جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "resilience" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Earthquake resilience, defined as the capacity of societies—including social, economic, institutional, geographical, and other dimensions—to withstand and recover from seismic events, is a critical issue that demands attention across various societal contexts. It is essential to acknowledge that attitudes toward resilience and the analytical frameworks employed to assess it significantly influence both the understanding of underlying causes of resilience and the formulation of policies aimed at risk reduction and management. The objective of this study is to evaluate and rank the earthquake resilience of new urban developments within the Isfahan Metropolitan area through the utilization of a combined index. Given the nature of the subject matter, the research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The study's statistical population comprises six new urban developments: Shahin Shahr, Majlesi, Sepahan Shahr, Foolad Shahr, Baharestan, and Shahid Keshvari. This research is characterized as applied in nature, and information for the literature review was gathered through library research methods. According to the results derived from the Potentially Optimal Solutions Evaluation Technique (POSET) analysis, the rankings of the urban developments based on the combined index of resilience to earthquake risk are as follows: Majlesi (3), Baharestan (6), Foolad Shahr (7), Sepahan Shahr (8), Shahin Shahr (11), and Shahid Keshvari (14). Consequently, to mitigate the adverse effects of earthquakes on communities, it is imperative to consider the unique capacities of each urban development, thereby reducing potential human and financial losses resulting from such events.

In recent decades, earthquakes have been accompanied by an increase in casualties worldwide in the past hundred years, and in Iran, these casualties have led to about a six percent increase in death and destruction. Therefore, cities, as the sites of these incidents, are of great importance, and enhancing post-earthquake resilience in urban areas is highly significant. Region 1 of Tehran, due to its location on a fault line and various urban challenges, is considered one of the vulnerable areas to earthquakes in the city of Tehran, facing resilience challenges such as high concentration of high-rise buildings, lack of open spaces, and weaknesses in crisis management compared to other areas of Tehran. The aim of this study is to assess the vulnerability of Region 1 to earthquakes with a focus on resilience.

This research is considered applied in nature and utilizes survey research for data collection, and in terms of data nature, it is quantitative research. The main data collection tool for this research is the TOPSIS questionnaire, which has been adjusted based on the research background and preliminary studies of researchers in the field to align with the conditions and requirements of local management services. The statistical population of the study consists of all experts in the field of crisis management and urban planning, with a sample size of 50 individuals based on Cochran's formula. The present study utilizes the mean test in SPSS software and employs the TOPSIS decision-making method in MATLAB software to measure the level of resilience in the regions of Region 1.

The research findings indicated that based on urban resilience indicators, five analyzed indicators had the least resilience in both the physical-environmental and institutional dimensions in each region. Ultimately, the results showed that Regions 1, 9, and 8 faced the lowest level of urban resilience against earthquakes in the Region 1 areas.

Throughout history, human societies have continued to face dangers and have always suffered harmful effects. Environmental hazards are occurring not only in terms of number but also with an increase in diversity and amount of damage, especially in susceptible areas. Close connection with the environment, deprivation, lack of awareness, and preparation increases the vulnerability of coastal areas. However, they are inevitable phenomena and the only way to deal with them is to manage them. One of the approaches to facing environmental risks and crises is resilience. Mahshahr Port is exposed to various types of hazards and is in a highly vulnerable condition, and it is necessary to measure its resilience. The purpose of this research is to analyze resilience against environmental hazards in the 5 regions of Bandar Mahshahr. The current research is practical and descriptive-exploratory in terms of methodology. The tool used is a combination of researcher-made questionnaires. Questionnaires were distributed and completed in five areas of Bandar Mahshahr. Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression statistical tests have been used to analyze the relationship between factors affecting resilience. For descriptive items, the statistical methods of mode, median, mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis have been used, and for weighting and determining the factors influencing resilience, multi-criteria decision-making methods (fuzzy hierarchical model) and ranking of resilience indicators have been used. The Waspas method has been used in the five areas of Mahshahr port. The results of the general state of resilience in the studied area, which is a function of its component indicators and variables, showed that the obtained average is lower than the average. The main reason for the poor state of resilience in the studied area can be attributed to the weakness of economic and physical indicators. Based on the weighting of the economic index, it was ranked first, which has a direct effect on resilience. The ranking of regions showed that Region 3 has a better situation than other regions.

