strategic planning

Considering the increase in inter-urban competition to attract financial resources through place-making policies and place branding, and the need to strengthen the urban competitiveness to attract these resources, the revitalization of the vulnerable historical districts is one of the challenging goals of contemporary urban planning. This article aims to formulate strategies for regenerating the historical neighborhood of Zarch city, Iran, using the Meta-SWOT methodology. Because the method is expert-based, 20 experts in urban planning and management participated in this research to provide the required data. Some of the most essential strategies according to the fitness of resources and capabilities with external factors and with the goals of urban regeneration in the historical district of Zarch city extracted in this research are as follow: Utilizing historical buildings to expand tourism capacities and empower low-income groups; Attracting private sector investment through place branding policies and promoting the economic potential of historical district; Strengthening the urban transportation network; Creating a desirable image through social media; strengthening public infrastructures to empower low-income groups; utilizing social media to attract international tourists and proposing tax and toll incentives to attract private sector investment.

Due to the changes and developments of recent years, the nomadic society of Iran has faced relatively serious challenges in various fields, so that in some regions of the country, the nomadic population is drastically decreasing. In order to reduce the increasing problems of nomadic society, tourism is mentioned as a new strategy in order to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to identify the optimal strategy for the development of nomadic tourism, which was conducted as a case study in Fars province (which has the largest nomadic population in Iran). The method governing this study is the descriptive-analytical approach, and the main tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire that was completed by 15 experts. SWOT model has been used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that the final weight of identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was 3.052, 3.049, 3.252 and 0.344, respectively and in total, the external factors affecting the development of nomadic tourism prevail over the internal factors. The results of the identification of the optimal strategy for the development of nomadic tourism in Fars province showed that the offensive strategy (SO) has been identified as the most appropriate strategy and for the development of nomadic tourism, the main emphasis should be focused on internal strengths and external opportunities.

This study investigates strategies for developing a resilient housing model to address future pandemics, specifically focusing on District 3 of Sanandaj, Iran. The primary objective is identifying and formulating strategies that enhance housing characteristics and improve preparedness for health crises. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative data, and utilizes a descriptive-analytical methodology for comprehensive analysis. The study targets experts in land and housing planning from District 3. The findings underscore the urgent need for effective strategies to establish a robust housing model capable of responding to future health crises. SWOT and QSPM analyses indicate that achieving this goal necessitates comprehensive and coordinated planning, encouragement of private sector investment, and enhancement of supervisory systems and decision-making readiness. It is crucial to build on existing strengths, leverage opportunities, and address weaknesses and threats, particularly within supervisory and executive frameworks. The proposed strategies aim to improve the quality of life and public health by fostering the development of more resilient housing solutions. Additionally, these strategies seek to enhance transparency and efficiency in decision-making processes and to cultivate greater public trust in supervisory systems. Implementing these measures will facilitate the successful attainment of developmental and strategic goals in the housing sector, engagement in strengthening the response to future pandemics, and enhancing overall community well-being.

As cultural, economic and social centers, cities play a significant role in attracting tourists. With the increasing need for sustainable development, paying attention to ecological aspects in the development of urban tourism is proposed as a vital and necessary approach. Sustainable urban tourism with an emphasis on ecological power not only attracts tourists, but also protects the environment and the ecological balance of cities. Therefore, in the current research, an effort was made to look from the inside out and with new strategic thinking, while identifying internal resources and capabilities, macro environmental factors and positive points, in addition to searching for the functions, to provide positive solutions to city managers and officials. In relation to the realization of sustainable urban tourism development in District 22 in Tehran. This research is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection, and questionnaire is a means of collecting information. Meta-SWOT model, PESTEL analysis, GIS-10.8 and Global Maper.25 have been used for data analysis. The results showed that among the internal resources and capabilities of sustainable urban tourism development in region 22, with emphasis on its ecological power, they have different weights, so that factors such as the presence of natural lands in the north, west and east of the region and the possibility to Ecological coherence (1/70), the existence of Martyrs' Lake in the Persian Gulf (1/68), the existence of Chitgar forest park in the region, the existence of extensive military lands as a potential for the development of the base environment, and the existence of recreational and public tourism places in the region jointly with The score (1.38) has the highest weight, which indicates that it is valuable, inimitable and organizational appropriateness compared to other factors in the development of sustainable urban tourism in region 22, and should be at the top of the executive actions of managers and officials in order to realize it.

