in-service programs to improve the environmental attitudes of Forest Guard staff are suggested. Keywords: Environment, Attitude, Conservation, Natural Resources.

In most developing countries, rural women have limited resources and jobs. Therefore, development strategies to create multiple opportunities for them by participating in various activities aimed at rural development can empower women. Self-help groups, as one of the most important empowerment strategies for women, are of great importance in employment, income generation, poverty reduction, export promotion and foreign exchange earnings in developing countries. The concept of SHGs is small informal associations created to create members' ability to make a profit through mutual assistance, solidarity, and shared responsibility. Their benefits include the use of savings and credit facilities and the pursuit of group activities (Anand, 2002). A group-based approach that not only enables the poor to raise capital through small savings, but also helps them access official credit facilities (Shylandra, 2004). Under shared responsibility, these groups enable the poor to overcome the problem of collateral, thereby freeing them from the clutches of the rich (Stiglitz, 2000). In addition, some of the basic characteristics of SHGs, such as membership size and homogeneity of composition, create solidarity and effective participation of members in group performance. The creation of these groups can be influenced by different geographical, political, social, cultural and economic factors. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups in BazinehRood.

The study was a consecutive exploratory study. The present study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the attitudes of rural women towards creating self-help groups were collected through interview using available sampling method. Eight villages were interviewed for this purpose by using the opinions of administrative experts (Khodabandeh Governorate staff) and village managers in order to identify them as self-help groups of rural women in the area. At this stage, before each interview, the interview protocol form was presented to the interviewee in person and a time was set for the interview. The available sampling strategy was used to select the interviewees; That is, at the end of each interview, it was attempted to identify, through the interviewee, other persons eligible for the interview. Interviews continued until the researcher felt the data had been duplicated and saturated. Accordingly, in this study, 30 rural women were interviewed and the relevant codes were extracted. In the second step, after summarizing the results of the first stage and classifying them, the researcher-made questionnaire will be used to survey and collect quantitative data through exploratory factor analysis and one-sample t-test to generalize the results of the first stage. In fact, in the second stage, the researcher seeks to prioritize the factors of attitude of rural women to self-help groups and to investigate the importance of these factors. The second statistical population of this study is rural women over 15 years old in BazinehRood District of Khodabandeh Township. In this section, 8 selected villages were selected as sample. Thirty rural women were selected as the pilot sample after the self-made questionnaire was approved by the experts. A questionnaire was distributed among them. The sampling method used is random sampling. The reliability obtained for the baseline sample using SPSS software was 0.932; therefore, the sample required to complete the researcher-made questionnaire was 290 rural women who were purposively selected.

The factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups were classified into five factors. And the factors are 'technology acceptance and participation', 'education', 'socio-economic factors', 'marketing and entrepreneurship' and 'banking / credit' respectively. Also, the results of numerical analysis of socioeconomic dimensions, technology and partnership acceptance, marketing and entrepreneurship, education, banking / credit, respectively, indicated that the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups were high. One-sample t-test was used to analyze the most influential factors on the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups. The results of exploratory factor analysis were used to perform this test. Based on One-sample t-test these factors were significant at 99% level and their difference from numerical utility was evaluated positively. The results show that rural women will create self-help groups to reduce poverty, which in turn will increase rural women employment. Rural women believe that when self-help groups are set up, for some reasons, such as the use of collective capital and low manpower to carry out activities and the common use of production tools, they will generally save on the factors of production. Ultimately, these factors empower women in self-help groups. On the other hand, collective efforts in the field of self-help groups and flexibility in laws and regulations increase the efficiency of women members. Therefore, the results indicate that socio-economic factors are the most important factor in establishing self-help groups for rural women. Technology adoption and participation is the second most influential factor in creating self-help groups for rural women. The lack of in-person training and the lack of training courses for rural women has made the mass media such as television and radio more effective in transferring information and technology. Rural women also tend to engage in participatory activities with a spirit of collectivism.

According to the results of the research, it can be said that women self-help groups as a small informal association are very important in employment, income generation and credit facilities and follow up group activities. In this regard, different attitudes of women can have a direct impact on their participation and performance in the activities of self-help groups. Rural women may have multiple attitudes about self-help groups, As such, attitude and behavior play an important role in the field of economic investment. Although people's attitudes toward a subject cannot be directly observed, but these attitudes are relatively stable and can have a positive long-term impact on communities; therefore, it is inevitable to understand the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards creating self-help groups. Therefore, the results of this study are effective in the theoretical development of the relationship between rural women's attitudes and the creation of self-help groups and provide tangible guidelines for understanding the attitude of rural women to policy makers and managers.

