جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « convergence » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Factors and stimuli that influence convergence and divergence play a crucial role in determining the process and quality of national cohesion. These factors and stimuli are not synonymous; rather, they are interconnected and mutually influential variables. Understanding the impact of convergence and national cohesion on overall security is of utmost importance. This study aims to investigate and analyze the factors and stimuli that affect national convergence and cohesion in the southeastern region of the country. Similarly, this article seeks to address the fundamental question of the primary factors and stimuli that influence convergence and cohesion among the Baloch people in the southeast. The research findings indicate that various factors significantly impact the convergence and divergence of the Baloch people in the Sistan and Baluchestan province. These factors can be classified into two categories: internal and external stimuli. The study underscores the significance of factors such as mutual trust, decentralization, concentration of industries and decision-making centers, strengthening ethnic identity in alignment with national identity, the role of historical documents in promoting national cohesion, the cultural center of the Baloch people in southeastern Iran, common social customs, and the positive influence of ethnic and national elites. Additionally, the study recognizes the influence of regional political tensions, historical economic ties with neighboring countries, and the prevalence of border markets with Afghanistan and Pakistan as significant factors that shape convergence, divergence, and national cohesion among the Baloch people in the Sistan and Baluchestan province in the southeast of the country.

One of the most important topics in today's world is the development and progress of societies and countries, which requires support, assistance and consensus under strong, coherent, orderly and law-abiding organizations that some countries have taken steps in this direction and have achieved good results. . The comprehensiveness and integrity of our country requires coordination between the three powers, despite the separation of powers, in order to achieve convergence in achieving the goals and excellence and quick and accurate reform of the structure. Because the goal of government in societies is to provide the necessary facilities for the well-being and comfort of the people according to the orders and laws. But in our country, according to the constitution, in addition to the above-mentioned, the principles provided by the holy Shariah and the way of the Prophet (PBUH) and the infallible imams (peace be upon them) are also considered. For this purpose, the relations of the three forces and the limits of their independence are clarified to advance the goals and have the necessary convergence to realize the goals of development and progress, so the issue appears to be very important and vital.

The convergence of ethnic-religious groups is a different issue in the field of strengthening relations between countries. The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq are two countries that have a significant population of Shiites in the world. In Iran, Shiites have succeeded in building a system, and in Iraq, since 2003, they have played an important role in the structure of the Iraqi system. Since Shiites and Shiite ideology play an influential role in the two political systems, understanding the factors of convergence and divergence is an issue worthy of attention in the relations between the two societies. Using descriptive and analytical methods, using Delphi and AHP methods while using library data and field findings, this article seeks to answer the question of what factors cause the convergence and divergence of Shiites in Iran and Iraq. The findings show that the common culture based on Shiite beliefs, including the issue of honoring the Supremes, in addition to major political interests, such as the importance of maintaining the power of Shiite parties and currents in the political and economic structure of Iraq, such as trade, the reconstruction of Iraq, and crystallized security in dealing with the common threats of factors They are considered to be the main convergence of the Shiites of Iran and Iraq. In contrast, factors such as the internal equations of the two countries, including the internal rivalries of the Shiite parties in Iraq and the existence of Western and Eastern trends in Iran, as well as the influence of foreign actors, are considered the main factors of the divergence of the Shiites of Iran and Iraq. Although in the current situation, the weight of convergent factors is more than divergent factors, this superiority is fragile and can lead to divergence.

