جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « urban public spaces » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

With the global increase in the elderly population in the last few decades, creating suitable urban spaces in order to serve them has become a common challenge for planners and policymakers of all societies. Also, in our country, due to the increase in the aging rate and experts' warnings on a senior crisis in the near future, the necessity of creating suitable public spaces for this group is vital. In this regard, the current research has studied the desirability of urban public spaces in relation to the needs of the elderly community in Mellat Street, Shahrekord, using the approach of elderly-friendly streets, and then investigated its role in creating a sense of satisfaction. The type of applied research and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research includes the elderly who were present in this area during the researcher's questioning and presence on the sidewalks and Mellat Street for several days (spring 1402), and 300 of them were selected by random sampling. The required data was collected through library studies and completing the questionnaire. Data analysis has been done using statistical methods such as one-sample T-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression test. The obtained findings showed that the average values of most of the investigated indicators are lower than the mean value. Also, there is a positive relationship between the components of elderly-friendly streets and the sense of satisfaction. In addition, the safety and accessibility components have the greatest impact on the psychological satisfaction of the elderly community. In general, the results show that Mellat Street in Shahrekord has not been successful in creating a sense of satisfaction for the elderly community and has not been able to provide a pleasant and safe environment for this group
 Introduction:

Public spaces in urban areas play an important role in establishing social interactions with the elderly group and promoting their health. These spaces are very suitable for the feeling of security and comfort of people, especially the elderly community, and increase their willingness to spend time outside the home. The street is the most important space for public activity. The daily activities of the residents, such as social communication, make it possible for the elderly-friendly streets to create an attractive environment for the users, and being in these streets provides a spiritual feeling full of identity, belonging familiarity, and the feeling of being "at home" for the elderly. At the same time, in terms of physical indicators such as safety, accessibility, readability, and recognizability, it provides them a reliable space. Such streets contrast with the uniform street space and create a positive psychological subjective perception of the street space and its diverse social activities. The welfare of the elderly is one of the important aspects of development and modern urban planning with respect to the increase in the urbanization and aging population. Their satisfaction with aspects of urban life (e.g., street use) effectively measures society's ability to promote welfare, harmony, and development. This is worth considering in our country, which has passed its youth and is entering middle age and old age with an upward trend. The city of Shahrekord, as one of the provincial centers of the country, has more than 5% of its population consisting of elderly people, and up to now, significant actions have not been taken to the needs of the elderly in this city. This research evaluates Mellat Street in Shahrekord City, which has a commercial-recreational role and is considered one of the main streets of this city. Therefore, the main questions of the research are as follows: What is the desirability of the urban spaces of Mellat Shahrekord Street to the needs of the elderly? And to what extent these spaces are effective in the psychic satisfaction of the elderly? 

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research consists of the elderly walking on the sidewalks and Mellat Street during the researcher's visit for a few days (in the spring of 1402), which was done in the form of random sampling. The measurement tool was prepared in the form of a closed-answer questionnaire on a five-point Likert scale. According to the purpose of this research, 300 questionnaires were prepared with 44 questions and randomly distributed and completed among 300 elderly people. The validity of the form and the content of the questionnaire (dimensions and items) were confirmed using the opinions of relevant experts. Also, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the stability, and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. To analyze the data, one-sample T-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression were used. 

This research was conducted to investigate the desirability of urban spaces for the psychic satisfaction of the elderly, with an emphasis on Mellat Street in Shahrekord. To achieve this goal and measure the desirability of the urban space of Mellat Street, using the T-Tech test, a sample of six main components including safety, recognizability, accessibility, familiarity, legibility, comfort, and elements, and their related indicators have been used. Examining the results of the research shows that among the six studied components, only two components of familiarity and readability has a much better status than the other components. In general, according to the results of this section, it can be said that from the point of view of the elderly, the study area does not have favorable conditions and does not meet their needs. Also, by using the Pearson correlation coefficient test, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between the six components and the psychic satisfaction of the elderly, and among them, the safety index with a coefficient of 0.609 has the highest correlation with the dependent variable. The multiple regression test also gives similar results. This means that by considering the six components (safety, recognizability, accessibility, familiarity, readability, and convenience) as independent variables and the sense of psychic satisfaction as dependent variables, the result was obtained all components which have investigated factors that affect the satisfaction of the elderly. So that these factors have been able to explain about 50% of the changes in the dependent variable and among these elements, the safety component, and its related indicators have the greatest regression effect in explaining the satisfaction of the elderly in Mellat Street, Shahrekord. 