This study aimed to explain factors affecting the support of tourism development among the residents of wetland areas of the Khuzestan province, focusing on the development of a conceptual framework based on the social exchange and place image theories. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire which its reliability was confirmed using composite reliability, as well as Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and its validity was confirmed in three ways: content, construct, and discriminant. The statistical population of this study was the households living in the villages located in the four wetland areas of Khuzestan province, namely Shadegan, Miangaran, Bamedeh, and Hoor Al Azim. Using a stratified sampling method, we selected 316 households. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that the framework developed in this study based on social exchange theory and place image was able to fit the data well identify more variables affecting the support of tourism development among the residents of Khuzestan wetlands. Among the variables of the theoretical framework, the awareness and place image had an effect on the perception of socio-cultural impacts, and the perception of the socio-cultural effects had an influence on the residents' attitude toward tourism development and also support for tourism development in the Khuzestan wetlands.

resident’s empowerment in a tourism region is essential to ensure the success and development of sustainable tourism. Empowerment can affect people's attitudes toward the positive and negative impacts of tourism. In addition, studies suggest that residents are more willing to support tourism development if its impacts are perceived to carry greater benefits than costs. Hence, empowerment is expected to be able to support the development of tourism. this study aims to investigate if empowerment could affect their attitudes toward tourism impacts and support of tourism development. This study is an applied research and with the survey method was conducted. The study population consisted of residents of Kamardough tourism region. The sample size was determined using the Morgan table (n=220). Using a random sampling method, 220 students were selected for this study. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients were calculated for the pilot study and used to refine the questions for the final questionnaire. All scales indicated good-to-excellent reliabilit generally 0.71–0.91. Regression showed that Personal economic benefit and three empowerment dimensions (psychological, social and political) had direct and significant relationships with resident perceptions of tourism’s positive impacts. These variables predicted 51% of the variance in attitude toward positive impacts. Personal economic benefit and political empowerment have significant effect on attitude toward negative impacts of tourism. There is a negative relationship between political empowerment and perceived negative impacts from tourism. These variables predicted only 0/28 of the attitudes toward negative impacts. the Regression showed that psychological empowerment, social empowerment and political empowerment and attitudes toward positive impacts of tourism affect residents’ support for tourism. These variables predicted 47% of the variance in support. These findings also have practical implications for those within the tourism industry looking for strategies to increase their residents’ support for and attitudes toward tourism development.

In water resource planning, due attention should be paid to the sustainable management of water resources and the use of unconventional water in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this applied research is to investigate the factors affecting the attitudes of villagers toward consuming products irrigated with purified wastewater. The statistical population consisted of the villagers who consumed this type of products in Khorramabad County (N = 1601). The sample size determined by Cochran's formula was 200 people. The data were collected with a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed respectively by the content validity method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.751). The data were analyzed by the SPSS software. As the results showed, there was a positive and significant relationship between the attitudes of the villagers and such variables as their awareness of the wastewater purification process and its use in the agricultural sector, the level of trust in the wastewater purification system, the tendency to use the products irrigated with purified wastewater, the level of trust in the healthiness of those products, the villagers’ evaluation of the quality and the smell of the products and the monthly cost of households. All the relationships were significant at the level of 1%.

Intervention in erode texture is basically a social issue and its main pillar is the participation of household living in target organizing areas. Experience, preparation, implementation and evaluation of inefficient and erode urban texture organizing planning, clearly demonstrate that there will be no guarantee for achieving to the goals without agreement and interconnected between inhabitants and renovation improvement authorities.So attracting inhabitant’s participation is a vital precondition for erode texture planning. In this regard in order to encourage cooperation seeking sense among inhabitants and realization to people participation field there need to awareness of households attitude. And present study has been done for the same objective.The study population of this research are in Charmardan, Handian and Ghale kamkar neighborhood in Qom city. Process governing on this research first has reviewed the library records relating to the research and has developed theoretical framework and then meanwhile developing hypothesis in response to posed questions also has done field research. Research methodology is descriptive analysis and data co collecting has done through questionnaires and interview. In order to hypothesis testing Spirman correlation efficient is used and for study on relation variable path analysis is applied. The research result s show that the participation

Understanding various believes and attitudes of local community regarding tourism development is an important step towards tourism development planning. In this way, investigating local community's attitudes is critical for understanding their opinions about tourism development and planning. Current study aims at investigating local community's attitudes towards tourism sociocultural impacts in Tooyserkan City. According to the findings, Tooyserkan residents have positive attitudes towards tourism development in their city.

