جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « north khorasan » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The purpose of this study is to conduct strategic planning for the development of tourism in North Khorasan villages based on competitive identity. The required data and information were collected using both library and survey methods. The sample consists of 40 experts familiar with the subject, selected using the snowball method. The Meta-SWOT tool was used to analyze the data and provide a competitive and strategic map. The results show that, in the regional competition map, Khorasan Razavi’s rural tourism, with a score of 5 on the x-axis (economic development), has the highest possible score and is considered the main competitor of North Khorasan’s rural tourism, which has an approximate score of 3.5. On the y-axis, which represents the socio-cultural dimension, the rural tourism of North Khorasan and Razavi are close to each other indicating that Razavi Khorasan and Golestan being the most important competitors in this dimension. On the strategic map, the historical tourism and rural eco-tourism capacity of North Khorasan, along with its bazaars, border crossings, and adjacency to the Razavi Khorasan tourist hub, have the highest strategic compatibility for strategic planning, with scores above 4 on the x-axis.

Among the signs of non-development are the existence of inequality and its various aspects for the resolving of which we have to consider how development indicators in different levels are distributed. In this study, prometheus model, which is a flexible model in quantitative and qualitative data analysis, has been used and it has been tried to create the best understanding of variables. In accordance with Prometheus approach, along with the concepts of prioritization, ranking, classification, rating and ranking options, the concept of "flow Packaging of Places" named. In this cross-sectional study to assess the rural areas of counties of North Khorasan in the period 2011 (according to the latest published official data) in terms of indices of development of energy infrastructure and communications, is used Prometheus version 2 that has a Packaging approach. Indicators derived from official sources (such as the Encyclopedia of Counties province), is tuned as a proportion and to their weighting is used network analysis method. The research approach and using the tools VP, assessment and integrated view of the development of the province (as an option), according to analysis by GAIA and practical GAIAWEB. To data analysis was done using Visual PROMETHEE and Super Decision software. In accordance with the overall results obtained from the comparative cities, only two township has a positive net worth, which in the meantime, the township of Jajaram a net outflow of 0.098, has highest enjoyment of infrastructure facilities in rural areas. To balance the province, according to the priority areas, in accordance with the results of this study are important.

One of the dimensions of rural development is the management of sustainable rural development at the local and macro level, sustainable rural development is the process of all-round improvement of rural life through the establishment and encouragement of activities compatible with the capabilities and bottlenecks of the environment. Therefore, structural grounding in environmental-ecological, social-cultural, economic, institutional-management and physical-spatial aspects can lead to the proper functioning of this process. In turn, sustainable rural development is realized with the participation of villagers in decision-making, implementation, sharing of benefits and monitoring and evaluation. Diversity is the basis of stability and stability, and the more diverse a system becomes, the more its stability and dynamism is maintained over time and in different places against internal and external tensions. Today, diversifying the rural economy is one of the approaches to realizing sustainable rural development. In a research, they designed a model of rural development planning and policy challenges in Iran based on a data-based theory. The participants in the research consisted of experts in the field of rural planning and development, of which 28 people were selected based on the theoretical saturation criterion and using the purposeful sampling approach and the snowball sampling method.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The method of collecting information was in the form of documentation and field observation, interview and completing a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is academic experts in the field of rural development, provincial planners in the country's rural and municipal organizations, provincial planners in the Ministry of Jihad and Agriculture, and provincial planners in the Ministry of Industries, Program and Budget Organization, and others.

The estimation results, the significance level of the failure variables in relation to the model variable of Iran's rural development planning policy system is less than 0.05, so the relationship between these two variables is significant at the 95% confidence level. Also, according to the value of t-statistic equal to -36.649, which is greater than 1.96, the first hypothesis of the research is confirmed. In other words, during the research process, it was proved that the policy-making system of rural development planning in the country has problems, inadequacies and challenges. According to the estimation results, the significance level of the variables of local and regional factors in relation to the model variable of the policy system of rural development planning of Iran is less than 0.05, so at the 95% confidence level, the relationship between these two variables is significant. Is. Also, according to the value of t-statistic, it is equal to -33.826, which is greater than 1.96, as a result, the second hypothesis of the research is confirmed. Basically, centralized planning does not allow policymakers and planners to use local and regional capacities, and this issue itself will keep villages and rural areas away from development. Therefore, during the research process, it was proved that according to the prevailing approach of centralized planning in Iran, local and regional factors play a lesser role in rural development planning policymaking. The results of the model estimation showed that the significance level of the variables of attention and emphasis on decentralized decision-making and action in relation to the variable of the Iranian rural development planning policy system model is less than 0.05, so at the confidence level of 95% The relationship between these two variables is significant. Also, according to the value of t-statistic, it is equal to -27.571, which is greater than 1.96, as a result, the third hypothesis of the research is confirmed. What is important in this connection is that the results prove that decentralization in the country's rural development planning should be respected as a principle and considered as a necessity. In other words, during the research process, it was proved that in the country's rural development planning policy, attention and emphasis on decentralized decision-making and action is necessary. Based on the estimation results, the significance level of the variables of less attention to the position of the village and rural development planning policy in the period before and after the revolution in relation to the variable of Iran's rural development planning policy system model variable is less than 0.05. , therefore, at the 95% confidence level, the relationship between these two variables is significant. Also, according to the value of t-statistic, it is equal to -30.694, which is greater than 1.96, as a result, the fourth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. Document review shows; In all the programs that have been implemented from the past until now, the village and rural development have been on the sidelines and their place in the planning has not been satisfactory and appropriate. In other words, during the research process, it was proven that in the development programs before and after the Islamic revolution, the role of the village and the policy making of rural development planning were less considered. According to the output of the estimation results, the significance level of trans-sectoral planning variables instead of sectoral in relation to the variable of Iran's rural development planning policy system model is less than 0.05, so at the 95% confidence level, the relationship These two variables are significant. According to the value of t-statistic equal to -28.384, which is greater than 1.96, the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. In other words, during the research process, it was proved that trans sectoral planning is necessary instead of sectoral planning at different levels in rural development planning.

