جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « structuralism » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Structuralist sociology is a theoretical approach to understanding social systems and structures that shape social concepts and behaviors. This type of sociology is an attempt to use models and theories to explain and develop the systems and structures of society, which are planned based on modeling and modeling. Sociological study of Masnavi anecdotes, since it is an overview of how to interpret and react to various events and phenomena of society members, it can provide valid and acceptable criticisms and analyzes about the society of the time of its creation. give effect By using different patterns and diagrams and criticism and analysis based on these patterns and models, as well as by analyzing Masnavi anecdotes, based on the mentioned patterns and models, the possibility of comprehensive understanding of behavior And the reaction of society members to various issues is provided. This sociological study can help to identify the underlying causes behind certain behaviors and reactions as well as their effects on social dynamics. In addition, it can provide insight into how different social systems interact with each other, helping to make more informed decisions about how best to manage social institutions. Among the actions and reactions of people in society that affect people's interactions in different social situations, is the belief in absolute determinism or complete authority in doing daily life affairs. From the examination of the six notebooks of the Masnavi, it was concluded that the above issue is complex and controversial and somewhat inseparable.

The open space of residential complexes is a part of public spaces in residential complexes and plays a special place in meeting human needs and has been studied from different perspectives. By observing the numbness and tension in the outdoor areas of residential complexes, designers and planners are looking to provide a solution to create constructivism in this behavioral camp. The purpose of this research is to analyze spatial data. The research method in this research was analytical-descriptive, which achieved theoretical principles and framework through theoretical studies on theoretical foundations. In this study, five examples of residential complexes with open space in Kerman have been studied from the perspective of body-behavior coordination. Among these activities, children talk, sit and walk and play as a border, interface and joint using Analyzed from GIS. The study was conducted over a period of 60 days. After analyzing the gear structure in the outdoor behavioral camps of the residential complex for cross-site orientation. We are facing.

In the philosophy of science and especially in the humanities, the definition of the concepts and subjects have different and even opposite ontological and epistemological foundations. In other words, recognizing a concept in different schools can have conflicting definitions. Therefore, determining the theoretical framework for a fundamental concept is one of the most fundamental principles in the study for understanding the concepts and subjects. Obviously, recognizing political geography is different in distinct epistemological schools, including in structuralism, and in particular in Hegel's views. In this theoretical framework, the government represents the originated of human’s moral-rational will. In this regard, have been struggled by referring to the valid theoretical literature were been explained the political geography functions in the Hegelian Structuralism School. The findings research reveals that in the structuralism school, the components of the geographical space have an interconnected concrete nature and at the same time, processes and political institutions of space as an external and structural factor play effective role in the evolution of space forms and processes. Based on this, cognitive approaches in political geography needs genealogy the politico-social construct cognition on a national scale with using the rational deductive means.

Spatial planners are all unanimous in identifying some kind of chaos and unsustainability as far as Iran's space is concerned. The manifestation of this chaotic situation is evident in the unbalanced pattern of regional development and environmental crises. If we treat a country as a system, we will realize that environmental changes usually emerge with a relatively long delay, and that environmental systems sometimes take a few decades to respond to these alteration. Thus, for a better understanding of spatial changes occurring in Iran today, we would do well to cast a glance at the past so that we might hopefully gain some deeper insight. Paradoxically, spatial changes in Iran must be attributed to our modern period as most of them has been imposed consciously and in tune with predetermined plans. About a century has passed since initial attempts were made provide a spatial planning for Iran through designing eleven development programs. We are now in a position to sum up the alleged achievements that the Iranians claim to have gained as a result. Population has increased fivefold. Nomadism system have been virtually destroyed. Rustic- urban proportion has undergone displacement. Fossil fuels have multiplied twenty- one times. Food consumption has increased nine fold. Decrease in six million hectares of forest country. Reduction of thirteen permanent river to three seasonal river Pollution of large cities for one hundred and fifty days. Disintegration of Iran into thirty one administrative sections. Now the question that spatial planners of Iran are faced with is this: What has been the major factor of these spatial changes? The results of this research, which has attempted to analyses such changes in a phenomenological perspective and on the basis of a historical approach. Reveal two crucial point. 1. The spatial changes in Iran stem from changing administrative structures and state divisions over the past hundred years. 2. The changes in the administrative structure of Iran over the past hundred years have resulted in spatial imbalance, growth of city dwelling, local- social identification, change of public to state ownership, reduction in variety of social organization, and environmental damageability of Iran.