Today, the issue of land subsidence has emerged as a significant and critical factor jeopardizing both surface and subsurface structures within the nation, particularly in the northwest region. This situation necessitates the preservation of such infrastructures. Considering the vast expanse of the electricity distribution network in East Azerbaijan Province—encompassing an area of 45,000 square kilometers, a network length of 26,000 kilometers, and serving 930 thousand subscribers—the apprehensions regarding the existence of potential risks are justified. This extensive network is deemed one of the most sensitive and essential assets within the province in relation to the occurrence of land subsidence. Given this high level of sensitivity, it becomes imperative to identify regions susceptible to subsidence and to assess the vulnerability of the electricity distribution networks while implementing necessary measures to enhance resilience against this phenomenon. The objective of this research is to delineate the vulnerable regions. Conversely, land subsidence poses threats to power grid installations within East Azerbaijan Province. In this study, ArcGIS 10.7 and Super Decision software were employed to generate the information layers; furthermore, to ensure appropriate homogeneity among the various layers, the input data was standardized, and the Analytical Network Process (ANP) was utilized. The findings of the research indicate the existence of areas characterized by a high risk of subsidence, covering an expanse of 1,981 square kilometers, alongside regions with an exceedingly high risk of subsidence, encompassing 268 square kilometers, extending from the northwest to the southeast of the province (including the cities of Marand, Shabestar, Tabriz, Bostan Abad, Mirage, and the central area). Additionally, in the southwestern municipalities of the province (namely Banab, Malekan, and Ajabshir), there are hazardous zones where the threat of subsidence and potential damage to electrical installations necessitate serious consideration. An examination of the maps and data further reveals that a majority of groundwater extraction wells are situated in high-risk areas with considerable density. Investigations also indicate that agricultural activities predominantly characterize land use in high-risk areas, wherein the most significant drop in groundwater levels has been observed. In this investigation, by superimposing the province's power transmission network map with the final subsidence risk zoning map, it was ascertained that portions of the province's power grid facilities are located within high-risk zones concerning land subsidence.

Anomie or social political disorder is a state of disorder or anomalous in which social rules are not binding on the actors. As a result, the cultural and social order of the society falls apart and the society loses its moral health. A look at the neo-Muslim society at the beginning of Islam shows that there were foundations for the formation of political-social anomie in that society. The signs of these foundations are reflected in the surahs that reflect the confrontation between the people of the book and the Islamic society. The content analysis of these verses shows that the Holy Quran has presented the following six moral principles as a moral model in order to strengthen the society to deal with anomic political-social conditions: considering God as the watcher, recommending religious rituals, strengthening self-esteem, self-restraint. From the relationship between the province and the infidels and obedience to the Prophet (PBUH), calling for social solidarity and avoiding division, calling for individual and social patience.

Tourism becomes the largest and most diverse industry in the world, which, as the main source of income and work, plays an important role in the economic growth of the countries of the world. Accidents and crises play the role of inhibiting the development of the industry. Epidemics are distinguished from other crises by the fact that they usually leave the local government. Resilience strategy for quick recovery of destinations affected by the crisis has been introduced. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a research with the aim of investigating the role of resilience in the epidemic crisis in tourist cities. The present research method is analytical-descriptive in nature and it is a survey type by completing a questionnaire. At first, the path analysis model was used to determine the factors on the tourism resilience of the studied city (Shiraz) during the epidemic crisis. Therefore, according to the number of research criteria, the multiple regression test was implemented, which was directly considered first. The combination of resilience is determined as an independent variable on Shiraz as dependent changes. It is considered indirect in the next steps. In the stages of direct research, all research indicators have a significant effect on the dependent variable and there is a significant linear relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The most direct effect is related to the social-cultural index and the most indirect effect is related to the economic index. In total, the social-cultural index has the highest correlation coefficient among the resilience indices, which indicates the most influential index on the epidemic crisis in Shiraz tourism. The economic index is on the second level. Finally, infrastructure and institutional-organizational indicators are placed in the next ranks with small distances.