The policies and plans of construction and development are indicative of the fact that in the country's rural development planning, attention and emphasis has been focused on decision-making and action from top to bottom. One of the main results obtained in this research is that in our country, due to the multiplicity of executive centers in the field of rural development, we are witnessing the fragmentation and lack of coherence of the organization. Therefore, the existence of a level that can aggregate these issues is very important. In fact, it acts as an executive and effective support in decision-making and implementation of rural development policies and has a trans-sectoral role. Therefore, according to the records and experiences of rural development planning in the country during the last few decades and taking into account the possibilities, bottlenecks and challenges in the development process of rural areas, as well as taking into account the approaches and strategies of rural development, the optimal approach for development planning In rural areas of the country, the solution of creating a legislative level is proposed.

Caves are suitable places for recognizing the inner layers of the earth in which tectonic activities of the earth can be observed. Regarding the origin of the caves, the prevailing view has been the superiority of the role of dissolving the rocks. Books, articles, reports, geological maps, aerial photographs and satellite images for basic studies were used. The research method was based on field research, extent library, direct observation and measurement. GPS was used to obtain the mathematical coordinates of the mouth of caves, relative position and the route map. From VNIR images of ASTER sensor of TERRA satellite, which has a suitable spatial resolution of 15 meters and has Geology and Landuse-Landcover applications for discovering the relationship of caves with fault tectonics, identifying and detection of faults were used; From remote sensing techniques, image enhancement such as using Edgesenh Linear filter and Stretching by Histogram Equalization method were used. The compass was used to measurement the slope and extension of layers and faults, fold hinge, axial plate effect as well as orientation inside caves. From laser meter for estimate the distance and dimensions was used. A water test tube was used for water sampling. Plastic with zippers was used to place samples of stones, skeletons, fossils, etc. A questionnaire, checklist and identity card were used to record the characteristics of each cave. In addition, the wireless device was used to find team members, express the situation and inform each other. Findings and Considering the researchers opinions and concurrences, this section has been analyzed and discussed in three dimensions: A) Sedimentary-structural features: Field studies, interpretation of geological maps and existing formations of each of the caves showed that North Khorasan in terms of sedimentary-structural features in the two zones of Kopet-dagh-Hezarmasjed and Aladagh-Binalood (Eastern Alborz) has expanded; The largest area is related to the Kopet-dagh-Hezarmasjed zone in the northern half of the province. That Kopet-dagh mountain range corresponds to Kopet-dagh-Hezarmasjed zone and Aladagh mountain range corresponds to Aladagh-Binalood zone. These two mountain ranges, despite the similarity in the construction process, have undergone different geological evolution. Most of the caves of this province (Bidak, Yayjat, Poostinduz, Kafar ghaleh, Ostad and Konehgarm) have been formed and developed in a clear orbitolithic calcareous formation called Tirgan (Ktr). From this perspective, limestone and dolomitic limestone called Lar Formation in Binalood zone (Eastern Alborz) (Jl) is in the second place and Armadloo, Kaftarak, Siahkhaneh and Gesk caves have been formed and developed in this formation. Gomnamane-Salug and Ganjkooh caves have also developed in light to pink limestone and dolomitic limestone called Mozdoran Formation in Kopet-dagh zone (JKmz).B) Structural features: Structural evidences such as marbled rocks, fragmentation, displacement and discontinuity in the vicinity of the fault plane, possession of aragonite mineral, evidences of occurrence of major slope-slip, strike-slip ,combined faults and slip on the bedding plane, etc., indicate the superiority of the role of fault tectonics in caves formation and development. The Yayjat, Armadloo, Kafar ghaleh, Ostad, Siahkhaneh, Gesk and Noshirvan caves, due to normal slippery fault, The Khazinehrah, Kaftark and Ganjkooh caves, due to slippery fault, Poostinduz cave, due to reverse slippery fault and faulting on the bedding plane, Bidak cave, due to oblique thrust fault, Gomnamane-Salug cave, due to reverse fault and Noshirvan cave, due to thrust fault have been formed. C) Morphogenetics and the role of tectonics in the formation of caves: North Khorasan province caves by one of the six mechanisms were evolved.1. The Bidak, Gomnamane-Salug, Armadloo and Gesk caves have been formed due to fault tectonics and dissolution with fault superiority.2. The Kaftarak and Ganjkooh caves were formed due to fault tectonics and dissolution with dissolution superiority.3. The Yayjat and Ostad caves were created due to faulting and fault surface opening.4. The Poostinduz and Konehgarm caves have been formed due to flexural-slip folding. 5. In the formation of the initial and final forms of Kafar ghaleh cave, the tectonic in the form of uplifting and neutral-surface folding mechanism has played a major role.6. The Khazinehrah cave due to the dissolution of evaporative sediments along the joint system and microfaults has evolved.7. The caves of Siahkhaneh and Noshirvan have natural and handmade origin.8. The caves of Honameh and Babaghodrat are considered handmade.In the formation and development of caves in North Khorasan province, seven factors Included: fault tectonics and dissolution with faulting superiority, fault tectonics and dissolution with dissolution superiority, faulting and fault surface opening, flexural-slip folding, neutral-surface folding and uplifting, dissolution along the joint system and micro-faults, natural and human and purely human factors have been effective, But the role of fault tectonics has a special advantage over dissolution.Examination of cross section and profile of caves showed that in each cave where tectonic processes and faults have played a major role in its formation and development, its profile is irregular and has a classification. Existing studies have shown that the terms cave and karst are not equal to each other due to their nature and how they are formed and developed, and there is a difference between them and not necessarily every cave is karst.Due to the climatic conditions of North Khorasan region and the relative limitation of rainfall, many limestones do not have karst features and what is seen today as karst phenomena in this area, Except in a few cases, they are the result of Quaternary rainy periods.Due to the tectonic origin of most caves in North Khorasan province, they can be used as indicators and Neotectonic evidence in the region.Due to the high potential for falling, Konehgarm cave is considered as 1st degree with no access and Kafar ghaleh cave is 2nd degree with limited access.Field studies and subsequent reviews indicate the large number of caves in North Khorasan province, which due to time, financial and technical constraints, only 16 caves were carefully studied and it is better to study the others at a more appropriate time.

