جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « services » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Most rangleands and grasslands around the world are changing and transitioning to new emerging ecosystems under the influence of many factors. The abundance or relative dominance of herbaceous plants and woody vegetation in these ecosystems has been very dynamic in different time scales. Over the past several decades, there has been a shift toward increasing abundance of woody vegetation worldwide.The aim of the research: Woody plant encroachment (WPE) in many rangeland and grasslands of the world, causes changes in ecosystem functions, goods and services in the affected areas compared to the services that were previously available in the region and creates new services that are unknown to some extent.

This study, reviews related research and identifies the functions, goods and services resulting from this phenomenon in these ecosystems.The geographical scope of the research: Living factors, including woody plants and non-living factors such as climate and soil in the territory of the distribution of woody plants and the geography of the presence of nomads and herders, have different effects on regulating exchanges between ecosystem responses to this phenomenon.

Considering the extent and effects caused by the occurrence of the phenomenon of WPE , identifying the functions, goods and services resulting from this phenomenon are of special importance that should be given special attention.

Following the WPE phenomenon, through identifying these goods, services, functions and benefits with regard to the replaced species, it is possible to take advantage of the potentials resulting from new functions, goods and services in order to improve the management and livelihood of local communities and rangeland users with paying attention to the size of the land and the affected population.

As a source of development, cities have faced an unfavorable cycle of inequalities due to inefficient structures and injustice has been formed in the distribution of services in cities, therefore, spatial justice in the distribution of services for fair allocation is one of the goals of planners. This research, which  have done with the aims to evaluate the spatial distribution of service devices  Gorgan city ;

 It is of applied type and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method.  The collection of information is based on library sources, documents and field studies.  SPSS software was used in the analysis of different parts of the research.  The reliability of the questionnaire is based on Cronbach's alpha of 0.834 and the statistical sample size is 384 citizens.  The scope of the study is Gorgan city with an area of   3560 hectares, which has a population of 353,000 people in the 2015 census. 

  The findings show that the indicators of meeting the needs of citizens, the unfavorable cycle of services and class distance respectively have the highest average level in the distribution of service places and there is a significant relationship between the distribution of service places and satisfaction in the study area.  In the analysis of the role of urban management in improving the condition of service facilities, among the selected indicators, the inefficiency of urban management was ranked first, informed management was ranked second, and optimal service delivery was ranked third, and the index of continuous monitoring was ranked last.  For the indicators of effective urban management in the distribution of service places in Gorgan city, they were selected based on Friedman's test, and at the end, suggestions were made to improve the service status of service devices.

Urban worn-out textures require preservation, respect, and revitalization due to their historical and cultural values. Nowadays, the restoration of these textures places a significant focus on meeting residents' needs in establishing a connection with the physical environment and concepts such as a sense of place belonging, which is of great interest to many designers. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between physical condition (access to urban services) and the sense of place belonging in the worn-out textures of six neighborhoods (Āmeri, Yousefi, Ākhar-e Āsfālt, Zargān, Hasirābād, and Lashkarābād). This applied study employed a descriptive-analytical research method. The Kruskal-Wallis test, simple t-test, Pearson correlation in SPSS software, and FAHP were employed to achieve the research objective. The results of the investigations indicated that the Ākhar-e Āsfālt, Yousefi, and Āmeri neighborhoods have a favorable status in terms of access to urban facilities and services, while Hasirābād neighborhood, is in a highly unfavorable condition. Furthermore, examining the relationship between urban services and the sense of place belonging to the worn-out texture with a coefficient of 0.371, signifying a direct correlation between the two mentioned variables. This implies that by enhancing urban facilities and services, as well as reinforcing public spaces and physical structures, the worn-out textures can foster an increased sense of place belonging in these areas.