Planning for sustainability of rural tourism requires basic spatial studies. So far, more than 30 villages in the Markazi province have been targeted as key villages of rural tourism, which are not necessarily all susceptible to sustainable tourism development, nor are such capabilities limited to this number. This research, as a basic spatial study in rural tourism planning and policy-making, has focused on 130 tourism-related villages across the province. The needed data were gathered primarily by self-designing a comprehensive worksheet, including the location of villages, structural and human prerequisites of tourism, types of attractions and exploitable tangible and intangible heritage, job opportunities, products and events, and drivers and obstacles of rural tourism development. Considering the three principal components of "heritage and tourist attractions," "tourism infrastructure and facilities," and "tourism employment and entrepreneurship" as necessary prerequisites and desirable outcomes, four distinct groups were identified for strategic planning of rural tourism. Only ten villages were prone to sustainability in tourism development with a simultaneous favorable situation in all triple dimensions. On the other hand, tourism was found to be an inappropriate option for 22 villages, lacking strategic priority in 48 other villages. More importantly, 50 villages with the ability and priority to realize the development and sustainability of tourism were also identified and introduced in three distinct subgroups with different strategic requirements in policy making and planning.

The purpose of this study is to conduct strategic planning for the development of tourism in North Khorasan villages based on competitive identity. The required data and information were collected using both library and survey methods. The sample consists of 40 experts familiar with the subject, selected using the snowball method. The Meta-SWOT tool was used to analyze the data and provide a competitive and strategic map. The results show that, in the regional competition map, Khorasan Razavi’s rural tourism, with a score of 5 on the x-axis (economic development), has the highest possible score and is considered the main competitor of North Khorasan’s rural tourism, which has an approximate score of 3.5. On the y-axis, which represents the socio-cultural dimension, the rural tourism of North Khorasan and Razavi are close to each other indicating that Razavi Khorasan and Golestan being the most important competitors in this dimension. On the strategic map, the historical tourism and rural eco-tourism capacity of North Khorasan, along with its bazaars, border crossings, and adjacency to the Razavi Khorasan tourist hub, have the highest strategic compatibility for strategic planning, with scores above 4 on the x-axis.

Due to their dynamic nature and being involved in various social, economic, cultural, managerial, etc. issues, cities have always faced problems and bottlenecks in their growth and development. One of these problems is the inefficient urban contexts, which require trade, models and new methods of urban planning to organize them to prevent further disturbances. Therefore, the purpose of this research and analysis of drivers and strategies of place quality is to realize urban regeneration in the separated urban area of Naysar (in the city of Sanandaj) to achieve this important goal. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and according to the investigated cases, the investigations on that descriptive-analytical method and using the techniques of environmental scanning and Delphi are used for identifications and indicators. Then, the semi-structured questionnaire was distributed among 40 experts and experts in the field of urban issues, and the obtained data were analyzed through MICMAC and Scenario Wizard software. The results of the research showed that the urban system sprays unstable conditions, especially in the part of the worn out and inefficient fabric of the separated urban area of Naysar (in the city of Sanandaj). Also, based on the analysis, 20 factors were identified as key drivers for improving the quality of places in creating the acceptance of sustainable urban regeneration in Naysar. Also, out of a total of 4039 cell judgments, 128 strongly limiting effects, 362 weakly limiting effects, 723 weakly limiting effects, 1801 no interactions, 65 strong enhancing effects, 304 moderate enhancing effects, and 656 weak enhancing effects were made to avoid spatial quality. They were stable in regeneration.