Tourism is a new approach in rural development which can be useful in empowering local people, human resources development, diversifying rural economy, crating job opportunities, increasing living standards, decreasing rural- urban divide and reducing migration from rural to urban areas. Rural tourism focuses on actively participating in a rural lifestyle. It can be a variant of ecotourism. Many rural villages can facilitate tourism because many villagers are hospitable and eager to welcome (and sometime even host) visitors. Rural tourism allows the creation of a replacement source of income in the non-agricultural sector for rural dwellers. The added income from rural tourism can contribute to the revival of lost folk art and handicrafts. Of course, it should be noted that tourism have some advantages and disadvantages like other development activities. For example, despite some advantages that mentioned above, some other consequences such as environmental degradation, falsely increasing prices of goods and services, damage to agricultural activities and so on, can be considered as disadvantages of rural tourism development. Therefore, the host community even may have negative attitude towards rural tourism. However governments assign a lot of budgets on rural tourism development, but less attention is paid to the attitude of the host community towards it. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate rural people's attitudes towards rural tourism in the Doroodzan District of Marvdasht County, Southern of Iran.
Research Survey research method was used to study factors affecting rural people's attitudes based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Data were collected using a predesigned questionnaire with a sample of 250 respondents that were selected based on Kerjcie and Morgan Sampling Table and stratified random sampling technique. Face validity of the questionnaire was verified by faculty staff of Rural Development Department of Yasouj University and its reliability was also verified using Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient (from 0.610 to 0.868). The questionnaire consisted of different statements about research variables including tourism, observation, attitude, subjective norm (Normative beliefs and motivation to comply), perceived behavioral control (control beliefs and control beliefs power), awareness, experience, and perceived usefulness which were measured using Likert Scale responses.
Findings: The results showed that investment in tourism in the region is very poor. Either villager's knowledge about rural tourism, or tourism advertising have an unfavorable situation in the study area. Rural people have a fairly favorable attitude toward tourism, and tourism caused improving marketing of agricultural products and commodities. Moreover, there were statistically significant relationships between attitude as dependent variable in one hand and independent variables such as income, awareness about rural tourism, perceived usefulness of rural tourism, observation, values, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and prior experience about rural tourism
Conclusion and recommendations: Due to different problems in rural areas of Iran such as unemployment, low productivity and so on, attention to the other development approaches such as tourism can be considered as a guarantee for improving the quality of life in these regions. Nowadays, Agriculture requires less manual labor. The agricultural lands have been scattered to different and small parts. This trend is causing economic pressure on different villages, which in turn causes young people to move to urban areas. There is however, a segment of the urban population that is interested in visiting the rural areas and understanding the lifestyle. But, as mentioned above, the development of rural tourism may have different positive and negative consequences. Thus, the study of host people's attitude toward rural tourism I really necessary. The results of this study showed that rural people have a fairly positive attitude towards the development of rural tourism in their living location. Therefore, to avoid a negative attitude towards the tourism development and also to encourage people to invest and work in this field, some policies should be considered and executed in such regions such as:- advertisement about tourism development functions, benefits and strategies in mass media for host communities
- holding extension-education classes for villagers in the field of tourism especially rural tourism
- Providing banking loans and facilities for development of infrastructures and other tourist services in the region
- Introducing tourism attractions of the region to the other parts of the country or even world.