The development of tourism in rural areas depends on various indicators including services. In fact, services are one of the most important needs to attract tourism and continue its sustainability in rural areas. Therefore, it is undeniable that villages have various services for the development of tourism. In this research, the aim is to investigate the state of tourism development services in the target rural areas and then formulate the optimal strategies in this field. In this study, Shayvand village in Dezpart county of Khuzestan province has been selected as a target village for tourism. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on survey data. The statistical population of the research is made up of tourists, 160 of whom were randomly questioned. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through elites and the reliability was also confirmed with Cronbach's coefficient equal to 0.802. The result showed that the types of tourism services were quantitatively and qualitatively significant at the level of less than 0.05. Quantitatively, the average of the test was equal to 3.128, and as a result, the quantitative status of the service was evaluated as average. In this field, the services related to visiting attractions have the best status with an average of 4.437. In terms of service quality, the average equal to 2.245 confirms that the quality of tourism services is evaluated poorly. In order to improve the quality and quantity of tourism services, 4 strategies are presented, including expanding the quality of services (37.059), improving social capital (25.374), protecting and improving the quality of the environment (9.524) and emphasizing local capacity (7.959) has been.

Examining the distribution of services in city and knowing the degree of concentration and dispersion of urban service units in municipal areas plays an important role in understanding spatial justice. What is important is to create equal opportunities in urban space in relation to the services that members of society need. Given that the main goal of development is to eliminate inequalities, the best concept of development is growth with social justice. Therefore, the overall goal of regional planning or economic development is to establish social justice and distribute welfare and wealth among members of society. The method of the study is descriptive-analytical and entropy coefficient, standardized score, numerical taxonomy, TOPSIS and scattering coefficient have been used. The statistical population was 9 municipal districts of Shiraz and 11 indicators of urban services. study of entropy coefficient shows that the population tends to balance between regions and Pearson correlation between regions space and standardized scores indicates a significant direct relationship between regions space and standardized scores. Also, Pearson correlation between population and standardized scores shows that there is no correlation between standardized scores and regions, this means that services are not distributed in proportion to the population. distribution coefficient study shows that the services that make up the per day needs of the public are more than the services that have regional and trans-regional functions. The results of combining the models show 1, 2 and 4 regions were identified as privileged regions, respectively. 3, 7, 5, 6 regions were considered as balanced and relatively privileged areas and 8 and 9 regions were recognized as deprived areas. In order to achieve spatial justice and proper distribution of services in urban areas, planning priority is proposed in zones 1 and 7 of population growth and in zones 3 and 5 to increase services.

this research is a part of applied research, and in terms of nature and method, it is in the descriptive-analytical research group, relying on statistics and numbers, where quantitative findings are analyzed analytically and qualitative findings are evaluated and tested descriptively. they got. Data collection was done using researcher-made questionnaires and interviews, and its analysis was done with SPSS statistical software. Data collection was done in two parts of library studies and field studies, questionnaires were prepared and completed, and interviews were conducted with the experts of the municipality of Region 12, especially the urban planning experts, the urban improvement and renovation organization, and the residents of the historical neighborhoods. The statistical population of this research was all the experts, managers and personnel of urban planning and organization of worn-out fabric, which in general had 123 people. The statistical sample of the research was a total of urban planning experts and specialists and people living in the region, who were selected as a sample of 93 people using the Cochran and Borgesi formula. Tehran, some of its most important features were briefly mentioned and the need to improve the living conditions and livability indicators, this area needs to modify the existing conditions that are suitable and compatible with modern urban functions and on the scale of the center of a metropolis on the one hand and to improve the living conditions. The adaptability of the region is on the other hand.