Sustainable nature tourism is the most appropriate form of tourism in natural ecosystems that can lead to the protection of nature and improvement in the livelihood of local residents. Therefore, planning for the development of nature tourism should be conducted in such a way that it causes the least damage to the region and its biodiversity. In this study, with the aim of developing sustainable nature tourism in the mangrove forests of Khamir and Qeshm, the strategic planning and prioritization of the strategies presented in this area were discussed using the PESTLE-SWOT model. According to the results, among the internal and external factors, opportunities have been assigned the highest weight, as well as external factors (opportunities and threats) have more points than internal factors (strengths and weaknesses). The percentage of strategies obtained in each of the strategic areas indicated that the strategies of "participatory development of nature tourism (WO)" with 32% have the highest value among the strategies studied in this area. Thus, planners and managers should improve opportunities and reduce weaknesses in this area. Based on the prioritization of strategies, the ‎zoning strategy and development of suitable recreational activities in the area (in the scope of SO) has the highest priority and the strategy of effective management of road infrastructures and ‎the access network to the region's reservoirs (in the scope of ST) has the lowest priority.‎ Therefore, the strategic planning for sustainable nature tourism development in the unique mangrove habitats of Khamir and Qeshm requires that ecosystem services be planned within the framework of a management plan based on habitat zoning, the development of nature tourism activities in this area should be the focus of attention and planning within the boundaries of management and conservation zones.

In the global system, the pattern of strategic planning has been formed in the majority of participation in planning and theory of systems in different countries, and this type of planning has arisen due to the neglect and inadequacy of comprehensive plans. In less developed countries, the lack of people participation in the process of preparing and implementing urban comprehensive plans and not paying attention to the facilities and conditions for the realization of urban comprehensive plans are considered to be the reasons for the need to review the urban planning system and the preparation of the mentioned plans. Therefore, strategic planning was created in response to the basic weaknesses of comprehensive plans in meeting the city's needs and guiding its future growth and development. There are various reasons for the non-fulfillment of urban development plans, some Iranian experts have stated the most important of them as the problems of comprehensive plans under the two headings of "plan implementation failures" and "plan review and approval process failures". Therefore, the current research aims to examine the factors affecting the realization of urban development plans on a global scale and to extract and formulate indicators and factors affecting the realization of these plans. 

The current research is considered as an applied research in terms of its purpose and as a descriptive analytical research in terms of its nature. The approach of the current research is quantitative and qualitative. First, using MAXQDA analytical software, sub-, central, and selective codes are extracted to identify factors affecting the realization of urban development plans. To determine the feasibility of urban development plans on a global scale, various sources such as books, articles, reports, and various urban development plans were first studied, then coding was done using MAXQDA software. In the following, the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model has been used to prioritize and rank the factors affecting the realization of urban development plans. It has been used for ranking according to experts, including city managers, urban planning experts, consulting engineers, university professors, and other people who somehow have expertise and mastery of the subject. Therefore, sampling was carried out to the extent of scientific saturation and 20 people were identified as the sample population. 

The findings obtained for the investigation of urban development plans showed that the components of the realization of urban development plans are adaptability, coordination, communication and systematicity, flexibility, realism, decentralized and participatory planning, and transparency, which can be seen in the form of figure number 6. About the findings obtained in Table No. 7 (final rank of indicators), it should be said that among the components proposed to recognize the most important component affecting the realization of strategic plans is the component of realism and decentralized and participatory planning. In general, in successful countries in strategic planning, attention and emphasis on the mentioned components were able to realize urban development plans.

By reviewing the specialized literature of the research, it was determined that various factors affect the non-realization of urban development plans. They have been investigated in many researches, and it has been emphasized that different mechanisms have an effect on the nonrealization in all regions. Therefore, the common denominator of most of these researches is the emphasis on structural requirements at the national and regional scale, which is more consistent with the centralized and departmental management model. In addition, the spatial dimensions in the human and natural spheres affect the state of realizability. This effect sometimes hurts the realizability situation and in some cases, it also has a positive effect depending on the conditions governing different areas. In the current research, the incompatibility in the plans as well as the weak participation of all social groups have been emphasized. In general, successful countries in the field of strategic planning, with attention and emphasis on the components of adaptability, harmony, communication and systematicity, realism, decentralized planning, and transparency, were able to realize urban development plans. According to the findings, it should be said that among the components proposed to recognize the most important factor in the realization of urban development plans on a global scale, the realism and flexibility have been assigned the most points.

Commercial tourism is also considered a part of the tourism industry that can play an effective role in the development rural border areas by principled, appropriate planning and identification of its advantages and limitations.Research goal: the present study in the framework of strategic planning, while recognizing the internal and external factors affecting formation and development of business tourism, provides appropriate strategies in the field of sustainable rural development under the influence of trade tourism indicators.