Many cities are exposed to natural hazards such as earthquakes. One of the important goals of urban planning is to reduce the vulnerability and make cities resilient against earthquakes, and the first step to realize this goal is to recognize and assess the vulnerability of Khalkhal city to a possible earthquake. The main goal of this research is to assess the vulnerability of earthquake hazards with a resilience approach in Khalkhal city.The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and applied research in terms of nature. In this research, first through library studies, factors affecting resilience were identified and after preparing the research conceptual model, a questionnaire was designed in order to achieve the desired goal. Determining its statistical sample size was done using the Cochran method and the sampling method was done using the simple random method. To measure resilience, 380 citizens and 15 experts were selected as the sample size of the research among the households living in Khalkhal city. After collecting data and field information, SPSS software was used for data analysis and for drawing maps and zoning in ARCGIS software.According to the output of SPSS in the form of a GIS map, it can be said that the central part of Khalkhal city is in low resilience and is prone to earthquakes, and many parts of Khalkhal city are in medium resilience and few parts of the city are in The state of resilience is very unfavorable; Also, according to the single-sample parametric test, the results of the research show that in the implementation of urban resilience, social, physical, economic and institutional criteria are ranked first to fourth in the resilience of Khalkhal city, and they have an effective role on the efficiency of urban resilience in this city.

Cities are complex and highly interdependent systems that are vulnerable to various risks. Considering the growth of cities and their expansion, the approach of urban resilience is one of the most vital solutions to resolve this vulnerability. This study has been done to investigate urban resilience studies against climate change in Iran using the meta-analysis method. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and its nature is applied-developmental.The statistical population of the research consists of authoritative and approved quarterly journals of the Ministry of Science, internal conferences, and theses from universities. The findings show that since 2013, there has been an increased focus on the issue of urban resilience against climate change, with researchers and geographers paying extra special attention to this topic. The studies reveal that the ecological and environmental dimensions And the identification and discussion of resilience dimensions and indicators are evident in most studies.Case studies in the research have generally focused on large cities in Iran. Due to the impacts of climate change, cities need to be resilient against these challenges, and this research highlights the importance of investigating this issue. The results indicate that cities have visible weaknesses in terms of resilience, particularly in the social and physical dimensions. These weaknesses are more pronounced in larger cities experiencing population growth.This research also shows that many gaps have been identified in this field, and researchers should pay attention to these in their future studies.

Spatial analysis is a methodological approach used to identify and examine the dispersions and interrelationships of phenomena, as well as their differences and similarities, within a geographical context. Resilience, as a form of foresight, reflects the dynamic nature of society’s responses to events and helps expand policy options to address uncertainty and change. This study aimed to investigate and spatially analyze resilience indicators in the urban areas of Bushehr. The research employed a descriptive-analytical method, with data collected through documentary sources and field surveys (questionnaire). Data analysis was conducted using the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making process and Shannon entropy method. According to Shannon entropy results, the weights of the physical-infrastructural, institutional, economic, and social dimensions were 0.806, 0.512, 0.110, and 0.095, respectively. The findings, based on the VIKOR model, indicated that the overall physical-infrastructural, institutional, economic, and social resilience in Bushehr are in unfavorable conditions, with average index scores of 4.71, 3.84, 3.00, and 2.01, respectively.

Cities today serve as platforms for societal development while also being focal points for various environmental, economic, and social challenges. This study investigated the ecological network in Tehran, defined as a system of interconnected ecosystems of the same type, focusing on green and barren land cover from 1986 to 2021. Land cover changes were identified using Landsat satellite imagery and analyzed through a change detection technique applied to classified images. The landscape structure of green and barren lands was then quantified for the start and end of the study period. The results of the land structure analysis in Tehran, including the size and isolation of habitat patches—green and barren lands that provide critical ecosystem services—indicate that the spatial composition and distribution of green spaces in certain areas of the city are unsustainable. Specifically, regions 10 and 8 were found to have the lowest share of green land relative to their population among Tehran’s 22 regions, while regions 1 and 22 had the highest share.