Regions are locations where political processes involving many actors take place; they do not totally preexist and are not rigidly fixed in situ. Regions influence human civilizations' actions, emotions, activities, and ideas through full dynamics. The structural and functional qualities of political systems and many interactions in historical trends that take the form of beliefs, identities, and norms impact the regions. Regions are continually growing and collapsing due to geopolitical variables and the dynamics of the international system due to the dynamism of regions, the effect of diverse geographical elements, and functional changes in geographical scales. Interaction between players operating at various geographic scales is necessary to find answers to global concerns. Inequalities, such as a lack of resources and a high degree of well-being, military and security operations, international trade, and the emergence of pollutants and harmful environmental stimuli, are crises that call for collaboration and convergence in the field of geography. Incorporating different aspects of bio-social, cultural, economic, political, institutional, environmental, and water diplomacy in common watersheds, etc., as well as other factors that can speed up and facilitate political-security cooperation, is how regional convergence develops. Regional convergence engages more and fresher activists at various levels to play a more active role in the geographical space in accordance with the environmental capacities. Divergent geopolitical forces will impact geographical units' political, security, economic, and cultural actions if regional convergence is not developed under the influence of convergent geopolitical elements. Regional convergence has been pushed towards multi-level and multilateralism as a result of the changes that have occurred in the world since the conclusion of the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar geopolitical structure. The results of regional convergence in various East Asian and European regions have demonstrated that these regions have made progress toward economic dynamism and development and have contributed more significantly to the stable security environment within the global power structure and geopolitical system. One of the Southwest Asian nations with a wide range of structural and functional capabilities in terms of its immediate surroundings in line with regional integration is Iran. Regarded as indicators of Iran's capacity for regional integration and its geopolitical position in the region, the geographical base of the Iranian plateau and its natural features, on the one hand, and the presence of various ethnicities and religions in border regions with geographic obstacles surrounding Iran, on the other. Thanks to Southwest Asia, this nation is at the center of regional political, security, economic, and cultural changes. Despite the fact that Iran's geography has several chances and objective and subjective geopolitical variables that point toward regional integration, this significance has not been practically formed at various political, economic, security, and cultural levels. The lack of sufficient and accurate information on the geopolitical elements effective in the process of integration in many dimensions and scales is one of the reasons why regional integration mechanisms around Iran have not been formed. One of the strategic identity organizations in and around Iran is working to build platforms for the union of the Kurds. Despite Iran's ethnic, historical, cultural, and civilizational history, Kurds, with a sizable population, are dispersed among the nations of Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and Iran. The regional powers view the Kurds as crisis-causing elements in the region's security order. With regard to the Kurds, our nation has taken a passive approach to utilizing the Kurds' potential for regional integration, and this attitude has prompted the rivals to utilize the Kurds' potential in order to increase their regional and global power. The Kurdistan region of Iraq is one of the regions near Iran created as a federal unit in the Iraqi constitution following changes in Iraq's political structure and developments in the Middle East region. On the one hand, Iran, as a strategic regional power, is very important for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in political, cultural, security, and economic dimensions. On the other hand, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is strategically important to Iran on multiple levels and in different structural and functional dimensions. In order to achieve the convergence of development and regional security, this research uses a qualitative methodology based on geopolitical concepts to examine the political-security factors influencing the convergence of the Iraqi Kurdistan region with Iran at sub-national, national, regional, and global geographical scales.

The information for this study was gathered via semi-structured interviews, library materials, and online resources. Sixty elites and researchers knowledgeable about Iranian foreign policy and Kurdish issues participated in a semi-structured interview to first extract the elements and indicators. Then, these indicators were again presented to the researchers in the form of a questionnaire for weighing. The study's findings indicate that in accordance with regional geopolitical equations, factors related to the regional scale have the greatest influence on the convergence of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region with Iran. These factors include the Iraqi Kurdistan Region's geopolitical dependence on Iran; the Kurdistan region of Iraq is vulnerable to threats to its security and is dependent on Iran; the Turkish government's military presence in Iraqi Kurdistan and the failure of the Turkish-Kurdish peace process; Iran's impact on the future political structure of Syria and its impact on the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Also, the convergence and cooperation between the Kurdistan region of Iraq and Iran impact the security and development of Iran and Iraq.

The study's findings indicate that there are already political and security integration capabilities for the Kurdistan region of Arakhsh, and there are geographical scale factors that, if discovered and used, can make it easier for the Kurdistan region to integrate with Iran.

the security and development of Iran and Iraq are impacted by the convergence and collaboration between Iran and the Kurdistan area of Iraq.                                                                                               

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAll of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Today, one of the positions that can play a significant role in the geopolitical and geoeconomic importance of Iran is a crossing position, and in this regard, the geographical position of the south and north of Iran with geopolitical, economic, security, access, and regional communication capacities and opportunities. and international, has been qualified for transit functions at different national and international levels, which has not been properly considered until now.Using the descriptive-analytical and survey method, the current research has studied the role of geopolitical opportunities for the development of the South-North transit corridor on increasing the convergence of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The statistical population of this research consists of experts in the field of geopolitics and international relations. Its sample size was estimated to be 40 people based on Cochran's model. The analysis of the research findings was done based on the numerical taxonomy model in Matlab software. The results of the research showed that the geopolitical opportunities for the development of the North-South corridor can be highly convergent for China and Russia, convergent for Tajikistan, India and Uzbekistan, least convergent for Pakistan and Kazakhstan, and non-convergent for Kyrgyzstan.