The research method is descriptive-analytical. In order to advance objectives of research, 16strengths, 9weaknesses, 16opportunities and 8threats to business tourism were identified through analysis of government policies, interviews with business activists and number of local elites. In this study, SWOT and QSPM strategic planning tools were used.

In the SWOT matrix, according to the final score in IFE (3.33) and in EFE (3.58), the aggressive strategy of SO as suitable strategy to achieve the development of commercial tourism in the Dehshikh-Sigar commercial area at the horizon of 1410 means achieving the scenario Golden determined. Then, the best strategies were identified with the help of Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), prioritization and the most important strategy "Access to additional facilities and purchasing facilities due to the proximity of study area to the sea and commercial markets in the southern Persian Gulf countries", with a score (4.084).

are mostly physical, static and traditional, and their preparation of social, economic and managerial dimensions are not considered and are not elastic, long-term, and ultimately feasible. Therefore, the transition from these plans to strategic planning seems to be unlikely to solve problems and adapt to future developments. The main purpose of this research is the Preparation of Sustainable Urban Development Strategies in Kermanshah City. The research method is applied, and in terms of method and nature, is descriptive-analytical. So, by studying documents and researches related to Kermanshah city, as well as interviewing people and responsible for preparing and developing weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats, then these factors were used as a questionnaire among managers and experts of Municipality, Governorate, Housing And urban planning and related authorities. The sample size of this research is 30 experts and administrators. The swot model was used to analyze the collected data and present a suitable strategy. Then, to prioritize the strategies of SWAT technique, 5 professors and experts responded to the second questionnaire and the TOPSIS and ACCEPT techniques have been used to rank the strategies. The results show that Kermanshah's most important strategies are in an aggressive position and include strategies for tourism development, agricultural development, service and industrial development, commercial development, and communication development

As the world's largest service industry, tourism is one of the important sources of economic prosperity in terms of job creation, foreign exchange earnings, poverty reduction, and increasing social exchange and interaction. With its natural potentials and pristine tourism areas, Hashjin city has the ability to become a tourism hub, which can play an effective role in the development of the national and regional economy with proper planning and identification of existing strengths and limitations. The aim of the current research is to identify the potentials and attractions of urban tourism. The research method in this research is analytical and descriptive and of applied research type. Also, SWOT analytical method has been used to analyze information and provide tourism development strategy. For this purpose, a list of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats has been prepared and by adjusting the strategic factors of the SWOT matrix, it has been extracted and the approaches resulting from these analyzes have been presented as pioneering policies to strengthen the infrastructure and tourism potentials of Hashjin city. The findings of the research show that offensive strategies (so) are the first priority. In fact, offensive strategies show that by emphasizing the strengths and opportunities, the severity of the weaknesses can be reduced and the threats can be neutralized, and in order to achieve the goals by using these strategies, strengthening and increasing the facilities and services and communication and communication infrastructures at the same time Tourism attractions and resources are proposed with the aim of attracting more tourist satisfaction and creating employment and income, as well as providing appropriate policies to remove existing restrictions and obstacles.

Since 1999, a new approach was proposed in the planning literature under the title of "Urban Development Strategy," which focuses on strengthening the competitive economy, but at the same time, environmental, financial, infrastructure, urban structure, and reduction aspects. It covers poverty and includes planning for measures prepared to improve urban management and governance, increase investment to improve services and employment, and sustain and systematically reduce poverty in the city. In these plans, with the focus on urban management and the participation of urban stakeholders, the city's vision is specified, and strategies are formulated to achieve the vision and sustainable development of the city. The rapid changes in Piranshahr due to the city's functioning require the city to have a basic, correct, flexible, and suitable plan. Despite this, having a comprehensive and forward-looking plan has been deprived. It has been limited to a guiding and comprehensive urban plan due to the emphasis on the physical aspect, static and traditional, lack of flexibility, weak implementation capability, the lack of attention to the dominant function of the city, and most importantly, the lack of people's participation in these plans have not met the current needs of Piranshahr. The current research was written to measure the indicators of urban development strategy, identify the city's potential, and formulate its development strategies.