Cities are complex systems that are vulnerable to natural or human threats. The current dominant view in disaster and urban management has been the risk reduction approach. However, today, societies are trying to achieve conditions that will allow them to quickly return to the pre-crisis (initial and normal) state in the event of a crisis. Resilience is a new concept that is mostly used in dealing with unknowns and uncertainties. The overall goal of the present study is to evaluate the level of resilience of the city of Pol-e Dokhtar during a flood. In order to achieve the aforementioned goals, a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach was used. In order to measure the dimensions of resilience in the neighborhoods of Pol-e Dokhtar, 384 households were selected as a sample community using the Cochran formula. In order to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire in the SPSS software environment, statistical methods based on comparison of means, Friedman tests and regression were used. The TOPSIS model was used to rank the resilience of the neighborhoods. As a result, based on five resilience assessment indicators; the Basijian, Old Core (Hasteh Ghadimi) and Pasdaran neighborhoods have a more favorable situation than other neighborhoods in Pol-e-Dokhtar city. The East and West Coast neighborhoods (Sahel Sharghi va Gharbi) and Sazmaniha neighborhoods have the worst situation in terms of resilience against floods. The results of the Friedman test to determine the most important and influential resilience indicators of Pol-e-Dokhtar city showed that the physical index with an average of 3.533 and the economic index with an average of 3.251 were ranked first and second, respectively.

Lar city witnessed a 6.1 Richter earthquake in 1960, which destroyed the city. Today, this city is the largest residential center of Larestan, with two dynamic parts of the old city in the northwest of the Lar plain and the new city after the destruction caused by the earthquake, located on the Tangeh Asad alluvial cone in the south of the plain. The research aims to investigate the physical vulnerability of old and new cities against earthquakes with macro and micro indicators and an analytical comparison of these two parts of the city. The statistical population of the research is the entire area, including all the neighborhoods of the old and new city of Lar. Data collection was done in the form of a field library, and the main data was collected from the Statistics Center and Lar Municipality census data. The analysis of the data was also carried out by weighting the indicators with the help of the Delphi technique and measuring importance with the opinion of experts, then weighting was done with the help of hierarchical models, and finally, with the data in the GIS software, maps of the vulnerability of the indicators and the final map of vulnerability were obtained. The results show that the level of vulnerability is very different among the localities, and the factors involved in these localities and the entire city are not equally effective, various reasons played a role in them, including the physical factors of the building and environmental physical factors, including services. The basic infrastructure of the city, including medical and health spaces. Examining the vulnerability indicators indicates that we need a strong and efficient management and organizational solution, as well as physical and environmental solutions, to reduce the vulnerability and increase the resilience of the city.

Today's metropolises are always exposed to damage caused by natural hazards for various reasons. These risks require immediate prevention and measures due to the many human and financial damages. One of the most destructive and common natural disasters is the earthquake, which has caused the greatest damage to human society from the past to the present day.Several studies have been conducted in relation to the resilience and management of natural hazards at home and abroad; Among these studies, we can refer to the researches of Ebrahimzadeh et al. with the title of analysis on the vulnerability caused by earthquakes with emphasis on providing the optimal model for the location of special uses for health care and education, a case study of the worn out fabric of Tabriz city. Mansour Naimi et al.'s research titled "Earthquake Risk Microzoning with Fuzzy Hierarchy Analysis Model in Zone 1 of Ahvaz Metropolis", Alexander with a research titled "Resilience against Earthquake", Kusumastoti et al. Natural Indonesia as well as the doctoral thesis of Boston in relation to building resilience through design with the approach of improving the efficiency of hospitals after earthquakes.Resilience as a concept can be used for any community and any type of disorder, whether natural, man-made or a combination of the two. The definition of resilience includes: 1. The ability of a system to absorb damage and loss, without going out of normal state 2. The ability of a system to organize and reorganize itself in different conditions 3. The ability of a system to increase and create Capacity to learn and strengthen its adaptability.Vulnerability is the possibility that a person or group is exposed to the incompatible effects of a hazard, which is actually an interaction between spatial hazards and social forms of societies.One of the goals of this project is to provide solutions to improve resilience according to the results and the strengths and weaknesses of Khalkhal city. Knowing the characteristics of the resilient city, measuring the level of urban resilience and also determining the effective methods of evaluating the resilience of Khalkhal city are among the main reasons for conducting the present research.