The present article investigates the extent of North Khorasan province's rural areas and the distribution of rural services, analysis of the correlation between variables in the analysis of planning failure of North Khorasan Province planning system. This paper has an applied purpose and has been done by descriptive-analytical method. In this paper, Vikor method, standard deviation ellipse method for service ranking, for cluster analysis and facility concentration, Moran method and multivariate correlation method were used to analyze the relationship between variables. Case studies of North Khorasan Province villages that are aggregated at the rural scale and the indices used to classify the villages are: employment, agriculture, housing quality, ownership, literacy, population, education, network, health facilities, Tourism, Technology and Communications, Facilities and Equipment, each with different subfields. The results showed that the districts located near the center of the province are among the most favored ones and the districts located far from the center of the province are classified as unaffected. Also, multivariate correlation analysis shows that there is an inverse relationship between proximity to the center of the province, so that the greater the distance from the center of the province, the less is the occupancy of the villages. On the relationship between population and enjoying level, it indicates direct and positive correlation. The more the village population grows, the more the rural population enjoying occurs.

Caves play an important role in human habitation, geotourism and groundwater supply. In addition, they have biodiversity, tectonic evidence, fossil artifacts and archaeological significance. Caves have also been used for fun and worship. Unique phenomena, fossils, archeological artifacts and unique wildlife in the caves have made them important tourism attractions with high economic value. Caves are also considered as one of the oldest geotourist sites. Today, cave tourism encompasses a wide range of activities, from watch the scenery to see the wildlife, professional exploration and caving.

Research materials was books, articles, reports and visual documents. The research method was based on field study, direct observation, measurement and to some extent library. Mathematical, relative and elevation position, distribution, distance and access, geological status, genetic characteristics, topography and geomorphology condition, spatial dimensions, geohydrological aspects, biological characteristics, geotouristic status, stone caves and existing dissolution forms, archaeological aspects, existing fossils and their safety and protection aspects of the studied caves were investigated. Based on the instructions for protection and exploitation of caves, how to protect and exploit each of them was determined and graded each from a protection perspective and their privacy were introduced. In order to accurately measurement the geological structures and geometry of caves, a compass device and to estimate the distance and dimensions of the interior space of the caves laser meter was used. For sampling the water accumulated in the caves a water test tube and to place samples of rocks, fossils, etc zipped plastic was used. A questionnaire, checklist and identity card were used to record the characteristics of each caves.

A total of 16 caves were surveyed, most of which are located in Bojnourd and Esfarayen due to geological and climatic conditions, and 19 new caves were discovered in North Khorasan Province; Who need field visits and study10 caves have formed in the middle part of the province, which has more rainfall and lower temperature; Which indicates the effect of the climatic factor of altitude in the formation of some caves in this province. Also, 10 caves have been created in the eastern half of the province, which shows the superiority of the fault tectonic role than dissolution in this part.Due to the often calcareous lithology, mountain topography and mechanical destruction, finding the mouth of most caves is difficult. For this purpose, their mathematical and altitude coordinates were obtained and recorded with GPS.The mouths of caves have not developed in a specific direction of the slope. In shady slopes (ubac), the process of physical destruction and in sunny slopes (adret), mechanical degradation and tectonic fault processes have played a role in creating and expanding the mouths of caves. 9 caves are located at an altitude of 1000 to 1500 meters, which often matches with the limb of the anticlines, and tectonics has caused the greatest pressure and shearing stress to occur on the limb of the folds.8 caves have horizontal entrance corridors, that 7 cases have been formed and developed on the fault surface and in 7 of the caves without horizontal entrance corridors, the mouth corresponds to the fault surface. 7 caves have halls, that 6 cases have been formed and developed on the fault plate.6 caves of the province have been formed and developed in the light orbitolina limestone called Tirgan. Limestone and dolomitic limestone known as Lar Formation in the eastern Alborz zone (Binalood), is in second place. Marbled rocks, crushing, displacement and discontinuity in the vicinity of the fault plate, having aragonite rock, presence of breccia (It) and fault gouge, occurrence of main fault in the interior space of the cave, presence of transverse faults perpendicular to the main fault and presence of alternating faults along the length of most of the existing caves, indicate the superiority of the fault tectonics than dissolution process in the formation and development of caves. In terms of antiquity of the formations, dissolved spaces and evolved dissolution forms, the Gomnamane-Salug, Armadloo, Kaftarake-Daragh, Gesk and Ganjkooh caves are old and other caves are young.In the formation and development of most caves in North Khorasan province, fault tectonics and dissolution have played a role with the superiority of faulting; Which corresponds to the tectonic position of Kopet-dagh zone and the northern Khorasan region.There are 10 wet caves and 6 dry caves without dissolution process.There is water only in the caves of Siahkhaneh and Ganjkooh. Parameters affecting the chemical quality of drinking water such as PH, EC, temperature, nitrate, sulfate, chloride, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, carbonate and bicarbonate were tested. The water of the Siahkhaneh cave is relatively light and suitable for good drinking. The water PH of Ganjkooh cave is neutral and is around 7.6 and it is generally known as a light water and very suitable for drinking.The caves of Gomnamane-Salug, Poostinduz, Honameh, Kafar Ghaleh, Siahkhaneh, Babaghodrat and Noshirvan have no bats and the rest have bats.The investment is done in the handmade collection caves of Honameh and Babaghodrat, but it needs more investment while preserving these natural and historical heritages. Bidak, Gomnamane-Salug, Armadloo, Kaftarake-Daragh, Gesk, Konehgarm and Ganjkooh have typical dissolution forms and need more protection.The entrance of Bidak, Yayjat, Armadloo, Kafar Ghaleh, Gesk, Konehgarm and Ganjkooh caves is in the form of wells or looks like a natural well; and must be entered with a static rope and harness.Apart from Babaghodrat and Noshirvan caves, there is a possibility of wild animals in other caves, of which wolves and leopards are the predominant animal species, respectively. In Armadloo cave, due to its proximity to Golestan National Park, the presence of bears is possible.Kafar Ghaleh and Konehgarm caves are completely unstable and are not suitable for nature tourists, and Konehgarm cave is 1st degree type with forbidden access.The caves of Gesk and Konehgarm have a high great depth of movement and the caves of Bidak, Armadloo, Poostinduz and Kafar Ghaleh have a great depth of movement.Bidak, Gomnamane-Salug, Armadloo, Kaftarake-Daragh, Honameh, Babaghodrat, Gesk, Konehgarm and Ganjkooh caves have a very protective value due to their beautiful dissolution forms and their vulnerability and fragility.