The present research is based on the objective, functional, and descriptive-analytical methods. Data were collected using a survey approach. The statistical population of the research is three groups of citizens, officials, and elites of Piranshahr. To evaluate the situation of Piranshahr in terms of the CDS index, questionnaires were distributed among a group of citizens, officials, and elites, and after data collection, they were analyzed in SPSS software. According to the results of the questionnaire and according to the upstream plans and the review of the existing situation, the key limitations and the potential and future development prospects of Piranshahr were identified and specified. Then, the factors identified in the SWOT model were evaluated, and their weighting was done by redistributing the questionnaire. According to the weighting results of the questionnaires, strategies were prioritized with a combination of AHP-SWOT and ANP-SWOT models and Expert Choice and Super Decision software.

The evaluation results of CDS indicators in Piranshahr from the point of view of urban groups of citizens, officials, and elites were 2.42, 2.31, and 2.15, respectively. There is a significant difference in the evaluation of the views of the urban groups in relation to the indicators, and only in the index "dominance" (F (2, 479) =2.48, P=0.084), there is no significant difference between the groups. It can be said that "Piranshahr is not in a favorable situation in terms of CDS indicators and sub-indices." In the landscape creation process, citizens, officials, and elites have identified the main issues in the current situation as the lack of urban facilities and services (citizens), the lack of appropriate and sufficient government investments (officials), and the lack of a comprehensive plan for the city (elites) have listed the process of co-creating the vision was done in two stages, which is as follows: "A city with an economy based on commercial (overseas) commercial activity; a city with mining activity (with an emphasis on decorative stone mines); a city with natural and historical tourist attractions with an emphasis on shopping tourism; a city with an agricultural economy."The residents of Piranshahr have a consensus regarding the potential of Piranshahr and the vision of the city in the next 20 years. The results of the AHP model show that the strategy "Strengthening the commercial performance (overseas) of Piranshahr city and related functions" with the highest score (0.374) as the "best strategy" and the strategy "creating and developing infrastructure" Tourism strategies with an emphasis on shopping tourism and optimal utilization of natural and historical tourist attractions" were also selected with a score of 0.284 as an "alternative strategy" for the future development of Piranshahr. Also, the results of the ANP model indicate that the strategy "Strengthening the business performance (overseas) of Piranshahr city and related functions" with the highest score (0.357) as the "best strategy" and the main strategy for the future development of Piranshahr was determined. The final output of the two models shows differences only in the final weights of the strategies; so, the priority in the AHP model is 0.374 but in the ANP model it is 0.357.

What is clear is that Piranshahr is not in a favorable situation in terms of CDS indicators. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the management and development of Piranshahr from a participatory point of view. The city management and its development have left the path of following political management, and by involving the stakeholders of the city in the urban development program, the sharp divergence between the city management and social activists reduced and thus improved the situation of CDS indicators in the city and led it to a path where every citizen is responsible for the development of the city and thus the situation of CDS indicators in Piranshahr has improved. The ground for the development of the city should be prepared. On the other hand, according to the development of a specific vision for the city in a specific horizon (2035), it is necessary to prepare a comprehensive urban plan based on integrated urban management with the participation of citizens and creating a suitable environment by the urban management. The city's administrative and executive bodies should lead the city toward development by moving in the direction of integrated management.

The purpose of proposing the desired problem is to achieve a program that can identify the problems of Shahrekord city at transnational, national, regional and local levels and formulate the necessary goals based on that. Using MAXQDA analytical software, sub-, central and selective codes were extracted to identify factors affecting the realization of urban development plans. In order to determine the feasibility of urban development plans on a global scale, first, various sources such as books, articles, reports, various urban development plans were studied, then coding was done using MAXQDA software. Then, the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model was used to prioritize and rank the factors affecting the realization of urban development plans. By reviewing the specialized research literature, it was determined that various cases have an impact on the non-realization of urban development plans, and in many researches, different mechanisms have an impact on the non-realization. Therefore, the common denominator of most of these researches is the emphasis on structural requirements at the national and regional scale, which is more consistent with the centralized and departmental management model. In addition, the spatial dimensions in the human and natural spheres have an impact on the state of realizability. This impact sometimes is negative on the realizability situation and in some cases it also is positive depending on the conditions governing different areas.