Links are identifying according to individuals ongoing current, invest, goods, information and technology between urban-rural areas. Villages and cities have links and communication with different ways. Urban-rural links to individuals, groups and rural families to be included the part of actual place, space and biological and operational. Urban and rural settlements should have two ways and complement relationships in economics, social, physical and services areas in order to find functional integrity and sustainable development. In this two ways link, small cities have an important role in decentralization, population housing, provision of welfare services and market of agricultural products, prevalence of non-agricultural jobs and reduce of urban problems as an interface between rural areas and urban higher levels. The point that this research is distinguishing of other investigations is that research happened in one semi-desert area and its economic was based on agriculture and industry and its life is depending to Zayanderood river that it is passing from north of this area and there is only one small city (Zibashahr) and medium city (Mobarakeh) are be locating in this studies area that relationships between settlements are considering by their effects and distance parameter and their role of these two cites. In this research, town position (Zibashar) was considering in discussion of urban-rural links. Zibashar town is connecting southern Garkan villages to Mobarakeh city that they are 16 rural residences and it is locating as connection ring in the communication route of these villages. Villages of this area to be considered in link with Mobarakeh or Zibashahr town and they were 5927 families and 18436 person according to population census in year of 1395. Urban rural linkages are emphasized by development experts in developing and articulating development policies aimed at reducing poverty and supporting the positive role of small towns in the development of surrounding rural areas. The general purpose of this study is to investigate the rural-urban linkages in South Garkan Section in Mobarakeh County and the role of creating the zibashahr city in comparison with other cities (County center). We were trying to realize the object of this research by utilizing of descriptive-analytical ways or two libraries ways (considering of documents and collecting statistics and information) and field (observe, interview and complete the questionnaire).Statistical universe research was consisting of all rural residences in southern Garken ( Mobarakeh city) that number of samples were chosen according to Kokran formula by random sampling way. At least 10 and at most 40 questionnaires were distributed proportional number of rural families and questionnaire questions were consisting of 55 criterions. The validity of the research instrument was based on , by use of survey similar ovservation and the reliability of the tool was estimated to be 77% using Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, SPSS software for analysis Descriptive and inferential studies have been used. In this research regarding to Zibashahr town position for establishing links with villages of southern Garkan, we were achieving to these results that villages near to Zibashahr town prefer to visit this town in receiving educational services, therapeutic, bank and preparation of agricultural tools, building materials, agricultural inputs that were considering economics and services formats and here of the role of this city was relatively highlighting but this link was unidirectional and it was not developing those villages in fields of educational, health, economics and social. Villages that have more distance with this town preferring to visit Mobarakeh city for creating economics and services links and receiving all services because Mobarakeh city has higher services. So, in this regard Mobarakeh city has special position. The type of road and time distance had effective role for establishing physical links in southern Garkan villages or Zibashahr and Mobarakeh cities. By using Pearson correlation test, it was realized that when villages are getting away of Zibashar town, their relation become weak or by approaching to this town their relation become strong, such a way that references were daily by approaching to this town and vice versa. Communication of distant villages is in the form of twice or three times a week to Mobarakeh city. Link of studied villages or Zibashahr town and Mobarakeh has some effects in format of information exchange and innovation and these effects were evaluated by using single sample T test or by considering 8 criterions and its positive effect and meaningful was found. Overall, results of this research have aligned with studies and Mikaniki and Sarzehi(1394) findings ,Sejasi Gheydari and et al(1396), Hossein Abadi and et al(1391),Akbarian Ronizi and et al(1392) regarding to distance agent and communication of far and near villages to nearby cities and also its effect on daily, weekly and monthly resort and with studies of Saidi and et al ,Taleshi and Heydari(1396), Mikaniki and Sarzehi(1394) regarding to being one sided of links between rural settlement with nearby cities and no formation of local net and insufficient complement two way currents between city and village.

The trade is an ancient human activity dating back to well-known human history.The present article seeks to explain how national rules and regulations for the standardization of goods and services affect the development of international trade. Therefore, the authors tried to extract and analyze the indicators of the effectiveness of national laws and regulations in the field of standards of goods and services in the development of international trade. A descriptive-analytic method was employed to analyze the indicators and answer the research questions. The data were collected through library and documentary search and validated scientific databases. Results show that national standard rules and regulations affect the development of international trade through productivity, sustainable development, barriers to import and quality assurance, Regulatory governance, trade Liberalization, Joining Global Trade, considering the regional standards of exporting countries national security, maintaining the prestige, commercial position of the country, standard classification systems and supply chain.

Today, services are considered an integral part of urban life. Tehran Municipality, as the custodian of green spaces in Tehran, pays special attention to the quantitative and qualitative development of green spaces in Tehran. Therefore, trying to identify the demands and expectations of the people of Tehran as customers of this organization, from the current services in the field of urban green spaces in order to improve the quality of services is necessary. In order to evaluate the quality of services of organizations, different methods and models have been used by researchers. The SERVQUAL model is one of the most important models used. Therefore, in this article, this model has been used due to its importance in research in the field of service quality evaluation. The general hypothesis of this research is based on the fact that the expectations of the citizens of Tehran's 17th district from the quality of green space services are significantly different from the current situation. To test the general hypothesis, the normality of the population was first examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Shapiro-Wilk test. The results of the study of the normality of the statistical population show that the level of significance of most dimensions is less than 0.05, so the null hypothesis is rejected and that population is not normal. Therfore, the Wilcoxon statistical test was selected to test the research hypotheses.