Honameh and Babaghodrat caves are handmade, Siahkhaneh and Noshirvan are natural-handmade and 12 other items are natural, the role of fault tectonics is more prominent than the dissolution action. Chemically, the accumulated water in Ganjkooh cave is light and very suitable and in Siahkhaneh cave is similar to surface waters, good, relatively light and suitable for drinking. These caves are formed in Tirgan, Mozduran, Shurijeh, Lar and Pliocene conglomerate. The caves of Honameh, Kafar Qaleh, Babaghodrat and Gesk have archeological importance. 9 of them have bats. Gesk and Konehgarm caves are the deepest and most technical, Konehgarm cave is 1st degree type with forbidden access.

Nomads, who have always been considered as important production factors in the agricultural sector and play a significant role in the stability of security in the border areas, due to the lack of infrastructure and also the lack of capital in the economic sector, they mainly face problems that without a doubt pay little attention to solving this problem. The issues will lead to many problems for them and for the destruction of the environment. Facilities with low fee rates are one of the solutions for creating economic mobility in rural and nomadic areas, which can have a significant impact on the stable employment of nomadic areas if properly planned in its distribution.

This article aims to investigate how to distribute sustainable rural employment facilities in the nomadic areas of North Khorasan.

The descriptive-analytical method and the basis of the investigation is the facility registration system called Kara during 2016 to the end of 2019.Geographical area of research The geographical area of the current study is the nomadic areas of North Khorasan.

Despite the fact that most of the facilities in the province are allocated to the agricultural sector, on the one hand, the facilities are directed towards the centers of the cities and less are allocated to the borders, and on the other hand, the facilities of the nomadic sector have an inappropriate distribution between cities and within the department. A very small share has reached the sectors of industry and services related to agriculture.

Therefore, it should not be expected that this facility will cause a special dynamic in the mobility of the nomadic economy, and by reviewing the distribution process of this facility and reducing non-expert interventions, its effectiveness can be increased.

In different periods of history, tribal, ethnic, climatic, religious, etc. cultural characteristics have had an impact on the design of the architectural body. Differences in the cultural characteristics of different climates have led to the emergence of distinct shapes in living spaces and the shape of habitats. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of culture in the design of the architectural body in North Khorasan, Bojnourd city. Since the residents of this province and city are composed of different ethnicities, we selected two Turkmen and Kermanj ethnic groups and put the studies and studies done by focusing on these two ethnic groups, which constitute the majority of the residents of this city. In order to achieve this goal, three basic questions are raised: 1- What is the role of culture in the type of architectural body of North Khorasan province? 2- What is the most important cultural indicator influencing the form of cultural settlements in North Khorasan? 3- What is the most influential space of culture in architecture? Following the answers to the above questions, he studied systematic and systematic documents and then conducted a semi-structured interview with several elites in the relevant field. The results show cultural characteristics such as representation of relationships and gender roles, privacy and Privacy based on gender culture, individual and social ties have had the greatest impact on North Khorasan's colonial body. Based on the above cultural features, the architectural body between these two ethnic groups is classified into two types of introverted and extroverted architecture. Introverted architecture with an emphasis on the separation of public and private arenas among Kermanshah and extroverted architecture with an emphasis on the integration of public and private arenas among Turkmens.

Urban sprawl, in particular in small and medium-sized urban areas with economies based on agriculture and livestock, has clear economic impacts. This trend in North Khorasan province has significantly changed the integrated and traditional agricultural land use pattern. This province is located in northeastern Iran, and it is a relatively rural province. The main benefit of such an approach is helping rural stakeholders to assess urbanization patterns at the scale of the prospect and determine their real consequences. For this purpose, this study attempts to discuss this issue using the descriptive and analytical method. The required data from satellite images of 1972, 1992, and 2012 and comprehensive designs were obtained. The collected data, are examined according to the seven common indicators in sprawl research (all aevelopment, low intensity development, all development clumpy, low intensity development, impervious per capita clumpy, density change, and population change) and in order to give more tangible results, the indicators are combined together and the main analyses were analyzed with this combined index.The results show that not only the urban sprawl rate in this province is at a significant level (from less than -6/311 to more than +4/974), but the economic effects of this trend have also greatly affected the income and employment of residents in rural areas and in fact, the negative consequences of this trend are heavy on the villagers, rather than being imposed on the city population in the form of transportation costs and urban infrastructure.