Backcasting is a normative, target-oriented, and problem-solving approach, focusing on the desirable future vision and looking back for how to achieve it. Despite the growing global attention to backcasting and its efficiency in various fields, this approach has not been considered in urban planning and facing the complex issues and evolvements of the city in Iran. Therefore, this article uses the backcasting approach to develop a roadmap for Tehran’s vision. The presumption of this study from the desirable future vision is the same as that compiled in Tehran’s Strategic-Structural (Comprehensive) Plan. Thus, it indicates applying expert-based backcasting by stepping back from Tehran’s desirable future vision on the horizon of 2026 to the origin of the current situation in 2006. The ideals of the development perspective in the seven pillars have been scrutinized as the desirable future vision. Studying the current situation has been done by the qualitative content analysis of the document of Tehran’s Comprehensive Plan. Then, the roadmap was followed by defining key steps and targets, essentially placed in three distinct categories. Accordingly, Tehran’s desirable future vision will be realized through the pathway of three short visions, including “Tehran is aware of its existential nature with comprehensive knowledge about facilities and limitations for consolidation and modification,” “Tehran is the capacity builder for infrastructure and facility services, socially and organizationally capable, and prepared to all-round development,” and “Tehran is a prosperous and sustainable regarding cohesion and resilience, wealthy concerning the quality of life, and influential on a transnational level.”

Backcasting is a normative, target-oriented, and problem-solving approach, focusing on the desirable future vision and looking back for how to achieve it. Despite the growing global attention to backcasting and its efficiency in various fields, this approach has not been considered in urban planning and facing the complex issues and evolvements of the city in Iran. Therefore, this article uses the backcasting approach to develop a roadmap for Tehran’s vision. There is a difference between predictive, explorative, and normative methods that seek to study probable, possible, and preferable futures. In this way, the backcasting is distinguished from other future studies approaches. Forecasting goes from the present to the future, but backcasting starts from the future and connects to the present. Hence, backcasting as a process and not a method involves identifying a preferable future with desired goals aspired by the planning client and creating milestones or decisive steps on the pathway from that desirable future vision back to the present. It is relevant when short-term directional studies and longer-term forecasts indicate that the goals and targets will not be achieved within the designated time.

The backcasting approach can be classified as expert-based backcasting, participative backcasting, and interactive backcasting. Expert-based backcasting focuses on the technical analysis of future policy recommendations in a top-down process. In contrast, participative and interactive backcasting mainly emphasize defining future visioning in a bottom-up manner. After defining the desirable future vision in the first phase, the second phase is to look back to the present, study, and analyze the current situation compared to that vision. Accordingly, in the third phase, a roadmap is developed, including decisive steps and key targets providing short visions to achieve the end vision. The presumption of this study from the desirable future vision is the same as that compiled in Tehran’s Strategic-Structural (Comprehensive) Plan. Thus, it indicates applying expert-based backcasting by stepping back from Tehran’s desirable future vision on the horizon of 2026 to the origin of the current situation in 2006. The ideals of the development perspective in the seven pillars have been scrutinized as the desirable future vision. Studying the current situation under the mentioned pillars has been done by the qualitative content analysis of the document of Tehran’s Comprehensive Plan, including 11 volumes or main study areas. Then, the roadmap was followed by defining key steps and targets, essentially placed in three distinct categories.

The seven pillars of the desirable future vision include “Iranian-Islamic originality and identity,” “intelligence, smartness, and globality,” “greenness, beauty, and vitality,” “security and resistance against crises and risks,” “structural stability and coherence,” “prosperous, well-equipped, and fair,” and “centralized with national and global functions.” According to the pillars mentioned above, studying the current situation is the result of the content analysis of the plan and the inspection of the instances included in it, which generally have a physical-spatial nature and mainly indicate the inappropriateness of the context resulted in the occurrence of widespread functional disorders in Tehran. Accordingly, the roadmap to realize Tehran’s desirable future vision has been developed based on the current situation following the framework of the seven pillars. This roadmap includes normative key steps and targets, and their number varies in the pathway of connecting the current situation to the desirable future vision in the seven pillars. It means that in achieving the desirable future vision from the current situation, the number and priority of the steps and targets could differ depending on the pillars’ nature.