Structuralism is a school of thought and a way of exploring the issues that comes from four close intellectual sphere: French sociology and Durkheim's ideas, Saussure's linguistics, Kant's philosophical roots and English and French anthropology. Structuralists always try to pull over the appearance of the things and achieve the constant and unchangeable principles; So pass the boundaries of philosophy and enter to mathematics, literature, architecture and even urbanism.
They believe that the form or structure as a clear or hidden general framework of anything is the system that in which all components of the organization are related together and have harmonic function. With this communication and coordination they build the totality of the system and the existence of the organization depends on this harmonious relationship. Structuralists generally believed to holistic and this idea led to post-structuralism movement. From the post-structuralism perspective, this approach has a dominant and authoritarian nature and specify the function of the system formerly. Post-structuralism refuse any theory that explain general and universal explanation of the phenomenon, and any holistic and integrity considered inappropriate.
In this article according to Saussure and Kant views, general discussion of structuralism reviewed and then the quality of the genesis and the characteristics of post-structuralism movement have been studied. In continue to rely on this belief of structuralists - as the body of every living being has a basic building and other organs work in the main building consequently – city as an organism has been studied and the view of structuralist urban planners has been expressed.

IntroductionUrban spaces have always expressed the demands and desires of their users. So, reading of these spaces, as a text, which is possible by understanding the meaning making process in its context, could be beneficial to perceive lots of urban issues. Throughout the production of meaning in urban spaces, human gets into interaction with his surroundings and his mind is united with the environmental context of meaning. This process leads to make a legible space for its users with specific structural and behavioral characteristics.
This study is aimed to discuss the meaning making process and space reading from a special point of view. The main subject of this study is the analysis and description of how to produce and reproduce meaning in urban spaces. The emphasis of this study is on social and cultural contexts of urban spaces as a readable “text”. Accordingly, the issue of meaning making process has been studied from a specific approach that is founded on “semantics” in linguistics, including two main perspective: “Structuralism” and “Interpretation of the reader”. Based on Structuralism perspective meaning is the product of “syntax of elements” in sentence and the “text”. So, meaning comes from the language structures and the author has a critical role in meaning making. On the other hand, in interpretive perspective, meaning is product of paraphrasing and interpretation of the reader. So, the reader “discovers” the meaning and “creates” it. The second approach has an interactive perspective. According to this approach meaning is the result of both, “structure” and “interpretation” or in other words, “language” and “the world”. Today, this approach has lots of advocators due to its inclusion and multidimensional substance. This approach is widely used in explaining issues in many fields of human sciences. “Structuration theory” of Anthony Giddens in sociology is one of this theories that has been fed from the interaction concept in semantics. This theory consists of two main themes: “structure” and “human agency” in social phenomena. The term “structure” generally refers to "rules and resources" and more specifically to "the structuring properties allowing the 'binding' of time-space in social systems". These properties make it possible for similar social practices to exist across time and space and that lends them "systemic" form. Agency, as Giddens calls it, is human action and is critical to both the reproduction and the transformation of society. The theory of structuration is a social theory of the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based on the analysis of both structure and agents , without giving primacy to either. Comparison and accommodation of this viewpoint with context of city and urban spaces, as a text, leads to form a framework for analysis of meaning making factors in urban spaces.
Description of procedures and determining the factors of meaning production throughout this point of view could help to define a proper framework for improving the knowledge and practice of designers to create the meaningful spaces.
MethodologyThe methodology of this study, is mainly formed on an explanatory and interpretative method. This study is inspired by semantic theories and approaches about reading a text that is generalized to social science to conceive social phenomenon in “life text”. Accordingly, the urban space has been considered as a text and its meaning production processes have been addressed in this paper. First, the idea of “urban space as a text” has been explained and then, the parameters of its meaning combination has been analyzed. Finally, the hypothesis has been examined in urban context, “Persian Bazar”.
Results and discussionBy accommodation of characteristics of society and spaces, and considering it as a “text” the structuration theory could be generalized to urban spaces. The urban space as a text, includes mental and spatial aspects that is describable and is connective like the language and also makes situations that human proof himself.
It has been concluded that written space (structure) and verbal space (act of interpretation) are the main factors in reading and interpretation of living spaces. The meaningful space, on one hand, has the practical conditions of people daily lives and their mental structures and on the other hand provides a place for arranging the act and behaviors that are based on beliefs, attitudes, goals, choices of their users. So, the structure of space along with cultural and social properties which are expressed in behavioral patterns of the users, produce meaning.
For examining this result, Persian Bazar has been studied throughout the concept of structuration theory. Bazar has been considered as a meaningful place with a legible and coherent structure and as a collection of behavioral patterns and social acts that represent the Islamic-Iranian lifestyle. The study shows that the association and contribution of spatial structure and physical characteristics with current activities of this spaces make Bazar meaningful.
ConclusionThis study tries to discuss meaning production in urban spaces by utilizing the “linguistics” and “Sociological" approaches. The method that has been applied in this study is a viewpoint for perceiving meaning from the text in linguistics and extending it to urban spaces. Since meaning production in a text depends on “language structure” and “interpretation” of it, so in generalizing this concept to space, two parameters have been considered: “structure of space” and “human agency”. So, syntax of space and combination of physical elements with behavioral acts in space lead to emerging meaning.
In conclusion, acts and behaviors of human that origin from his cognition about the world, have significant place in perceiving the city and communicating with its spaces. In other words, Interactions between human agency and environmental structure, cause the meaningful perception from the space and connection to environment.