In the first Islamic centuries experienced a glorious civilization in a convergent and synergistic manner within the framework of a unified Islamic government. In the contemporary period, the Islamic world, after the decline and collapse of the Islamic caliphate order and in the face of modernity and the political system of the nation-state of Western civilization and nationalism has been fragmentation. Accordingly, it is divided into many small and medium-sized nation states. In the last century, some reformers and Islamic political activists, influenced by the early history of Islam and the Qur'an teaching of the “United Ummah” or "Islamic Ummah", have proposed the unity and solidarity of the Islamic world to rebuild and revitalize Islamic civilization and confront the dominating Western powers. In the new era, although many efforts have been made, but so far no tangible achievements of unity and convergence have been observed in the Islamic world. Therefore, the main question is what are the main problem and root causes of lack of convergence and domination of divergent forces over convergent elements in the Islamic world and why the idea of Islamic unity has failed. In this research, has attempted to explain the roots and fundamental causes of divergence in the Islamic world. The results show that the conceptual ambiguity of the Islamic world, economic non-complementarity of Islamic countries, dependence on the world outside Islam and competition and ideological contradictions of regional powers in the Islamic world have caused divergent Islamic countries.

. This study identifies, analyzes and explains the structural divergence and convergence among the influential actors in the Middle East region through a semi-structured and expert questionnaire and using the software tool of Mactor, seeks to answer the question of how the future patterns of Middle East order will be in the future? Among the patterns of regional order,the preferred scenario for power is blocs change or continuity? The research findings indicate that a wide range of scenarios can be proposed regarding regional order, but the most probable scenario is instability and change in regional order and moving from a bipolar order pattern to a multipolar model in this region.

One of the future research methods to understand the convergence and divergence between actors is the method of structural analysis or actors' strategy. This method, which is in the category of quantitative futures research methods and is done through Mactor software, is a multi-subject-multiplayer model and is used when there are several actors in front of a number of subjects whose evolution in the future is uncertain and difficult to predict. The purpose of these models is to gain a better understanding of these situations and how they evolve by calculating and considering the interests and goals of different stakeholders and the relationships between them. The method of structural analysis and actor strategy consists of six main steps: identifying key variables (setting goals), identifying effective actors in the environment, forming a matrix of actors-objectives, forming a matrix of actors-actors, entering data into the matrix, processing and outputting the model

Software analysis of actors' perspectives and their goals reveals several basic goals:1. Despite the influence of actors on each other regarding the future of order in the Middle East, there is a conflict of interest between the actors regarding regional issues. The conflict of interests of the actors has led to a conflict in their goals in the Middle East regional order, and this conflict of interests and goals has shaken the current patterns of order in the region.
2. The majority of actors in the region and beyond, whose activism has a significant impact on the equations of the Middle East order, do not consider the current order model, ie the bipolar balance between the Salafi order led by Saudi Arabia and the revolutionary resistance order led by Iran, as their preferred order. In fact, the formation and consolidation of this order in the past decades in the Middle East has been caused by emergencies in the region, and regional and trans-regional actors have been forced to accept this pattern due to special historical circumstances. In the current situation and the complexity of international and regional developments during the transition period, each of these actors seeks to create their own role and status in the region and the cycle of global power; Therefore, it is natural for the actors in this region today to consider the current order as an imposed order and to move towards changing the current order.
3. If the existing bipolar regional order continues, the costs of other regional and trans-regional actors in balancing power will increase. Claimants of regional power in the Middle East in today's region, which has become much more diverse than in previous decades, and each of these actors who today see themselves as a regional power, their role-playing is overshadowed by two poles of regional powerand they have to play in the direction of these two spectrums of regional power in order to influence the regional equations.
4. Intra-regional and supra-regional actors seek a multipolar balance through instability in the region and changes in the construction of the current pattern. The preferred model of actors within the region, who today play a lesser role in the equations of this region, is the model of multipolar order, and in the next stage, if this order is not realized, they will follow the model of regional participatory collective order. However, for trans-regional actors, the model of regional participatory collective order is not desirable at all because it reduces their impact on regional equations and brings the region to a model of relative stability. In the model of a multipolar order, regional instability increases in the light of tensions and conflicts, and each power bloc will seek its own advantages, which will increase the involvement of transregional powers in regional equations.