Culture and the arts are among the most important issues in the age of communication or globalization, and vary from views of the threat of globalization to national, indigenous and local cultures, and the hegemony of particular cultures in the world to the extent that various cultures can play an active role. But what can keep national and indigenous cultures alive in the age of globalization is neither submission to other cultures nor resistance to blocking the entry of other cultures' effects and effects. Culture has tremendous power and motivates us to look for signs of the history and culture of nations, and this is the main motivating factor of the ambassador. If culture is embedded in all human heritage, ideas, behaviors, and experiences, when it comes to cross-border, linguistic, cultural, and political differences, this in turn increases cultural attractions for tourists. And it is these differences and cultural interactions that have made tourism more attractive and attracting tourists. North Khorasan can be called "treasure of Iranian cultures and ethnicities". The existence of various ethnicities, including Fars, Turks, Turkmen, Kurds and Baluch minorities, even Arabs, Turks and Turks with all their distinctive cultural characteristics, is the reason why this nickname is suitable for North Khorasan. The Turkmens, Kurds, Baluchs, Lor and Arabs each have their own cultural characteristics, crafts, traditional costumes and music, and this has made North Khorasan a beautiful treasure trove of cultures and cultural attractions. And the present study seeks to identify the culture and potentials of North Khorasan Province and will provide solutions to preserve the authenticity and culture of North Khorasan Province including: customs, local games, local proverbs and local lullabies.

Health is a universal right that is emphasized by international organizations and governments. In principle, the Constitution of the Islamic Republic has also emphasized the benefits to the community of health and medical facilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the extent of development in the city of North Khorasan Province in the health sector. The research method is descriptive-analytical and is a method of collecting library and documentary information. In this paper, the degree of development in the territory of the northern Khorasan (1392) cities has been analyzed using health and health indicators using ELECTERE model. Maps using Arc GIS 10.1 have been designed.Findings indicate that eight provinces of the province have been classified, treated and disadvantaged in terms of their health status. The two cities of Bojnurd and Jajarm are at the highest level of health care than the rest of the cities. After that, the cities of Esfarayen, Shirvān and Farooj are ranked second, and eventually the most deprived city, according to the variables measured in the health category, are the cities of the Raz and Jergalan, Garmeh and Mananeh and Shemilqan. The results of the research indicate that the cities of the province have inequality in terms of their health and health indicators

The developments in the global level have led to the relationship of countries to each others to achieve national security and interest in a common and international arena. This has affected the political border of countries and border area and provided trade exchange development among countries in legal or illegal forms and increased considerable transition among countries by using this new situation and the efficiency of the globalization process. Iran has a prominent place in national security among the countries that have long borders and various neighboring border control. However, the number of neighbors reduces the effectiveness of border control and imposes vast human and financial costs on the country. To manage and better control the borders in different ways, countries use new equipment border outpost's developmentas well as border forces for border control that have different strengths and weaknesses. In the meantime, the use and application of inhabitants of borders, due to their high capacity and potential for the management and control of borders, can be one of the options of countries. Islamic Republic of Iran with long border annually pays significant money to control and manage its borders and unfortunately no positive attitude and tendency exist for contributting it to control and manage of its borders, so residents of border have been a marginal player for controlling and management of border. In this paper, we try to examine the border resident's place in controlling Iran and Turkmenistan borders in North Khorasan province.
Theoretical Framework: Border residents: All persons have permanent residence within the depth of the border line and adjacent islands in any country are called border residents.
Border control: After demarcation of borders between two countries, governments for preventing to inter insecurity, problems of the borders of neighboring countries and for not affecting national security on sovereignty and national interests, control their borders.
This research is descriptive-analytical. The data were collected through library (use of the resources available in libraries and documents on the subject and exploring the Internet sites) and field research (questionnaire).
Derivation of effective factors on border control by border residents in the past time have been done through theories, books, thesis and articles. These factors include 60 factors shown in the form of six sections for a better understanding. It should be noted that these factors are associated with each other and affect and from each other; On the other hand it should be noted that the borders are two-way phenomena and their existence depends on the existence of one side or the other side. As a result, due to the specific characteristics of the borders, it is necessary for each of the neighboring countries in its region to have strong territorial sovereignty and border control. So, if one of the neighboring countries for various reasons, including civil unrest, economic problems, corruption or the existence of feudal rule (non-integrated), cannot exert strong authority over their lands, neighboring country cannot achieve the desired result in securing its borders. Therefore, any factor should be considered in the context of border controls based on the bilateral and multilateral views. In the following, it's attempted to look at the factors affecting border residents based on border controls along the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan in North Khorasan province.
Conclusion and Suggestions: The process of accomplished changes through recent decades such as globalization and entering into the information era, etc. in different ways provided enhancement ties and proximity between geographical spaces to some extent. This affect in different ways oneach sides of border and provide the increasing importance of cross-border spaces instead of border line. The extraction of the factors of organizing the border residents for border controls along the borders of North Khorasan Province with Turkmenistan is accomplished by exploring theories. These factors include 60 factors set in the six territorial, demographic, socio-cultural, economic, political, and military security sections. These research findings confirm the theoretical part. In the field, the data collected via the questionnaire and evaluated by T-test shows that all 60 factors considered by the scientific experts and administrators affected the organization of border residents in controlling the borders of Iran and Turkmenistan across the borders of North Khorasan province. Thus, in order to use the approach to organize the border residents to control the country's borders, these factors should be considered in the border area. Another point that has been evaluated is multidimensional factors affecting border residents to control the country's borders. It should be noted that these factors has different aspects (positive, negative, or both) and each of these factors according specific conditions and geographical space can act as positive or negative factor in some period of time.