According to the obtained results, it can be said that Mellat Street of Shahrekord, as the central market and the main symbol of the city, and the most prominent public space of Shahrekord has faced many problems and has not been able to satisfy the citizens, especially vulnerable groups such as the elderly. The status of some investigated indicators such as the lack of safe and covered areas for the elderly to sit, the lack of control and regulations limiting noise and pollution, the lack of markings on the tables and the opening of the entrances, the fear of falling, the lack of available parking spaces. With the priority of use by the elderly, the lack of equipment and furniture suitable for the elderly on the street, the presence of disturbing obstacles on the sidewalks, the improper flooring of the sidewalks, the prolongation of the widening and development operations in this axis and the emergence of many problems for passers-by, especially the elderly. The lack of ramps and gentle slopes, and the fear of collision with motorcyclists are more serious than the rest of  the studied indicators, which has the most dissatisfaction among the elderly on Mellat Street. Therefore, it is necessary to prioritize the welfare and comfort of the elderly by considering the six indicators of elderly-friendly streets in future planning.

The indicators of desirable public spaces are also related to individual perceptions and social and cultural values, that these needs influence people's behavior in the environments in front of them and are one of the important factors of environmental quality criteria. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of urban design on the behavior of citizens (case example: Modares Street, Kermanshah).

The current research, in terms of the applied-developmental purpose and according to the nature of the study and the proposed hypotheses, the research method is descriptive-analytical (survey) and correlational. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size of citizens in Modares Street is considered to be 246 people. Also, the sampling method is a simple random method. In order to collect information and know the region, two library and field methods (questionnaire) have been used. In data analysis, statistical methods and Tukey's tests, one-sample T and Pearson's correlation were used.

The results showed that there is a correlation coefficient of 0.052 with a significance level of 0.008 between the variable of behavioral patterns and urban design in the direction of users' behavior in relation to space. This means that the two mentioned variables have a direct correlation with a confidence level of 0.99. Between physical and economic variables, there is a correlation coefficient of 0.135 with a significance level of 0.009. This means that the two mentioned variables have a direct correlation with a confidence level of 0.99. Also, the results showed that there is a correlation coefficient of -0.052 with a significance level of 0.008 between visual-aesthetic and environmental variables. This means that the two mentioned variables are not correlated.The highest degree of influence can be seen in social components and then in economic components with a close score, and the physical criterion has the lowest degree of influence in the influencing factors of urban spaces on behavioral patterns in the mental image of citizens

Urban public spaces were one of the most important types of urban spaces. Areas that citizens of all walks of life, age, race and class have the right to use without any restrictions. The quantitative evaluation of public spaces, leveling, analysis, distribution and distribution of public spaces in the neighborhoods of districts of the city of Deh-Tehran revealed. The research is a descriptive-analytic one. The population under study is the total population of the Deh-Metropolitan Area of Tehran with 818 hectares, three districts and 10 neighborhoods. The method of data collection is library based. The required information has been collected from the latest detailed plan of Deh-Tehran based on the population and housing census of 2016. Evaluation of public spaces of Deh-Tehran neighborhoods has been done by 5 main indicators and 5 sub-indices. The results were analyzed using Shannon entropy model TOPSIS and GIS and SPSS software. Accordingly, each of the neighborhoods of Deh-Tehran is ranked and ranked according to the desired indices. The results are presented in tables and maps as well as the level and per capita status of each public land use compared to standard per capita levels. It is calculated separately.Evaluation of public spaces of Deh-Tehran neighborhoods has been done by 5 main indicators and 5 sub-indices. The results were analyzed using Shannon entropy model TOPSIS and GIS and SPSS software. Accordingly, each of the neighborhoods of Deh-Tehran is ranked and ranked according to the desired indices. The results are presented in tables and maps as well as the level and per capita status of each public land use compared to standard per capita levels. It is calculated separately