The method of collecting information in this research is mainly field and library method was also used during the research. In this research, first, the theoretical framework of the research was done by collecting information using documentary studies.In the following, in order to check the degree of resilience of the studied cities by examining previous researches, criteria and sub-criteria of resilience were determined; Then, in order to analyze the data, from weighting to the research indicators, the ANP network analysis model was used in the form of Super Decision software, and in the Arc GIS environment, after preparing a vulnerability map for each criterion, using the technique of layer weighting and scoring the main and sub criteria. Its criteria have been used to prepare the final map of the natural index of Khalkhal city in Arc GIS software.Considering that some criteria are more important than other criteria and had a decisive role in the physical resilience of the city, a questionnaire was prepared to determine the relative importance of each of the indicators and it was distributed and completed among 15 expert experts.

It should be mentioned here that in order to evaluate the natural resilience of Khalkhal city, all the layers and sub-criteria effective in the natural resilience of the region, which was the result of applying the weights obtained from ANP in the GIS environment, were analyzed and integrated, and then after standardizing all the indicators and using From the weight obtained from the network analysis model (ANP), standard balanced maps were prepared and finally zoning of resilient urban spaces. Therefore, at this stage, the resilience of the natural dimension was calculated using the Raster Calculator tool to be used in the final zoning of this dimension of resilience. This process was carried out for each index, and finally, the general natural resilience map of Khalkhal city, which is the result of combining 8 sub-criteria of the research, was extracted.

In the researches that are formed with the aim of analyzing the state of resilience, the most important issue that should be paid attention to is the analysis of vulnerability and the recognition of upcoming threats in order to identify the capacity and capabilities of resilience. The city of Khalkhal has little resilience against the earthquake crisis due to its geographical and tectonic location, numerous active faults, the irregular growth of the city in the boundaries of the faults and unstable lands, so planning to deal with this risk is considered vital. The current research aims to measure and evaluate the natural resilience of Khalkhal city against different earthquake intensities and to achieve the first step of planning to deal with the earthquake crisis, which is to identify the overall resilience of the city. In this research, using standard indicators, the degree of vulnerability of Khalkhal city has been determined, and taking into account the results of the methods and combining them with the geographic information system, the vulnerability map of the city has been drawn. According to the final map, which is the output of GIS software, it can be said that the western part of the city is naturally highly vulnerable. In the current research, it was determined that the conditions in the western part of Khalkhal city are critical and during an earthquake, the number of casualties and financial damages will be high. Finally, in this thesis, the obtained results showed that the method used in the research was able to evaluate the studied area well and showed the vulnerable parts, which mostly include the western areas of Khalkhal city, in the final map.

Resilience has been defined as "a process of ability, or the result of successful adaptation despite threatening conditions", which plays an important role in dealing with the stresses and threats of life and its adverse effects. Also, resilient cities are vulnerable to events. mitigate extremes and respond creatively to environmental, economic and social changes in order to increase their long-term sustainability. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to predict the resilience of Qaemshahr city against natural hazards. The method used in this research is to use GIS software in order to determine points with more resilience and use genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm intelligence (PSO) methods and their programming in MATLAB environment, in order to Using it, the most important components of the city's resilience and the effective strategies to strengthen resilience will be determined. The present research was conducted in two stages, in the first stage, first, using the AHP model, the degree of resilience of urban areas against the 3 hazards of floods and earthquakes. and the landslide was determined and after that the final risk map (resilience level) was prepared by combining all the mentioned components. In the second stage, in order to determine the most important components of the city's resilience, this time 32 indicators of the resilience components were compiled based on 4 criteria (physical-spatial, economic, social, institutional) and analyzed using the genetic algorithm method. Finally, 3 points of the city (Shahid Watani Stadium, Telar Park, Siraj Park) were selected and prioritized as areas with more resilience. Then, in order to confirm and compare the research findings, the PSO method was used by the genetic algorithm (GA). As a result, it can be said that there is a significant difference in terms of resilience among the city's regions, that the increase in the resilience of Qaimshahr city The first stage requires strengthening and modifying the structures of the natural environment and then maintaining the safe environment.