are among the current characteristics of the regional and international environment. It is natural to change the patterns of regional order in the context of the transition to world order. What is unnatural is the lack of awareness of countries of their position in the set of regional order and global trends, And the principles of tools and capacities at the disposal of countries and provide an effective platform for regional and global competitors, which will lead to the loss of the position of countries in the future of regional and global order. Because one of the foundations of countries' role-playing in future global equations is to consolidate and consolidate their position within the regional order. In the general answer to the research questions, it can be said that according to the analysis of the available data, the patterns of regional order will change and the continuation of the existing order will be very costly even for the bipolar power of the regions. In contrast, Saudi Arabia tends to maintain the existing order and then the hegemony of the desired order, and Turkey and the supporters of the Ekhwans are also seeking to formalize their regional order through instability in the developments and patterns of regional order, and the transition to a bipolar order will be the only way to revive the Ekhwan. Trends and events indicate that the regional order is on the verge of change, and the actors of the regional order must adjust their policies and actions to the new conditions.

The Islamic world is a vast geographical area that includes Southwest Asia, Central Asia, North Africa and parts of South and Southeast Asia. Most of the residents of this vast geographical area are followers of Islam and are distinguished from other regions of the world based on the Quranic doctrine of "One Ummah" or "Islamic Ummah". The Islamic world, which had experienced great and brilliant power and civilization in the first centuries of Islam in the form of a unified Islamic state in a converging and complementary way; In recent centuries, it suffered from colonialism, weakness, passivity, dependence, fragmentation, and division, and with the currents of nationalism and ethnocentrism in the form of the nationstate system, it was completely disintegrated and suffered politicalspatial divergence and rupture. In recent decades, some thinkers, reformers and political activists of the Islamic world have thought about the convergence and unity of Islamic countries based on the theory of a single nation. The main issue of the research is what are the alternative futures and different scenarios for the cooperation and convergence of Islamic countries? The answer to this problem has been done in the framework of future studies and with the method of exploratory scenario development and the use of aggregation of elite opinions. The results of the research show that four scenarios can be presented for Islamic countries, which is the scenario of complete convergence and the formation of a unified Islamic state as a desirable future, the scenario of convergence of Islamic countries in the form of an Islamic confederation as the preferred future, the scenario of convergence and the formation of a union of Islamic countries as a possible future, and the continuation scenario. The current situation and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation will be possible in the future.

 In the literature of geopolitical studies, the convergence of two countries has always been considered as their political, economic, and strategic intermingling. International convergences can both promote the geopolitical status of a country and expand its influence on geopolitical domains. Based on the status and functions played by Islamic Republic of Iran and Arab Republic of Egypt in the affairs of the Middle East, the existence of barriers to the convergence of the two countries can bring about considerably far-reaching consequences in this geographical region. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the most significant barriers to the convergence of Iran and Egypt (in the period between 2018 and 2022). The study was applied in terms of purpose and implemented a descriptive-analytical methodology. The population consisted of all experts, specialists, and university professors in geopolitics and international relations, and Cochran’s formula(William Cochran) determined the sample size at 50. The obtained means were analyzed using SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The results showed that transregional, regional, and domestic factors were the most significant barriers to the convergence of Iran and Egypt, and trans-regional factors were more pronounced in this regard. In other words, Egypt’s support of the intensified military presence of the U.S. in the Middle East, the Iranian ideology of exporting its revolution to the Middle East and North Africa, Iran’s support for the resistance front, and Egypt’s approval of “Abraham Accords” have had the most significant impacts on the increased divergence between Islamic Republic of Iran and Arab Republic of Egypt.

According to Mackinder's theory, Central Asia has always been mentioned as one of the most important geopolitical regions of the world, which underwent extensive changes after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of independent states. In this regard, during the last decade, with the increasing influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the increasing political-economic influence of China in Central Asia, as well as the increasing intervention of the Russian Federation in these countries, US interests in the region have always faced many challenges and problems. Considering the effects of US strategic influence in the Central Asian region and its effects on the national security interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the present study uses descriptive-analytical and applied methods to explain the strategic ties between the US and Central Asian countries. The statistical population of the present study consists of all experts and experts in political geography, the sample size of which was estimated at 50 people based on the Cochran model. In order to analyze the research findings, descriptive statistics of mean test in SPSS software were used. The results showed that the common threats of Islamism and terrorism, countering the hegemony of Russia and China in the region and countering the ideological influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Central Asia are the most important factors of convergence between the United States and Central Asian countries.