This study was conducted in three parts. In the first part, using the SERVQUAL model, the quality of green spaces, which is a service from the municipality to the people, was examined and analyzed from the perspective of clients in the parks of District 17. Using SERVQUAL model, the quality of green space services was evaluated using 27 statements in five dimensions. Wilcoxon test was used to analyze the dimensions of service quality. According to the results of this test, there is a significant difference between the importance of factors affecting the quality of green spaces in the eyes of citizens and their satisfaction with these factors. In the second part of the study, the parks were evaluated in terms of two aspects of the physical appearance and the maintenance of the park. In order to evaluate each park, by surveying the parks, a score between zero and seven was assigned to each statement based on the Likert scale. A higher score means higher quality of the proposition. After collecting the scores of each park, the total score of each dimension of service quality was calculated. Then, using the Grey Relational Analysis method, the parks were ranked. In the third part, how the citizens use the parks of the region, including motivation, feeling, number of times, time and duration of the visit were studied. In this study, we tried to use most tangible quality statements to evaluate the quality of services and ranking of parks in District 17. However, in order to identify other citizens' expectations from the facilities and services of urban parks, another questionnaire was designed and completed using the interview method.

The results of the first part of the research show that the lowest level of satisfaction is related to press kiosks, buffets, toilets, sportswear locker rooms, lighting facilities, cultural product booths and park security. The results of the second part showed that Abuzar, Jihad and Zamzam parks have the highest rank and carnation, sun and youth parks have the lowest rank. In the third part of the study, the study of citizens' motivation to visit the parks of the region showed that being with children and being next to nature is the most important motivation of citizens in the region to visit the parks. These two factors reflect two important facts about District 17. Due to the large population of the region, one of the most important gathering places for families and children and adolescents is the parks of the region. Also other expectations of citizens can be categorized as follows: increasing the facilities of parks, increasing children's play equipments, cleanliness, tidiness, security, creating changing rooms for sports fields, adapting sports facilities for the elderly, expanding the area of ​​parks, creating special skating and cycling routes, installing electric play equipment, collecting annoying and addicted people, creating safe and comfortable places for women and children, creating a parking lot and increasing the safety of children's playground equipment, creating cultural facilities in parks.

The results of this study generally show that the quality of services in the parks of District 17 is not in a good condition. The results of the qualitative evaluation help the district managers to plan and take action to correct the propositions that have caused the most gaps in the SERVQUAL model by studying them. More citizen satisfaction can be achieved in this way. Using the ranking, the municipality of District 17 can effectively prioritize the allocation of funds to improve the quality of green space in the parks of the district. The results of this study can provide managers with a good understanding of the situation of citizens' use of park services in the region and help them to plan to increase the quality of use of park services.

Although urbanization brings prosperity and comfort to rural migrants and increases the income and perhaps the socio-economic base of migrants, it may endanger the health of people and their health Issues such as air pollution, noise pollution and urban pollution in general, migration from the village to the city is an inevitable process that takes place with different standards in all countries of the world, including our country, and this has attracted the attention of most urban thinkers. The cultural inconsistencies that immigrants have with the urban population increases the possibility of social deviations .The research method is analytical and it is classified as applied research in terms of the type of research. The statistical population of the research is 10,038 people aged 20-34 from rural areas living in Semiram city, and using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 320 people was selected. The sampling method in this research is random. The findings of the study show that there is a significant relationship between the variables of age, access to facilities and welfare services of villagers, the level of satisfaction with educational facilities, the ease of access to the city and the influence of mass communication tools and the desire to settle in the city.Also, there was no significant relationship between the variables of socio-economic base, gender, distance from the village to the city, and the type of use of mass communication tools and the desire to live in the city.