Tourism is an important tool of development for many countries. In the past, the development of tourism insisted on maximizing the profit of business owners and little attention was paid to the natural resources and community residents. But today the new paradigm of sustainable tourism development has emerged in the tourism literature. This paradigm is trying to improve the quality of life of local residents, improving the experiences of tourists and protecting environment in the destination. Sustainable tourism development depends on the goodwill of the host community and their support is essential in the development and successful operation of sustainable tourism. For the success and sustainability of tourism in the region, positive interaction between local residents and tourists is necessary. To facilitate such positive interaction, identifying the attitudes, perceptions and satisfaction levels of residents from the tourism is very important. Community participation means that all members of society should participate in the process of tourism planning. While the public participation process is very time consuming and if not managed properly, it would be pointless. Number of stakeholders that should be involved in the tourism planning process, is high, and it is difficult and sometimes impossible to identify all of them. In addition, community member's interests, beliefs, values and attitudes about tourism Development are different and sometimes conflicting. This study intends to use the stakeholder approach as a conceptual framework, help tourism planners to identify the most important interest groups in the region and share them in homogeneous subtypes based on their attitudes to sustainable tourism development in the community and specify the demographic characteristics of each subgroup. Hence, this research seeks to answer two basic questions: are there interest groups with different attitudes to sustainable tourism development activities in the region? What are the demographic characteristics of each subgroup?
The population of this research is consist of all 13486 families in the Babolsar city. Among them, 380 samples were selected by the use of Morgan table. Due to the lack of a sampling frame in this study, judgmental sampling is used. To measure the attitudes of the residents to sustainable activities in tourism development, the SUS-TAS questioner is used. This scale is consisted of 7 indicators. These indicators include: environmental sustainability (9 items), perceived social costs (8 items), perceived economic benefits (7 items), long-term planning (7 items), community-based economy (5 items), visitor satisfaction (4 items) and community involvement (4 items). To assess the validity of the Research tool, factor analysis was used. To assess the reliability of the questioner, Cronbach's alpha was used. Data analysis was performed in three steps. In the first step, Factor analysis using Lisrel software was used to confirm the validity of the questionnaire. In the second step, to determine whether similar groups based on their attitude, exists in the sample or not, the cluster analysis using SPSS software was used. In the third step, using the ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests, the demographic variables were compared between the clusters.
Lisrel software calculated a t-value for each free parameter (estimated) in the model. The ideal is that these values be higher than 1/96 to be considered significant. T value for each of the indicators of the study was higher than 1/96. Therefore there are considered to be significant at the one percent level. In factor analysis, there are several characteristics of fitness. If the amount is at an acceptable level, the implementation of the proposed model is considered appropriate. All fitness indicators in this study, demonstrated a good fit and are approved. Due to verification of all the indicators of the SUS-TAS questionnaire, they have been used for clustering residents. After determining the number of clusters, they were named based on the average privileges. Pessimistic: Cluster 1 members, had the lowest mean and it shows they had the least support from the sustainable development of the tourism and hence Cynics were named. Ardent supporters: Cluster 3 members, had the highest mean and it indicates that they support sustainable activities in tourism development more than other clusters. Medium Supporters: Cluster 2 members that have the greater average from the cluster 1 and lower average from the cluster 3 in all the indicators, were named Medium Supporters. After identifying clusters and naming them, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for each demographic variable to determine if there is significant differences between the clusters on the basis of sex, age, education, marital status, occupation related to tourism, income and duration of stay at the destination. Clusters were homogeneous at %95 level of confidence in the variables marital status and length of residence in the area. But in the variables sex, education, age, income and occupation related to tourism are different.
According to the results of this research, residents have different ideas about sustainable tourism development and cannot be considered as a homogeneous group. Since not satisfied attitudes of the third group (pessimists) can affect the success of tourism programs, they should be considered and the planners should attempt to obtain their support of sustainable tourism development at the first step. The number of this group in the sample is lower than the other two groups, hence their identification and participation in the tourism development planning will be easier. Tourism planners can identify them according to specific demographic characteristics of this group, and take the necessary steps to change their attitude. Since most of the people in this group, care about the environment and believed that its degradation is caused by tourists, it is necessary that environmental protection programs be included in tourism development plans. Tourists should also be aware of the importance of environmental protection to reduce activities incompatible with their environment. The group also complained about reduced quality of life and bustle over the area in some seasons. It is necessary therefore to increase the facilities and conveniences in the area.

Rural tourism as an especial form of tourism, if planned and organized correctly considering the characteristics, need and economic, social and cultural issues and also the desire of tourists would solve the economic problems in rural areas such as unemployment and poverty. The importance of tourism businesses is different among entrepreneurs, Many tourism businesses supply all of the rural family income or it is considered as a supplementary income for some of them. In this regards, the purpose of present study is to determine the affecting factors on the commitment of business owners related to tourism in tourism sample villages in Paveh Township using modified EPSI model. Therefore a survey conducted among the businesses owners in Paveh Township in Kermanshah province. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS V20 and AMOS V20 software. The results showed good fit. Also, the results of path analysis showed that businesses owners’ attitude is the most important influencing factor on businesses owners’ commitment.