International rivers are waterways that cross the border between two or more countries and mark the border of countries, or rivers that cross the territory of several countries along their route. In the current era, the source of many regional conflicts and disputes between governments that share watersheds. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of border rivers on relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in the direction of economic stability and development of border areas and regional convergence. The main question of the article is what effects have border rivers had on the relations between Iran and its eastern and northeastern neighbors in terms of stability and economic development of border areas and regional convergence? The information required for this research has been collected using library and documentary methods. In this way, by studying and reviewing books, articles and scientific research journals, a collection on the subject of this research has been done. Also, the opinions of professors and experts related to political geography have been used in order to increase the weight of the content as much as possible. The results of the article show that the emergence and formation of natural waterways, which are the same as rivers, are affected by various factors; Such as climatic conditions, geology, human and geographical factors. Rivers with common border areas can have a significant impact on relations between the two countries, especially their political and security issues.

Although European integration was aimed at expanding regional co-operation and greater integration between member states, but the Corona Virus has threatened its main objectives. The purpose of this inquiry is to analyze the potential consequences of the spread of the Corona Virus on European co-operation and European strategic co-operation to manage this crisis. The present study was based on the hypothesis that weaknesses and failure of the EU members in the face of Corona Virus has intensified unilateralism among members of the European Union. The author using descriptive- analytic method looks consequences of Corona Virus in European countries. The research findings indicated that the Corona Virus triggered cracking of the gap between the states of the north and south and the emergence of populist movements. Also, hopelessness and mistrust, unemployment and poverty have been increased among EU members. In response to the crisis, the European Union has begun to strengthen its governance by looking at the previous experience and with investments in the health sector as a way to enhance the swing, flexibility and stability of the member countries economy.

The growing relations between Iran and Turkey do not meant alignment in the attitudes and orientations of the regional and foreign policies of two countries, and the strategic security- defense positions and views of two countries are different from their declared policy, Turkey is closely following Iran's missile development and nuclear activities program, and Turkey's military cooperation with the Zionist regime is a concern for countries in the region, In particular by Iran. Turkey's membership in NATO and its pro-Western stance, the construction of a missile shield on the border with Syria, and the support of Syrian opposition terrorists, given the level of Iran-Syria relations, have left Iran's relations with Turkey in a state of ambiguity. The main question of this study is: what are the components and indicators of security defense affecting Iran's relations with Turkey? The results of this study show that the nature and level of political relations between two countries affected by domestic needs, geopolitical conditions, quality and structure of the international system of political orientations and other variables, can be included from unity and convergence to strategic relationship, bilateral cooperation, competitive cooperation , Political severance, political tension, conflict, etc. . Turkey is an important and influential neighbor in Iran's political, security, defense, economic and cultural issues due to its territorial and border commonalities, the role of cultural factors, etc. Will be effective. This research is an applied-developmental type that has been prepared by descriptive-analytic-case-based method and with a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative) and through in-depth interviews and distribution of questionnaires in the sample community to 55 strategic experts in the field. The defense and political forces of the Iranian Armed Forces have been completed, and two main factors and nineteen indicators have been approved.

The ethnic groups of any society have an important place in national unity and if they are challenged, they endanger national security; Meanwhile, the role of these groups in border security, especially the western borders with a special demographic context, is recognized as one of the influential components that strengthening national convergence and cohesion is one of the basic categories of any government. The purpose of identifying the factors of convergence of Ahl-e-Haq in Qasr Shirin border and its impact on the security of this border has been implemented.

The research method used in this qualitative research was content analysis with the participation of 51 experts who were selected by purposive sampling method and information was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The method of data analysis was content analysis with inductive approach.

The final findings of the research include five themes among 64 concepts, which include: nationalism (Iranian-Islamic identity) and common history, religious and religious commonalities, social justice and equality, religious and national symbols and rituals (Ashura, Nowruz, etc.). And solving economic problems such as inflation, unemployment, etc., these categories have the greatest impact on the convergence of the people of the right and increase the security of the Qasr Shirin border.

According to the information obtained from the research sub-questions, it can be concluded that political, social, cultural and economic factors are extracted as the main classes and their.