Identification and improvement of the available social and service sites in rural settlements and consciously management of facilities and services are among the main policies of rural development planning which not only help optimal distribution of facilities and resources in rural areas but also make space justice coherent and create appropriate space structure for settlements. The purpose of the research is to conduct a spatial analysis of the benefit of rural agglomerations from the distribution of services in the area studied. The research was an applied, descriptive-analytical one in which library-based research and field study were used for data collection. PSI model was used for data analysis and cluster model test was calculated via SPSS. Then, ArcGIS was used to show the level of benefit of rural agglomerations from spatial distribution and distribution of services on maps. The results indicated that north Kouhdasht and east Tarhan rural agglomerations have better privilege compared with other rural districts. Furthermore, west Rumeshkan rural agglomerations is almost privileged; however, other rural agglomerations under study were deprived and not privileged.

Organizing and redistributing public services at the level of rural settlements of Shahinshahr and Meimeh counties, in accordance with the norms and standards of rural public services and considering the criteria of sustainable development, especially achieving justice is an important place. The present study is applied. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population is all the villages of Shahinshahr and Mimeh and The sample size was the total number of inhabited villages in rural settlements of Shahinshahr and Mimeh counties. The collected data were analyzed using Guttman and SPSS and factor analysis model. The results showed that the spatial distribution system of public services in Shahin Shahr and Maymeh counties was disproportionate and it is not evenly distributed in the villages and in some villages there are not the least services. This is due to the fact that the villages of Seh and Morche Khort are in the best condition in terms of public services and the villages of Robat Aghakmal, Chaghad, Maravand and Bagh Miran are in the worst condition. In the Pearson test section, it is observed that there is a positive and significant relationship between different spatial-locational indicators with public services in the villages of Shahinshahr and Meimeh counties, only between population and distance to the city center. This indicates that each village with a larger population has more services, and villages that are less far from the city center have more services. Accordingly, in the T-test section, among the various indicators of public services, only the status of the communication and trade-service index is somewhat favorable, and the educational, cultural and religious, politicaladministrative and health-treatment indicators are disproportionate.

The distribution of rural services indicates the growth and development of rural areas and, therefore, the manner in which decentralized planning mechanisms are at stake in the country. In the distribution of rural services in the early stages of development, attention to physical, social and economic indicators is very important. Measurement and evaluation of the distribution of issues and affecting factors in development and the degree of equality or inequality in the distribution of one of the methods of identifying the status of society and its developmental level. The present study seeks to investigate the relationship between population distribution and distribution of services in rural areas. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study is the villages of Ilam province. The required data are derived from the census results of population and housing in 1390 and I395 in Ilam province. And using the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve, the comparison of the distribution of services according to the population in rural areas of the province has been and have been analyzed. The findings show that in 1395 there was a greater equality in the distribution of services according to population in rural areas of the province and in 1390 on the contrary( Inequality in the distribution of services).