Earthquake should be considered as one of the most prevalent and destructive natural disasters that all the countries of the world, especially Iran, face with. Therefore, it is important to evaluate urban resilience against earthquakes. Urban resilience is a new and under researched concept in urban studies and urban planning. Accordingly, it is necessary to evaluate the resilience of the city of Islamabad Gharb, like any other city, against earthquakes. It seems that considering and resorting to some sources we can understand the vulnerability of Iranian cities. It is necessary to use a suitable model and various types of spatial and non-spatial data. Moreover, the analyses related to the geographic information system and most importantly, the review and analysis of the current global experiences should be considered. Taking these issues into account, we can achieve the risk map of Iranian cities against earthquakes. Additionally, by making the necessary preparations, this phenomenon can be turned into a planned process in crisis management caused by natural hazards. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the resilience of the city of Islamabad Gharb against the risk of earthquakes. For this purpose, the integrated model of Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and fuzzy Gamma operator (Gamma) were used. Analytical Hierarchy Method (AHP) was applied for weighting the variables. The final goal was to see the status of urban resilience against earthquakes in Islamabad Gharb.

This applied research used a descriptive-analytical method. For this study many resources were used including documentary and library studies, information about and provided by the municipality of Islamabad Gharb city, and other reports including studies that were previously conducted in this field on the city. Moreover, the studies and plans that have been carried out by the deputy of planning of the governorate should be added to the sources. Two integrated models of Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and fuzzy Gamma operator (Gamma) were used to evaluate the resilience of the city of Islamabad Gharb against earthquakes. Analytical Hierarchy Method (AHP) was also used to weight the variables. For evaluating the resilience of the city against the earthquake, two integrated models of WLC and gamma with values ​​of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 were used and the final maps on five classes (very low, low, medium, high, and very high level of resilience) were prepared. Moreover, for evaluating the accurancy and correctness of the final maps produced by the two models, the results of total quality index (QS) were used.

Total quality index (QS) was applied for ensuring the accuracy of WLC models and fuzzy gamma operators of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 to prepare earthquake resilience zoning map. Higher QS of zoning model or method indicates that the calculations and predictions for resilience zoning map are highly accurate. By using the QS we can measure the accuracy of the calculations related to the WLC model and fuzzy gamma operators. Moreover, the QS value of each resilience class related to each of the mentioned models can be obtained separately. In addition to these two cases, it is possible to compare the accuracy and correctness of calculations related to each resilience class with the accuracy and correctness of calculations of other resilience classes. The QS values for very low, low, medium, high and very high resilience classes related to the zoning map created by WLC model, respectively, were 0.007, 0.293, 0.001, 0.247 and 0.063. The QS value of "low" resilience class (0.293) is higher than the QS value of other resilience classes. This can be interpreted that the calculations related to the area of ​​the low resilience class have been done with more precision and accuracy than other resilience classes. The following classes are high, very high, very low and medium resilience classes. Moreover, the QS for the WLC model is the algebraic sum of the QS values ​​for very low, low, medium, high and very high resilience classes. Taking into account the QS, the accuracy and correctness of the WLC model for the preparation of resilience zoning map against earthquake risk for the city of Islamabad Gharb was 0.611.

The QS index can be used to calculate the accuracy of the performed calculations related to the WLC model and fuzzy gamma operators. It is also possible to obtain the QS value of each resilience class related to each of these two models separately. Moreover, the precision and accuracy of calculations of each resilience class can be compared with the precision and accuracy of calculations of other resilience classes. QS value for the very low, low, medium, high, and very high resilience classes pertaining to the zoning map created by WLC model were, respectively, 0.007, 0.293, 0.001, 0.247, and 0.063. The QS value of low resilience class (0.293) is higher than the QS value of other resilience classes. We may interpret it that the calculations pertaining to the low resilience class have been done with more precision and accuracy than the calculation of other resilience classes. Other classes are, respectively, high, very high, very low, and medium resilience classes. Moreover, the QS for the WLC model is the algebraic sum of QS values ​​for the very low, low, medium, high, and very high resilience classes. Taking the QS, the precision and accuracy of the WLC model in preparing the zoning map of resilience against earthquake risk for Islamabad Gharb city is 0.611.