Kurdistan province in west of Iran, has a major border with Iraq, it can be considered as a strong potential for development of commercial activities, especially in border cities. in this regard, development and its crucial facilities in the border cities of Kurdistan can play an important a vital role in establishing relations with neighboring countries and can also accelerate the pace of national convergence. The aim of this study, is to investigate and analyze the development capabilities of cities in Kurdistan province with emphasis on national convergence. It the term of aims applied method and in the tern of gathering and interpreting the descriptive-analytical method is used. In the process of preparing and producing data, first the effective factors on the development of Kurdistan province with emphasis on national convergence indicators are identified, using Delphi method and 45 experts’ ideas. In order to test the hypothesis, structural modeling and path analysis are utilized. The results showed that there is an effective relationship between the occurrence of development and its effect on national convergence with 0.48 coefficient path, which means that the components and criteria of development explain 0.48% of the success of the development strategy. On the other hand, there is a strong casual relationship between human development indicators (with 0.91 coefficient of path) and the occurrence of development, which means human development indicators determine development, but there is is no causal relationship between occurrence of political development factors (with a path coefficient) and success of the development in the cities of Kurdistan province. and it means that the factors of political development, due to the effect that it has on the occurrence of the development of the cities of Kurdistan province, can be a determining factor in the success of the development of the cities of Kurdistan province. In general, it can be said that the development of the cities affects the criteria of national convergence.

The Persian Gulf region is one of the strategic and important regions in the world which has always attracted the attention of regional and trans-regional powers. In the contemporary world, the Persian Gulf region and the countries of the Southwest Asia region have been among the most challenging and controversial regions in the world. This region has been the hotbed of geopolitical crises and the site of ideological conflicts and the active hotspot of political and regional crises. In addition to the domestic context, the presence and involvement of trans-regional and global powers in activating and intensifying these challenges and crises have played a very crucial role. Although the macro-structures of the global geopolitical system have overshadowed this space, the powers within the region (the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia) have played a leading role in shaping the geopolitical atmosphere of the current situation, which is based on ideological and geopolitical values. The current study seeks to examine the ideological and geopolitical implications of Iran and Saudi Arabia for the region and the need to adopt a geo-economic strategy to overcome intra-regional geopolitical challenges. The results show that the adoption of a geo-economic strategy by Iran and Saudi Arabia can pave the way for a dialogue of cooperation and convergence and pave the way for entering a new regional geopolitical system for regional development and regionalism.

One of the prerequisites for the entry of neighboring countries into the process of globalization and the establishment of sustainable regional and global peace in the twenty-first century is convergence. Given some of the obstacles to Iran's convergence with neighboring countries, the need for feasibility studies and the design of appropriate strategies with emphasis on border interactions to create convergence, taking into account the realities of time, seems necessary. One of the most important neighboring countries around Iran is Iraq. Despite having the most common border, as well as various similarities, even after the fall of the Ba'athist regime and the rise of the Shiites, Iran and Iraq still suffer from some obstacles to sustainable and systematic convergence, which if not addressed can lead to divergence and serious challenges in the coming decades. Therefore, the present study, with a mixed method design (descriptive-analytical and survey) and multi-criteria decision-making problem-solving method seeks to answer the question of whether the role of border interactions with respect to regional and international conditions in the twenty-first century is the most appropriate strategy in Iran in creating convergence with Iraq? In this regard, by using library and field studies and using SWOT technique, 4 strengths, 4 weaknesses, 5 opportunities and 3 major threats in border interactions affecting Iran's convergence with Iraq were identified and 8 practical strategies were developed. Strategies were prioritized using the MCDM method through questionnaires and interviews. The results of the pairwise comparison questionnaire show that the strategy of "creating geo-economic links in border interactions" to create the grounds for Iran's convergence with Iraq were in the first place and other strategies were in the next ranks.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is one of the organizations that has made significant progress in the field of regionalism and in the economic field.  Therefore, Iran's convergence, especially economically, with key members of the organization, such as Russia and China, can be seen as a way to reduce economic pressure and improve Iran's economic situation. The main question of the article is what will be the perspective of the convergence of Iran and the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, especially China, given the current trend? The present research method is descriptive-survey the required data is collected through library, field resources (using a questionnaire) two-sentence, and mean tests were used in SPSS software to analyze the data. The results of the paper show that post-conflict sanctions will improve the context of convergence between Iran and the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and improve relations in circumventing post-conflict sanctions, especially in the tourism, pharmaceutical and mining industries. At the same time, the distrust of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the West, the unfavorable relations of the past and the existence of strategic interests between Iran and the main members of Shanghai are among the most important reasons for the Islamic Republic of Iran's tendency towards Shanghai.