Ecology as a theory and a methodology has a holistic approach and provides an appropriate space for analyzing the interaction of human and nature. Geography as a science of studying the interaction of man and nature has a great identity with ecology in terms of semantic, structure and function. Post-structuralism theory’s emphasis on concepts such as rationality, diversity, difference, the “other”, importance of “nature” and “power-politics” has a lot in common with the concept of ecology to the extent that ecology should be considered as the kernel of post-structuralism. Based on the post-structuralism concepts of ecology, one can find many identities between political ecology and geopolitics. This research, which is a fundamental research by nature and uses library documents, attempts to explain the correlation of ecology and democracy in post-structuralism theory and its function in geography. The results show that ecology can be classified into three categories: intellectual, environmental and political, and “political ecology” is the link of all ecological structures. Moreover, according to post-structuralism, “political ecology” or “Eco-Politics” can improve conditions for a form of democracy known as “Geo-democracy” or “Eco-democracy”. Therefore, human from the perspective of geography is “an ecological entity that recognizes and manages the territory of human-nature based on eco-democracy.”

Territoriality is considered in the political geography and geopolitics as one of the fundamental issues. Territoriality is man-made political structure that seeks to divide space. Territoriality is political nature or the nature of dispute and no existed without division of space into separate parts and the exclusive allocation of space. Therefore, territoriality is purposeful process that may pursue various purposes, including economic, security, identity, stimulus or even emotional. This paper intends to use the three elements of "space", "power" and "identity" to explain the formation process of discursive territoriality. This result can achieve the ways in which critical geopolitics scholarship has understood and made use of discourse analysis. Discursive territoriality is " process in which the individuals, groups, or dominant countries for the control and management of geographic space to your desired geopolitical and political order, beyond the discourse in which hard power to control space so that those who exercise authority over them are not realizing such a process”. By the definition, discursive territoriality is the practical relations between "space", "power" and "identity". Each of these three components is referred as social phenomena in the context of the three components of their meaning. The most important element of this concept is power. The definition of power used in steven‌lukes is the special nature contrary to the classical theories and new theories of postmodern (or foucault). 'Power' is a concept in which society is divided into two poles obeys and ruler. Power in this view is something that is in the hands of some people and not the others. Despite the effective application of the definition of the concept of power steven‌lukes in discursive territoriality but actually is inefficient to explain some geopolitical discourse. Hence, to get out of this trap, we used of nietzsche's will to power and the forces of action and reaction deleuze. He explains by borrowing from nietzsche's will to power, both proactive and reactive power. The research is fundamental and using descriptive-analytical method. The method of data collection is libraries and the internet. What will be followed by the meaning of the expression " discursive territoriality " and its three components of the "space", "power" and "identity", is that in addition to the obvious dimension of territoriality through territorial expansionism and aggression, there are also the (soft) territoriality dimension mentioned in the article as "discursive territoriality". Based on this proposition, we should mention discursive territoriality as the unit state or the units of imperial. To create the space homogenizing, the discursive territoriality implies that the dominant discourse (hegemonic) influence such ideas and goods. It has the culture in different geographical areas, so that the areas affected by specific thought patterns (hegemon) have favorable political and geopolitical order. Namely, nowadays the west's discourse does not have Ratzel territorial expansionism theory. However, the same kind of attitude and expansion will follow the areas of thought and culture to dominate the minds and hearts of people. Finally, control and monitoring of different geographical territories in line with the pattern of capitalist can order their requirements in different geographical areas. In fact, today the west discourse to promote the idea of capitalism has many geographical territories to recruit in line with the goals of capitalist system. Authors believe that the discursive territoriality is a useful analysis tool for explaining how to change the map of the south-west Asia (map 1, 1625 ad., before the treaty of Westphalia) to the present (2015 m.). The main argument of the paper is on this basis that the west discourses are in the needs of its discursive to product space in the south-west Asia.. In other words, this time the west seeks their goals and strategies through its discourse to institutionalize that rather than through force and violence (hard power) to territoriality. The south west Asian players who played this role for the west, without the slightest feeling of being in line with the goals of the west, want to find out their own. The first signifier of west discourse for the territoriality of the south-west Asia was based on colonialism factor,. However, this was not the end and the post-colonial period in nationalism for the territoriality of their favorite. But the most dangerous tool for the territoriality of the west in south west Asia, which now has also affected the area, is factor of religion. In the texts associated with political geography and geopolitics, the element of space has attracted much attention for key character in this field, but it has been somewhat neglected in the role of the “thought ". This paper tries to show what it is, right as this issue noted: how are general ideas and political and geopolitical ideas in particular with shaping particular discourses in the spatial consequences. It soon becomes operational across the territory, starting in the territoriality. The main principle in the territoriality is strategy and purpose not merely the geographical distribution of idea. The main argument of this paper is that the political thoughts shape the geographical origin of particular discourses and if ideas, discourses or other geographical areas, adopted the ideas of thought, even as imperfect or even native to the steps, but still not get rid of the spatial effects of that idea.