Inequality between urban and rural areas and also among different settlements across the country in terms of distribution of facilities and services, currently has been turned into an obstacle for integrated and sustainable Development, not only in our country, but also in all developing countries. So that most of the services and facilities are gathered in certain places, and in some areas particularly rural areas, lack of services has been caused more migration to the counties, evacuation of villages from population, unemployment and enormous problems for rural and urban areas as well as many problems in the planning for Sustainable development for planners and policy makers in the task of development. In this regard, in order to solve the problems of regional imbalances, the first step is the identification and ranking villages in terms of enjoyment from development indicators. In order to achieve this aim and also due to the process of rural depopulation in Kermanshah province from 44 percent based on the 1365 census to 30 percent in 1392, and the necessity of attention to this depopulation in villages and their migration to counties and urban overpopulation and problems regarding this evacuation of the villages, in this research the study and analysis of rural areas in the counties of Kermanshah province is discussed using multi-criteria decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS, SAW and Numerical Taxonomy. In this regard, the questions which this study seeks to answer include:1. Is there any difference between rural areas of Kermanshah province in terms of development?
2. Which areas are most deprived and most developed rural areas in Kermanshah province in terms of development? In the process of planning and developing rural areas, identifying and analyzing the current status in the villages and studying facilities and their limitations in different fields is essential and helps planners to assign the goals of development and to specify policies and strategies of their achievement. In this process, determining development levels and developing rural areas and studying strengths and weaknesses of every area’s conditions in the fields of education, culture, health, infrastructure and services; provides the optimal allocation background of resources and facilities for the coordinated, integrated and balanced development of villages. In this regard, this study is prepared with the purpose of determining the levels of development in rural areas of counties in Kermanshah province. The method of study was based on descriptive-analytic method and the statistical population included rural areas of 14 counties in Kermanshah province according to statistical yearbook of 1392. Analysis of data accomplished using multi-criteria decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS, SAW, and Numerical Taxonomy. After calculating multi-criteria decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS, and SAW for acquiring the amount of development and final ranking, the mean values obtained from three models are computed and rural areas of Kermanshah county ranked 1 and were known as most developed and rural areas of Salas-e Babajani in rank 14, were most deprived rural areas in this study. Also, in calculations accomplished in Numerical Taxonomy method, when the spatial distance between areas of study calculated, the results indicated a lack of homogeneity in studied counties. According to calculations, upper limit spatial distance is equal to 3/54 and lower limit spatial distance is equal to 2/08, in which counties placed between 2/08 till 3/54 (Sahne, Paveh, Dalahu, Sarpol-e Zahab, Kangavar, and Sonqor) are homogeneous together in a group, counties upper than 3/54 (Kermanshah) stood in a homogeneous group, and counties lower than 2/08 (Eslamabad-e Gharb, Gilan-e Gharb, Harsin, Qasr-e Shirin, Javanrud, Ravansar, and Salas-e Babajani) also stood together in a homogeneous group. The consequence of many of development strategies which emphasized only on the improvement of social and economic aspects and provision of facilities and services, was the appearance of inequality in the surface of different spaces and areas. In all theories of spatial development, which have been planned based on the pattern of economic growth, rural areas are considered as marginal and no significant areas in terms of creating growth process. In these patterns, based on top-down planning approach, strong focus in the planning and implementation of development projects is considered as a principle. In different countries, the beginning of rural planning goes back to 1940 and 1950 AD decades. But in Iran, according to composition of 6 construction programs before Islamic evolution and 5 development programs after revolution, we are still seeing inequality in the distribution of services and facilities in the country; which maybe the most important reasons are the dispersal of villages in the country, the focus of planning from top to down, Lack of public participation in plans and projects, lack of coordination between different organizations in providing services and less attention to local management in the areas. According to the foregoing subjects and in order to understand the way of distribution of services and facilities in order to help the planning from bottom and local management with respect to sustainable rural development, in this research it is proceeded to study rural areas of Kermanshah province in the case of its counties using decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS and SAW and Numerical Taxonomy with 54 variables and 5 educational and cultural, hygienic, institutional And infrastructural, services and communications and population indicators. results of study indicate imbalance in the distribution of services and facilities in the counties of Kermanshah province, so that 30 percent of the rural population in Kermanshah province are in the well-developed level, 36 percent of the population are in the half-developed level, and also 34 percent of the population are in the deprived level. The overall results of the analysis indicate regional inequalities in the province of Kermanshah. The overall results of the analysis indicate regional inequalities in the province of Kermanshah.

The rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing need to provide a fair distribution of municipal services is one of the important issues and challenges facing managers and urban planners in developing countries such as Iran. In recent decades, Babolsar faced with rapid urbanization. This has led to imbalances in the distribution of urban services. The aim of this study was to determine the scope and coverage of the public services within the city of Babolsar and the way to distribute them; for this purpose, the data of some services like ­the fire stations­, schools, green spaces and health care gathered and after defining them, the data has been analyzed using network analysis in GIS environment. The results show that in terms of service radius and covering area of public services, Babolsar city does not have a fair distribution of services and significant parts of the Babolsar city located outside the scope of coverage and services in the public service sector. Among them, services such as emergency departments, fire stations, schools and parks can be pointed out that accessing citizens to these services has been facing some difficulties. For this purpose, at the end of this research, some suggestions are also made to solve this problem­.