The nomadic way of life and living is different and apart from urban and rural way of life. Accommodation and settlement of nomads is one of the most important issues on Iranian society. Northern Khorasan is one of the regions with a high capacity to accommodate the nomadic communities. The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate the capacity of North Khorasan province to accommodate nomad communities and also to investigate the nomad communities’ bottlenecks and problems. This paper also aims for the introduction of the factors affecting the optimal site of nomads settlement and introduction of prioritized zones for optimal accommodation of nomads (nomadic sites), using multi-criteria decision-making methods (AHP) in GIS environment.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The emergence of nomadism has been under the focus of scientists for a long time, and as Masoudi, Ibn Khaldoon et al. have noted this phenomenon. They believe that many factors account for it. Some think that increase in the population is the main reason for nomadism. Some other think that after farming, human beings are doomed to be nomads to use marginal regions. Thus, nomadism and ranching are two implications of farming with water products. Tardof, the renowned Iran expert, names the following common features for Iranian nomadism: 1-producing corn 2-range 3-division of labor 4-relations of production 5. exploitation based on the joint use of pastures
Some other figures such as Spooner have considered water and soil fertility as two major important factors in the continuation of nomadism. Bryan Spooner believes that nomadism can be a result of mass production of grain. Accordingly, he assumes that nomadism and ranching are the implication of irrigated agriculture.
Land use planning is science of land division for different uses and purposes of life. The positioning of land use either before planning, in traditional format or in predetermined plans follow certain principles and criteria. Traditional patterns of land distribution in rural and urban areas also represents a significant regularity in the user's location.
Because of its experience in with livestock, nomadic community can have enormous efficiency with a little attention. One of the goals of comprehensive development of tribal and nomad areas is the development of industrial livestock or developed traditional ranching. Therefore, optimum locating of nomadic sites is an important step in development plans of nomadic society.
This is an applied, descriptive-analytical research that collects data via library and field study. To fulfill this end, 227 questionnaires were distributed among the nomads of the province, and their activities as well as their tendency to settle or not settle was measured. The results of the analyses show that an overall of 60.79% of the nomads want to settle permanently; 29.51 desire to move, and 9.69 like both. To optimally locate the nomads’ settlement, important criteria in their settlement and their priorities were determined. For this purpose, after preparing Binary Matrices, 10 officials from cities and managers of nomadic affairs were interviewed. After developing pairwise matrices, preferable coefficient of effective criteria and sub-criteria related to each indicator was determined. After the calculation of weights in software Expert choice and comparison of the weights in the method of AHP, final weights were put into GIS software to overlap the layers, and output maps derived from the hierarchical method were compared to the maps of the proposed websites introduced in the Organization of Nomadic Affairs in North Khorasan. The results were presented in the form of output maps and comparison tables.
To provide the necessary layers (criteria) and to optimally locate the nomads settlement in Northern Khorasan, first the efficient criteria are identified and defined in four categories. Binary matrices are provided for each factor. In this stage, the criteria efficient in locating are obtained based on the descriptive and graphic information by GIS software. Finally, the optimal location of settlement of nomads or nomad towns are determined according to the receptivity of layers from locating. Four categories are identified: 1- Inappropriate, 2- relatively inappropriate, 3- appropriate, 4- completely appropriate.
After determining the coefficients, the importance of criteria and indices for showing the overlapping of criteria, there was a need for data gathering, their digitization, formation of spatial databases and generating appropriate layers of Nomads optimal site location for settlement or nomad towns. For this purpose the produced information layers, the importance coefficients of the criteria and the overlap of layers are determined. Then the maps of location priority based on the criteria for Nomads optimal site location for settlement and prioritized areas are presented.
The results show that the criteria of distance from faults, distance from watercourse, less distance from man roads and the type of land use for settlement have respectively the highest priority and importance in locating the nomads site of settlement in northern Khorasan. Finally, basic suggestions will be proposed.

In the last few decades, to facilitate planning, development and to control local-regional spaces more, the governments sought to minimize the spaces. In order to realize this goal, they have performed political-official divisions in a local and regional background. The power of states is the most important factor in political decisions and political affairs and cause changes in urban systems and urban hierarchies in the long run. There has always been a direct relationship between the administrative-political centrality and the concentration of power and capital in Iran. The reason is that the government has had and has a powerful role in urban development and urbanization as a strong urban element in urban development. This paper has tested the selected indices (including social, economical, cultural, hygienic and physical) using analytic, descriptive method, quantitative models and statistical software. The result of this research indicates an inequality among cities especially the significant gap that exists between Bojnourd and other cities of the regions to be studied. Using change variance (CV) model and marking Z of the cities of the region, it is determined that the Bojnourd city itself places first according to 6 indices from among 11 selected indices and also there exists a clear gap between Bojnourd with amount of Z 8.57 and the second city of the region, that is Shirvan, with amount of Z-3.54. The result of regional evaluation suggests that promotion and political changes have had the most influence on the primary urban phenomenon. The research has been carried out using rank-size model and shows that Bojnourd with its official-political function has strengthened its centrality and its population density has put it at the beginning of urban hierarchy of the region and has led to structural changes.