Tabriz is located a short distance from the fault north of Tabriz, which is one of the areas with a very high relative risk in earthquake risk. The region of 2 municipalities of Tabriz, where many scientific and tourism centers are located, is at risk of earthquakes. In this study, according to the possibility of earthquake crisis, the level of urban resilience and the response capacity of the district 2 of Tabriz were evaluated against earthquakes.

At first, the effective indicators in resilience were prepared by interview and nominal group method and Delphi technique and were categorized into 12 criteria. Next, the indices were weighted by ANP, the layers (indices) were superimposed with the SUM fuzzy. The neighborhoods of the region 2were clustered by SVM, in terms of resilience and the spatial pattern of the clusters was analyzed by Moran's autocorrelation model; The relationship between the indicators and the level of resilience was analyzed by the GWR model. Finally, SWAT technique and QSPM matrix were used to develop operational strategies for poor neighborhoods.

The results showed that the indicators of access to urban open spaces, urban impermeability and quality are the most important in resilience with fuzzy membership degrees of 0.174, 0.137 and 0.137 respectively. Approximately 35% of the district 2 of Tabriz has weak resilience against earthquakes, but about 65% has moderate to almost adequate resilience. The weak neighborhoods are related to the north-western neighborhoods (Golbad, Halmeh, Qorkhaneh, Shahid Montazeri and Gol-Gasht) and the suitable neighborhoods are Tabriz University, Elahi Parast, Zafaranieh, Sari Zira, Abbas Mirza and Golshahr. Moran's model shows the confirmation of the urban resilience clustering model of the region against earthquakes. The coefficients of the GWR model indicate the validity and accuracy of the model for predicting the level of resilience. The results of the SWAT technique show that the studied factors are placed in the district 2 of Tabriz and in the fifth house (V) that the residents of the neighborhoods of district 2 of Tabriz in terms of being able to deal with the earthquake in the condition is medium to low. The strategies are also aggressive (SO) and its goal is to make maximum use of external opportunities with internal strengths and in this way maintain the external factors of the current conditions and grow and strengthen these conditions in the future.

The urban resilience evaluation framework and the preparation of spatial maps for resilience evaluation can be a practical guide to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a city against earthquakes. These results can help planners in spatial planning and urban environment. In addition, authorities can use the results to develop disaster risk reduction programs and policies. They can use the framework introduced in this study to identify areas of vulnerability that should be prioritized during resilience efforts.

One of the ever-threatening problems of human settlements is the occurrence of accidents that cause irreparable damage to various aspects of human life. One of the most common risks is drought, which is very frequent especially in arid and semi-arid regions and has caused widespread effects on a wide range of ecosystems around the world. Agricultural activities in Iran are highly dependent on weather conditions. Due to the importance of agriculture in Zanjan, the severity of the effects of drought is also more prominent. The purpose of the above research is to determine the level of the economic resilience indicators of the studied villages and which of the economic resilience indicators have the greatest effects of drought. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The method of collecting information is library and field (questionnaire), the method of data analysis is descriptive and inferential. The statistical population of the above research is 30 villages of Mahenshan county. After examining the drought situation using the SPI index, economic resilience indices were extracted and evaluated. The data collected in SPSS software were analyzed with binomial tests, t-test and exploratory factor analysis. Considering the positive result of the one-sample t test and the significance level is less than 0.05, it is determined that the state of the economic dimension is in a favorable state; In other words, there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of the economic dimension. The results of the factor analysis test showed that the employment factor is the most important factor affecting economic resilience in rural areas. The specific value of this factor is 5.472, which alone is able to calculate and explain 34.198 percent of the variance.The occurrence of drought in the studied villages has caused a decrease in the level of economic resilience in the study area and the most unfavorable indicators of resilience in the economic dimension are related to the index of receiving credits and loans related to drought with 1.00% and the extension of the installment repayment period due to the presence of drought with 0.99% and the possibility of changing jobs after the drought is 0.98%.