Introduction In many regions of Iran, agriculture faces difficulties that are no longer sufficient in meeting the needs of the farmers. Therefore, regarding the current agricultural potentials of some of these regions in establishing and developing agricultural tourism and the subsequent influx of tourists can bring plenty of benefits to the farming community. There are, however, many risks associated with these activities which are categorized into human risks (economic, social-cultural and psychological) and natural-environmental risks which are different for each area and are also susceptible to affect peasants’ views towards tendency for acceptance and propagation of this specific type of tourism. In fact, it’s in the light of the development of agriculture that agricultural tourism emerges. Therefore, if any investments are made on villages of aforementioned areas without identification and management of these risks, there might be several negative consequences. On this basis, the main purpose of the current research is to identify the risks associated with the agriculture sector and risks that are considered as threats for villagers. It can also help to scrutinize the local society’s perception of the so-called risks that are associated with the development of agricultural tourism. The main question here is what the main existing risks towards development of agricultural tourism are.
Case study The target location in this study is located on the banks of Shirood River in the city of Tonekabon. This location houses several natural attractions, farms and arboretums. It also hosts many tourists from different parts of the country. The kind of tourism that is common in this area is based on nature.
Materials and Methods The current work is an applied research which uses a descriptive-analytic method. The required information is also collected through both library and field studies and main apparatus of the research is a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of this questionnaire is approved by a number of experts; moreover, the Cronbach’s alpha method was used for verification of its reliability. The statistical population of this study includes the heads of families of selected villages on the banks of Shirood River in the city of Tonekabon. By using the Cochran’s formula, a sample size that included 193 families was selected. The independent variable of this research is the farmers’ level of support for development of agricultural tourism which is influenced by dependent variables including factors of perceived risks of agricultural tourism including knowledge and awareness, tendency towards development of agricultural tourism, economic risks, social risks, natural risks, production risks and market risks as well as organizational-political risks. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software was used. And in order to collect and analyze the data, the scale of variables and descriptive statistics such as average scores and statistical analysis methods such as one sample T-test, Freedman test and Route analysis were used.
Discussion and Results The findings of this research indicated the high tendency of the respondents for development of agricultural tourism. Another finding of this research demonstrated that from the viewpoint of local society, the social risk is at a suitable status and does not pose any threats for peasants. Additionally, in terms of natural risks, the findings also revealed that the risks were considerably high; it also gave a hint of an unsuitable situation in terms of agricultural productions and markets. And finally, in terms of organizational-political risks, the findings revealed that the performance of management boards of related organizations were relatively insufficient. Nevertheless, according to other findings of the current research and from the viewpoint of the respondents and in terms of the influences of the perceived risks on tendency towards development of agricultural tourism could be respectively prioritized.
Conclusion And finally, even though villagers and peasants have a generally high tendency toward the development of agricultural tourism in this area, the existence of the current risks are generally considered to be serious barriers in realizing the expectations of the farmers. Moreover, as long as there is a lack of an appropriate management, not only do the farmers hold a negative view towards development of agricultural tourism, but also few facilities are provided for this type of tourism. And thus, the growth and development of agricultural tourism will only progress at a slow pace.

Attention to rural development by governments and NGOs as a panacea for part of current problems such as rural migration¡ reducing the income of rural household and the decline if rural agriculture is increasing and it is seen as a strategy for economic development. This is while the residents support is affected by their attitude. Tourism is a key component in sustainable development approach. So the aim of this study is checking the factors that influencing the residents attitude of Ize toward rural tourism by survey method and the collected data are analyzed with SPSS and AMOS. The findings show a statistically significant difference between women and men and different places toward residents attitude¡ satisfaction and perception the effects of tourism. In order to explain the factors that influencing the attitude the stepwise regression was used.