Reviewing rural development literature indicates that despite the efforts that have made on eliminating inequalities in distributing services among different areas, there still exists some kind of inequality and imbalance in the field, especially between Iran Villages. According to the previous assessments, village's development rates are yet heterogeneous and unequal considering developmental indexes. So, to obtain rural development the first essential and undeniable step is to identify the village's present status quo of services and the way of distributing facilities among them. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to study and rank villages in Kiar County according to their services amount using centrality index model. In this regard, this paper applied analytic-descriptive methodology and used 8 major services indices and 75 indicators in ranking villages in Kiar. The results indicated that the village's development level and accessibility to services are unequal, unfair and heterogeneous in such a way that among all the villages studied, 4 ones received the top-notch services which made a large gap between other villages. These villages include Dastgerd Emamzade, Dezzak, and Kharaji with 8/48, 8/03, and 6/15 scores respectively.

The Extension and Services Centers of Agriculture aim to create the necessary basis to fulfill all the duties and responsibilities of the Ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture in rural and agricultural environments. These centers are responsible for ensuring that the farmers are continually satisfied with the services being delivered. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the service quality in Extension and Services Centers of Agriculture in Alborz Province using the SERVQUAL Model. This study was conducted using the survey method, and a modified SERVQUAL standard questionnaire was applied as a research tool. The validity of the instrument was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was determined by Cronbach’s Alpha (over 0.7) for different scales of the questionnaire. The target population consisted of existing farmers and users visiting the seven service centers in the province. Based on Cochran’s formula, the sample size was determined to be 180 persons who were chosen by random sampling method. The result of this study showed that there is a significant difference between perception and expectation in all dimensions of service quality (reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles). There was also a significant difference between the satisfaction levels of respondents with respect to the different dimensions of service quality. Finally, some recommendations have been proposed to the decrease the gap between the perception and expectation of services.

Tabriz due to its ecotourism, historical, and cultural attractions has the potential to attract tourists from both other countries and within Iran. Thus, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive tourism plan as well as the essential infrastructures and services needed by tourists visiting this city. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors which may affect the satisfactions of tourists who visit Tabriz. The data were collected through questionnaires and were analyzed using the SPSS software. The results showed a significant correlation (r = 98%, sig = 0.000) between the services and tourists’ satisfaction. Based on the obtained results, 88 percent of the participants were satisfied with the services and 95 percent of them were willing to visit Tabriz again. It was concluded that accommodation, food, and entertainment, as well as the quality and quantity of services would affect tourists’ willingness to visit Tabriz again. Also, weather conditions, commercial centers, and parks were marked as the satisfaction indexes of tourism in Tabriz.

In this study, factors affecting underdeveloped tourism industry in Kohgiloyeh and Boyer- Ahmad has been studied. Five factors of the lack of services and infrastructure, problems of seasonal demand, weak marketing and advertising, social and cultural barriers and the multiplicity of decision centers as issues related to the underdevelopment of the tourism industry in Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province were introduced. To address the relationship of these factors on the underdevelopment of tourism, five hypotheses were formulated and to test the hypothesis, Statistic tests such as Spearman correlation test, t-test and ANOVA analysis of variance was used. The study population is consisted of experts and stakeholders of tourism industry in Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and required data were collected by questionnaire. The results show that there is a meaningful relationship between the lack of infrastructure and services and underdevelopment of Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Tourism industry as well as the problems of seasonal demand, weak marketing and advertising, social and cultural problems and the multiplicity of decision centers with underdeveloped tourism industry of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad.

Geographical inequalities (socio-economic inequality) specially in rural areas, has caused. the intense pressure to get a variety of services and facilities in urban areas. Space imbalances and inequalities in the distribution of facilities and services as the main property of city settlements spatial structure is observable in Saqqez. avoiding spatial inequalities and instabilities in areas, studying, evaluation and classification of settlements in terms of access to facilities and services and analysis of these inequalities is essential to achieve the required knowledge for planning and management of land. This study is descriptive – analysis in method. The main purposes of this study are the holistic and integrated leveling of Saqqez rural districts and analysis of inequalities there. The results indicate that the entitlement Status of this rural arease is different and unequal and has significant differences.