North Khorasan province is in north east of IRAN and has different climates. West side has cold semi-arid, east side has cold arid and north part has cold semi-wet. Agriculture has special situation so seasonal prediction is very important. If precipitation predictions show above normal or below normal, agriculture should take a right decision for type of farming, dry farming or water farming. They are many studies about climate prediction in IRAN; some of them are about effects of sea surface temperature of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean on IRAN precipitation and the others are about the effects of teleconnections on climate prediction. These studies concluded that there is a relationship between changes of SST and precipitation fluctuations.
Present study use CCA and MLR model of CPT to predict winter precipitation and evaluate the effect of seasonal MEI on North Khorasan winter precipitation.
Precipitation Data At this study the monthly precipitation data (Jan, Feb, and March) of 17 synoptic and rain gauge stations of North Khorasan during 1986-2008 is used and then the mean of winter precipitation is calculated.
MEI dataThe MEI data (time series 12 month) is used of NOAA data bank from 1986 to 2008 and then the seasonal MEI data is calculated in excel and SPSS. MEI is computed on the six main observed variables over the tropical Pacific. These six variables are: sea-level pressure (P), zonal (U) and meridional (V) components of the surface wind, sea surface temperature (S), surface air temperature (A), and total cloudiness fraction of the sky (C).
Reconstruction and Normal test data The Ratio Method is used to construct and complete the monthly precipitation data and then normal test data by using JMP4 software is done. The results show that yearly, winter and autumn data are normal.
CCA Model Various dynamical and statistical models are used to predict seasonal and climate prediction. The most popular method and model that is used for seasonal prediction is CCA. IRI[1] released the Climate Predictability Tool (CPT) that provides a Windows package for constructing a seasonal climate forecast model, performing model validation, and producing forecasts given updated data at 2002. Although the software is specifically tailored for these applications, it can be used in more general settings to perform canonical correlation analysis (CCA), principal components regression (PCR), or multiple linear regressions (MLR) on any data, and for any application. For this study we use the last version of CPT (11.10) CCA and MLR model.
Two data sets are required by CPT. the first data set contains the "X variables" here are seasonal MEI data from 1986 to 2008 and these variables are sometimes called "predictors", "independent variables". The Y variables are sometimes called "predictands", "dependent variables" here are winter precipitation (1986-2008). At first we choose spring MEI data as predictor and winter precipitation as predictant and by using CCA model we study the effects of spring MEI on winter precipitation and then choose summer and autumn MEI data and again implement the model. Model assumes a linear relationship between the predictor, x, and the predictand, y: y=β0β1x (1) Where β0 and β1 are regression constant and regression coefficient or the “slope”.
Correlation coefficient is a widely used measure of the strength of linear association between the predictor and the predictand.
Where sx and sy are the standard deviations of x and y, respectively. The numerator in Eq. (2) is related to the covariance by a factor of n, and will be positive if positive anomalies in both the predictor and the predictand tend to occur in corresponding cases, and will be negative if opposite anomalies tend to occur. At this study negative correlations refer to winter precipitation will decrease by increasing MEI.
The model expresses The value of a predictand variable as a linear function of one or more predictor variables and an error term.(3)
Here is regression constant, is coefficient on the kth predictor, k is total number of predictors, is predictand in year i and is error term.
Model Validation: After implementing the model by choosing cross validation method, Forecast performance scores and graphics can be obtained for the cross-validated forecasts. The performance window for an individual series provides a variety of forecast performance scores divided into those based on continuous measures, and those based on measures in which the observations, and in some cases the forecasts as well, are divided into three categories. The continuous forecast measures calculated are: Pearson correlation, spearman correlation, Mean squared error, Root mean squared error (RMSE) … and the categorical forecast measures are: Hit score, ROC area. Jajarm and Mokhaberat stations have the minimum RMSE that means their forecasts accuracy is high. Hit rate versus false alarm rate plots are also provided (ROC curve), which indicate how well the models forecast winter precipitation. The perfect prediction system would have a hit rate of 1.0 and a false alarm rate of 0.0. Winter precipitation forecasts with summer and autumn MEI have better results.
The first five EOF modes can explain 89% of total precipitation variance. The model forecast winter precipitation for every station from beginning of duration (1986) so every station has time series of observations and hindcast. Most stations have positive correlation between winter precipitation and spring MEI and negative correlation between winter precipitation and summer and autumn MEI. The maximum correlation belongs to Langar winter precipitation and autumn MEI in CCA Model and Tazehgale in MLR Model and the minimum correlation is for Bolgan.
With regard to effect of teleconnection on precipitation, the relationship between MEI and precipitation is evaluated. The MEI time series are predictors and winter precipitation are predictants at CCA and MLR model. The results of this study are very important for North Khorasan agriculture. Comparison of model forecasts and precipitation observations of 2009 show us that we haven’t skillful forecast of seasonal precipitation by only use MEI and other teleconnections effect on seasonal precipitation, too.
1. IRI, INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUE FOR CLIMATE PREDICTION