Accordingly, Tehran’s desirable future vision will be realized through the pathway of three short visions, including “Tehran is aware of its existential nature with comprehensive knowledge about facilities and limitations for consolidation and modification,” “Tehran is the capacity builder for infrastructure and facility services, socially and organizationally capable, and prepared to all-round development,” and “Tehran is a prosperous and sustainable regarding cohesion and resilience, wealthy concerning the quality of life, and influential on a transnational level.” By forecasting the current situation, these visions and targets could be considered as a basis for backcasting for a constant and continuous pathway towards the gradual realization of the desirable future vision and, simultaneously, as a topic for further related research. Meanwhile, using participatory and interactive backcasting approaches in differentiating or complementing expert-based ones is a significant field for study in the future.

In the macro goals of the country's social and economic development programs, the correct and sustainable use of existing natural resources to improve the quality of life of present and future generations has been emphasized. For this purpose, planning to create balance in the environment of the regions and equip development centers by expanding the infrastructure and production capacity of the environment according to the capabilities, conditions, and environmental considerations as one of the essential policies of economic development in different regions of the country is recommended. Today, tourism is a significant industry worldwide and plays a significant role in countries' economic prosperity. One of the important economic effects of tourism is the rapid growth of job creation, which has effectively developed and expanded job opportunities for different segments of society. The strategic-management process can be described as an objective, logical, systematic approach to making major organizational decisions. It attempts to organize qualitative and quantitative information in a way that allows effective decisions to be made under conditions of uncertainty. Although strategic management is not a pure science that lends itself to a nice, neat, one-two-three approach, the process is widely viewed to consist of three distinct stages as strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. A strategic plan provides individuals and groups with a way to deal with future threats and opportunities and their potential impact on the organization or community. In this regard, the present study aims to prioritize the planning strategies in the region.

 The present study uses the strategic planning process of the tourism capabilities and functions of Shahinshahr and Meimeh and its surrounding environment to determine practical strategies and guidelines for tourism development in the study area. This study applied two techniques such as the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In order to identify strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, interviews with experts and activists in the field of tourism have been made with the study of related texts and documents. This paper introduces the concept of MADM into SWOT analysis to construct a quantified SWOT analytical method. Therefore, it is constructed according to the four factors of decision-making as alternatives, criteria, performance, and weight. Alternatives refer to objects to be compared. Criteria refer to the key factors of external assessment. Performance structure refers to the weights of the critical factors. Performance means the performance of the object compared under the evaluation of all the key factors. The aim of applying the hybrid method is to improve the quantitative information basis of strategic planning processes. Finally, the most important internal and external factors promoting tourism development in the region were identified after screening. After obtaining the required information, the region's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were weighed using the SWOT analytical model. Then, the QSPM technique was used to prioritize the strategies by completing a questionnaire and AHP in an Expert Choice environment.

The results of the SWOT showed that the tourism development plan is in the first part of the matrix, IE, the offensive or development strategy, which indicates the dominance of strengths and opportunities over weaknesses and threats. Weighing the importance of internal and external factors based on the AHP method also presented similar results to the SWOT model. The results of the prioritization of strategies based on the QSPM method showed that among the proposed strategies, planning strategy to increase the length of stay of tourists in the region, especially overnight stay, is the priority and a systemic view and synergy to the tourism capacity of the city and surrounding environment in the comprehensive plan of tourism is in the second priority of higher importance. The results of the prioritization of strategies by the AHP method showed that a systematic and synergistic view of the tourism capacities of the city and the surrounding environment in the comprehensive tourism plan is the priority (0.292), and planning to increase the length of stay of tourists in the region, especially overnight stay in the second priority (0.270) for tourism development in the study area.

The method used in the study can be applied in similar research related to tourism destination management. One of the strengths of the present study was that the relationship among elements could be helpful in better identifying the area, and attention to the surrounding environment can be practical in providing a more comprehensive approach. The result also showed that some key elements could simultaneously be considered strengths and opportunities, and a more realistic view of strategic planning and strategy formulation can be established.

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Despite the importance of rural tourism in accelerating the process of rural development and the role of marketing in its development, studies show that there is a gap in studies in this field and researchers have largely neglected to address it. Kurdistan province, as one of the richest provinces of Iran in terms of rural tourism, is not exempt from the mentioned rule and faces many challenges in the field of rural tourism marketing. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to identify the most important rural tourism marketing strategy in Kurdistan province.