Climate change is an undeniable fact whose consequences are different depending on the geographical area and social, economic and political conditions. Over the years, some incorrect suggestions of designers and subsequent wrong decisions of the managers and officials of the complex systems of Urmia Lake Basin have had irreparable effects in various areas related to residence and activity. In other words, environmental, economic and social damages caused by the implementation of large-scale projects, along with the irreparable consequences of climate change, have made the ecosystem and social and economic life of this metropolis face a serious risk. The current research is one of the applied researches, which has been conducted with the aim of evaluating the opinion of local stakeholders facing the consequences of climate change and its effects on the structure of population resilience and activity in the metropolis of Urmia, based on indicators derived from the theoretical foundations of resilience. In this research, a qualitative method was used in the stages of collecting opinions, and a quantitative approach including exploratory factor analysis and T-test was used in the stage of discovering ideas or mentality and measuring the current situation. According to the results, in prioritizing the most important four cognitive patterns; Shortage of water resources, drought and intermittent meteorological disasters, extensive change and conversion of land cover (land use), instability of ecological resources and failure to return to balance, and in the most important feedbacks of stakeholders, respectively, extensive change and conversion of land cover (land use), lack of adaptive capacity or Adaptation, environmental sustainability and physical sustainability have had the most weight. According to the results of the t-test, the situation of the thought patterns of local stakeholders in facing the consequences of climate change based on the first and fourth factor (thoughts) (widespread change and transformation of land cover (land use) and environmental sustainability) in the lake basin and Urmia metropolis is not favorable. This is while the factors of adaptation capacity or adaptation and return to balance are in a much more unfavorable situation.

The present study investigates the dimensions and classification of flood resilience indicators of Ahvaz Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods. It employed an applied-theoretical research design and descriptive-analytical research method. A One-sample t-test, independent t-test, and Friedman test were used to classify the indicators. Via a purposive sampling method, 380 heads of households living in these selected neighbourhoods were selected as participants. Regression analysis was performed on the healthcare, hospital, arterial roads, fire stations, construction type, neighbourhood texture type indicators to investigate the effects of flood resilience in the study areas. The spatial autocorrelation of the Weights Manager instrument in Geoda software and the ArcGis software were used to weigh the indicators and spatial data. The research results show a difference between the studied areas in terms of flood resilience indicators. The institutional resilience mean of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood was 79.49, and of Sayyahi neighbourhood was 84.22, indicating that the institutional resilience of Sayyahi neighbourhood was higher than that of Eyn-e Do neighbourhood. Also, according to the t-test results and based on the significance level (Sig.) less than 0.05, there is a significant difference between Sayyahi and Eyn-e Do neighbourhoods regarding the economic-institutional resilience indicator

Population growth and urbanization are two primary factors in increasing the risk of flooding in urban areas. Along with the increasing urbanization in many cities, changes in land use have led to an increase in the volume of surface runoff and a change in the flood regimes of rivers. Therefore, urban flooding is one of the risks that directly and indirectly have harmful effects. It has entered various cities in Iran. Since resilience thought provides a comprehensive understanding of the conditions by combining different components, it can be fruitful in creating urban flood risk management tools. To be able to effectively use the concept of resilience in the process of decision-making and management of urban floods, it is necessary to measure and evaluate the city's resilience against flood risk. Despite this, the measurement of resilience in urban environments against floods faces a serious challenge due to the lack of transparency in the field of methodological approaches. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the approaches and methods with a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies conducted in the field of assessing the resilience of urban environments against floods. According to the findings of the research, the methods of assessing the resilience of urban environments against floods are divided into three categories: quantitative, semi-quantitative, and qualitative. Qualitative methods have less diversity than quantitative methods and often include interviewing methods and theoretical conceptual frameworks. The majority of evaluation methods in this field are quantitative and semi-quantitative methods, which can be placed in two widely used categories, i.e. simulation-based methods and indexing-based methods. In the simulation-based approach, hydrological modeling and flood simulation are generally used. Methods based on indexing have been developed in different ways, but they generally follow the same principles and can be used to analyze the resilience of other types of risks in geographic areas.