Nowadays tourism activities are merely translated into spending time in the nature and practically no rules or targeted plans are defined for the purpose of being able to form a special type of tourism based on the available capacities in different rural areas. This flaw in planning can result in irreparable damage in sensitive and fragile environments and make the rural areas face a challenge. That being said, the aim of this paper is to study the available capacities in villages and planning for tourism, especially in agriculture sector which includes the main occupation of the local community, and correct usage of these resources will result in environmental sustainability. In this paper, the case study is, rural areas around Tirom rood (Shirood Lake) located in Tonekabon county that has various capacities related to agriculture sector and had been a center of attention of many tourists both daily and second-home. Methodology is applied in terms of goas and in terms of nature, is descriptive-analytic of elevated type. The statistical population of this study is compromised of farmers of 7 selected villages in the area of Tirom Rood central sector of Tonekabon County. The criterion for selection of the villages used an estimated method based on the knowledge of the researcher and also for selection of the research's sample population (the farmers) Cochran's method was used. Required data has beenprepared using questionnaires and results show that attachment and farmers participation components have a favorable condition and on the contrary management and planning components have an unfavorable condition.

Rural development is a dynamic process that can grow in various dimensions. For the past three decades، the concept of rural development has evolved from agricultural، economic and social development of rural poor to the inclusive development. In the last few decades، rural development has been expanded in different countries، through research has indicated that only infusion of capital and technology can improve the rural poverty and other factors can play influential roles. Entrepreneurship training particularly among rural youths has been considered as a contributing factor to rural development. Entrepreneurship training provides a systematic improvement of the entrepreneurial knowledge and skills required by rural youths to establish and run a new business. Youth in rural areas of many developing countries are involved in a range of household-based and farm and off-farm activities، though; they are still encounter the challenge of unemployment due to their low incomes from the activities. Poverty coupled with the lack of voice and of job opportunities created a sense of hopelessness that discourage the rural youth from active involvement in business creation activities. Due to the lack of training opportunities and weak services in rural areas، most rural youths are engaged in traditional subsistence agriculture where the main activities are production and small-scale animal husbandry. However، youth do not regard traditional subsistence agriculture as employment and many of them desire a job in other non-agriculture-based areas with higher income possibilities. Finding and maintaining employment requires broad-based occupational and specific job-related skills. These skills can be acquired through being engaged in the job and/or training institutions. Therefore، the main purpose of the present study was assessing the entrepreneurship training needs of rural youths in order to setup businesses in handicraft in the rural area of Varamin، one of the big cities of Tehran، Iran. In the present study an exploratory mixed research method (MRM) (qualitative-quantitative) was used. In the qualitative method phase، case study was used and the population included all the experts in the rural handicraft. A purposive sampling method was used to select the cases. After semi-structured interviews with 10 of the experts، theoretical saturation was reached. The population of the quantitative survey was the rural youths (20-35 years old) living in rural areas of Varamin city and 380 of them were selected using the simple random sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire which was developed based on the literature and interviews with entrepreneurs and the model of Borich. The questionnaire included items on knowledge (16 items)، skills (15 items) and attitudes (12 items). The validity of questionnaire was assessed with experts and the reliability of it was calculated using Cronbach’s-alpha. More specifically، the Cronbach’s-alpha for knowledge was 0. 94، for skills was 0. 94 and for attitudes was 0. 9. Therefore، the instrument was highly reliable. In the qualitative phase of the research، data were analyzed by using the constant comparative method and at the quantitative phase the data were analyzed using SPSS18 software. The results showed that regarding business experience، over 72 percent of the youths in the study had the experience of setting up and/or collaborating in a business. Furthermore، the males had higher experience in setting up and/or collaborating in a business than females. Also، entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial skills at the top and then skills placed at the end of their attention respectively 4. 19، 4. 14، and 4. 04. The results of priority setting showed that، in the knowledge area، marketing and financing needs and awareness of the law and provisions of the business and commerce. In relation to the skills، the results showed working with limited resources، ability to provide content، creativity in designing and production، and the attitude included awareness، assiduity، initial interest and being clear career path to the highest priorities first. The result of ANOVA showed that only there were significant differences between the groups in their age in the skill. The results showed that young people in all three dimensions require training and education and therefore policymakers and planners should pay attention to the young people in the rural areas. The managers should also assess not only the young people، but also all beneficiaries. Studies showed that entrepreneurship can be taught، however the first important step in the educational planning process is identifying the desired goals. We think this result is not only true for Varamin، Tehran، Iran، but also can be a case in the globe. In addition، this result can be extended for all industry.