Since, wheat is one of the most important and strategic crops in Iran, determining appropriate areas for planting dry land wheat, according to the heat, humidity and climate capabilities in different regions of Iran, can increase the yield of this crop. In this research, the climatic potential and their adaptation with the requirements of dry land wheat (autumn wheat) are determined in North Khorasan province.
The region in question is North Khorasan Province that located in North East of Iran. In this study, long-term data of 17 rain gage, climatology and synoptic stations, 5 evaporation stations inside the province and 6 synoptic stations outside of the province during 1986-2005 were used in order to overlap better. The exact date of various growth stages of wheat in the different parts of this province is calculated by growing degree days (GDD) according to the following equation (Behnia, 1376): Where GDD is growing degree days, Tmax and Tmin are maximum and minimum daily temperatures (Celsius degree) respectively, Tb is the base temperature (Celsius degree), a and b are the beginning and the end of date of phenological stage, respectively. The base temperature is the lowest temperature that is assumed to be no lower than the growth. The thermal units required for this crop are as follows: The total thermal units from sowing to sprout 180 GDD
The total thermal units from sowing to flowering period 1300 GDD
The total thermal units from sowing to grain filling period 2100 GDD
In this research, GIS is used for data analysis and processes. Then, by using growth requirements dry land wheat (optimum conditions), the data layers were classified and the weight of each zone was determined. Finally, by overlapping the maps in GIS, the dry land wheat climatic zoning map is prepared in North Khorasan.
According to scientific references and climate conditions of study region, after determining the parameters for each of the stations and transferring them to GIS, four classes for each of the layers are defined (Table 1).
In addition, for overlapping the layers according to climate conditions for planting dry land wheat and expert idea, the layers should have the same time scales, so the weight of each zone is assigned by a number from 0 to 100 (Table 2). By overlapping method (weight classes), all of the layers in table 2 are combined in GIS and finally land zoning map for dry land wheat is prepared in this province.
Appropriate Lands: because of suitable climate conditions during the growing period of wheat, they have high yield. This area is 6263 Km2 (22% of the area province) and it is allocated in the north-east and north-west until the west of this province.
Semi-Appropriate Lands: they are poorer than appropriate lands. Planting dry land wheat in this area is suggested and it can increase the yield of this crop. This area is 17534 Km2 (62% of the area province).
3. Weak Lands: these lands have low climate potential for planting dry land wheat. These regions are in the south-east and south-west of the province and they have lower annual rainfall and limited temperature in flowering and grain filling stages. This area is 4884 Km2 (16% of the area province) that are included Jajarm and Mangoli stations.

For various reasons, including industrial revolution, socioeconomic, cultural and political dependence,modernism, unmethodical following of Western models, etc., The spatial organization of our country's settlements has undergone a number of complex, sweeping changes so that in a few decades, its formerly traditional state with certain rules has become polarized, multiple, unbalanced, inefficient, heterogeneous, and backward. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the spatial organization of North Khorasan Province.Using the models of entropy coefficient, stratigraphical, urban first and Arthur Smilies model,it investigates and analyzes the urban system of North Khorasan province during the last decade. The results of the research show that the urban network of the province is relatively orderly, due to the sovereignty of the middle and small cities in the province.

Application of quantitative criteria and methods for the grading system of settlements in the areas of spatial inequality in hand، to identify areas of settlements and the criteria to work towards reducing and eliminating disparities among them are considered. To identify areas of the state، and bottlenecks in capacity planning is important، so that economic، social، cultural and health indicators should be determined. A criterion for determining the status and problems in the areas of their failure to achieve economic prosperity and social well being is with this knowledge. The main purpose of this study was to determine the position of North Khorasan province in terms of development indicators، and the status of development at different levels and to compare them with each other. The results showed that compared with other provinces of North Khorasan province، based on Maurice and the standard score of 26 and taxonomy based on rank 28 were achieved. The problem of imbalance in the rate of development at different levels (and city) is evident، which was studied in detail. The gap has caused and exacerbated regional inequalities. Study of inequality at various scales، was one of the essential and basic steps for planning and reform for economic growth with social justice. It can address the regional disparities in the allocation of resources to be effective، Therefore، the imbalance، is one of the goals of development programs، and is essential it the long term. Deliberate policies and reasonable conditions necessary to reduce and eliminate the existing imbalances can be provided.

Awareness of health and hygiene status in any society is among the most important information used in social development and planning programs to provide, maintain and improve health condition of the society, and health development is one of the important achievements of economic and social development in the two recent centuries, resulting in continuous and essential reduction in the death rate. North Khorasan Province is one of the disadvantaged and less developed regions of the country whose components of population status, especially mortality, has been taken into very little consideration. This article seeks to analyze the geographical distribution of etiology of deaths in North Khorasan province to provide authorities and decision makers with guidelines for planning in the fields of health, hygiene and safety. The research method has been retrospective descriptive and analysis of the current situation to investigate the causes of deaths in a 5-year period (1383 to 1388 A. H.) in all deaths recorded in the Province. Categorization of the causes of deaths has been carried out on the basis of the International Classification Deaths (ICD) of the World Health Organization into 17 groups. To study the issue, the authors have benefited from some data, tables, charts and maps along with GIS techniques. The findings show that mortality due to circulatory system diseases, injuries and accidents, cancer and tumors in the province in all the years studied rank first to third, respectively. The town of Farooj is an exception. In this town, respiratory system diseases are the most common causes of deaths. Research results indicate significant difference ‫in causes of deaths according to sex in the Province‫. In other words, the causes of deaths between men and women follow a specific pattern‫. The greatest differences in the patterns of death causes between men and women relates to deaths caused by accidents and the mortality rate 54/4 due to the above-mentioned factors among men is more than those of women‫.

The geographical factors are among the major effective factors in establishing the stable security in political borders of the country. For this reason, countries like Iran having unsecure border conditions and fragile zones should be prepared to identify the geographical border potentials and limitations to design some plans for confronting with the various border challenges including good, patrol, gun, and drug smuggling to provide the security for the borders. The North Khorsan, as one of the 16 border cities of the country, has 301 kilometers common border with Turkmen. This province is considered as one of the main directions of narcotics smuggling and transition because of its geographical location between the main place of narcotic production (Afghanistan) and one of the main consumption market and transition direction of narcotics (Central Asia). This study is implication in terms of its purpose and it has been conducted by analytic-descriptive method based on compound statistics (inferential and descriptive). For data collection, some instruments including interview, questionnaire, satellite pictures and maps have been used. For data analysis and maps drawing, the SPSS and ArcGIS software have been used. Through the analysis of the findings and comparing the results of previous studies it has been indicated that the extensive length of border, the geometric shape of border in terms of topography, the appropriate localization of the stations, and inappropriate transmittance of population centers have provided the potentials for border insecurity.