Design/methodology/approach:

 The main tool for collecting field data is a researcher-made questionnaire, and the SWOT model is used to analyze the collected data.

The research findings showed that rural tourism in Kurdistan province has complex conditions in terms of internal and external factors related to rural tourism marketing. In this way, along with the many strengths and opportunities of rural tourism marketing, there are also many weaknesses and threats. Also, the findings showed that the offensive strategy (SO) is the most suitable strategy for the development of rural tourism marketing.

in accordance with the nature of the aggressive strategy, they should emphasize on the identified strengths and opportunities in order to formulate and present all plans and strategies for the development of rural tourism marketing. Therefore, in line with the development of rural tourism marketing, suggestions such as advertising to introduce the natural and human attractions of rural tourism through virtual space and mass media were presented.

Originality/value:

 Considering that no study has been done regarding the identification of rural tourism marketing strategy in our country, this research is innovative.

The aim of this article was to present a strategic plan for the development of smart greenhouses in Isfahan province using the qualitative method of SWOT analysis. In this paper, the solutions for developing smart greenhouses based on maximum use of strengths by relying on opportunities, overcoming weaknesses by exploiting opportunities, using strengths to reduce threats and minimizing weaknesses by avoiding threats are presented. The results of this research show that the development of smart greenhouses in Isfahan province while reducing water consumption and environmental effects can increase product quality and profitability. On the other hand, the development of smart greenhouses in this province needs to overcome limitations such as high initial investment cost, technical complexity, need for maintenance and dependence on external factors. Also, the results show that the development of smart greenhouses in Isfahan province can use some favorable external factors such as increasing demand and low prices of greenhouse products compared to the global market. Some adverse external factors, such as sanctions, social resistance in accepting innovation, and market fluctuations also affect this process. This article provides suggestions for future research policy and addressing the cause of some gaps, limitations and challenges in supporting the smartening of greenhouses in Isfahan province.

AbstractCDS plans and strategic planning is the last version of the evolution of urban planning which with flexibility and participatory approach seeks to build consensus among citizens to create a future vision for urban development. The emphasis of the city development strategy is more on strengthening economic competition, but it also covers poverty reduction, improving the structure of urban management, as well as increasing the quality of environmental aspects. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and is based on descriptive-analytical method. The main purpose of this research is evaluating indicators of Mallard's City Development Strategy (urban good governance, livability, bankability and competitiveness). The statistical population of this study is a selection of citizens (380 people) and Mallard city managers (50 employees of the municipality and city council). Research data were collected based on a questionnaire and Cronbach's method was used to evaluate the reliability of the research tool. The results show that among the four-dimensional indicators of Mallard's city development strategy, the index "Security in banking systems to build trust between citizens" with 3.73 had the highest score and the index "Monitoring the maintenance of living standards (per capita income) and capital" with 3.40 had the lowest score. By comparing the four components, the "bankability" component had the best relative conditions and the "urban good governance" component had the worst conditions compared to the other components.Keywords: Urban Development, Mallard City, Strategic Planning, CODAS Model.

Throughout history, territories have always been exposed to natural hazards (earthquakes, etc.) and human hazards (war) and have caused a lot of human and financial losses. Therefore, the importance of passive defense before and after the crisis in order to control and reduce the damages is undeniable. In this regard, the purpose of the current research is to evaluate the use of urban land with an emphasis on passive defense, which has been carried out on a case-by-case basis in Ardabil city. The current research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose, and its statistical population consists of experts from Ardabil city, which, using the snowball method, 10 experts familiar with the city of Ardabil and the subject of non-functional Chedafand, were selected as the statistical sample of the research. , were selected and questioned. Also, SOAR strategic management model has been used to analyze the obtained data. The findings of the SOAR matrix implementation show that 4 strengths and 8 opportunities for non-active defense have been identified. Also, in this regard, 9 results and 3 ideals have been compiled (proper location of uses; Ardabil city, equipped with shelters for use in times of crisis; Ardabil city, safe city). The results of the research indicate that despite the existence of a comprehensive planning vacuum in the field of passive defense in Ardabil city, by using the SOAR positive thinking model and with strategic planning, we can hope to improve the performance of the system and reduce the vulnerability of this city.