The more the urban open space, as a container of urban interactions, provide more suitable conditions for the establishment of effective social relations among its members, the greater the possibility for social growth and the establishment of social trust for the residents of that society. This research was conducted to analyze and explain the effect of urban open spaces on interactions and social trust in the Yousefabad neighborhood of Tehran. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and factor analysis is used as a tool to measure the significance of indicators. In the first stage, interviews with experts were conducted using the snowball method and continued until reaching theoretical saturation with 10 experts. Then, to find key concepts using the content analysis method, open and axial coding was done. In two Delphi rounds, the experts answered the researcher's questionnaire. The results obtained from the questionnaire were subjected to the Q factor analysis and four classifications were obtained from it, which provided the basis for compiling the objective-content table for setting up the questionnaire of space users. In the second step, according to Klein's formula, based on the number of questions in the users' questionnaire, the sample size was calculated to be around 190 people. Space users were questioned using random and cluster sampling and data were evaluated in SPSS version 22 software using R factor analysis. The findings and results of the research show that the eight identified factors include; Sociability, spatial diversity, physical and climatic comfort, the relationship of interaction and social trust with providing environmental needs, recognizability, pedestrian accessibility, spatial flexibility, and psychological comfort with the formation of a cycle influence social trust

Urban space's publicness and decline in new urban space's publicness have been addressed by many researchers and commentators in recent years. Although their attitudes towards publicness have been mainly influenced by civil society discourse, and despite existing theories about publicness in the civil society discourse, none of them has introduced constructive factors for the publicness of urban spaces. Also, there is no consensus on the criteria for evaluating the publicness of these spaces. Considering this theoretical gap, the first step of this research is through a systematic review of scholars' opinions and research experiences to identify the component factors of the publicness of spaces in the civil society discourse. In the next step, the Delphi technique is used to evaluate the usability of these factors in assessing the publicness of urban spaces. The results show that only four factors, namely, public access, adaptability, interaction and discussion, and immunity can be used to assess the publicness of urban spaces.

Reducing the citychr('39')s vulnerability in times of crisis and emergencies is part of the urban design mission. Hence, passive defense measures have been developed to reduce the vulnerability of cities in times of crisis. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting passive defense in the performance of urban spaces in the area of Enghelab Square in Tehran.

This research was based on an evidence-based design method in the area of Enghelab Square in Tehran in 2020. So, first case samples and previous research were reviewed and then vulnerability indicators were extracted. Then, these indicators were weighed against each other using the AHP method and using the opinions of experts in the field of urban planning, urban management, and passive defense, and the importance of each to the other was determined. The weight of each element was applied in the relevant layers in the spatial system and with GIS 10.8 software, vulnerability zoning was performed for each of the main indicators.

In the Enqelab square area, the indicators of vulnerability were: vital arteries (water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, and fuel station), physical structure (building density, texture, and width of passages), relief centers (hospital and fire department), access network, and Transportation (metro, bus, and traffic volume), at-risk population (population density), concentration of activities (educational and cultural, commercial-administrative, cinema, mosque, and church), and political-security centers (military centers, judiciary centers, Embassy, and Justice) In the vulnerability assessment matrix of the study area, it was determined that injuries such as fire, difficulty in providing assistance in times of crisis and traffic problems in all of these indicators, and finally, the final vulnerability map of the area was obtained.

Based on the considerations and principles of passive defense, the vulnerability of the study area increases in a crisis situation.

Spatial sense is a complex and general concept that plays an important role in enhancing the quality of human environments and in shaping the communication bases of users of the environment and space. Given the importance of the subject in the present article, we aimed to investigate the factors that shape the sense of place and measure the criteria identified in urban public spaces (City Theater, Niavaran Cultural Center, Museum of Contemporary Art). The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and based on library resources review and field expert survey. Factor analysis and attraction level models were used to analyze the collected data. The results of the model show that the most important factors in the process of cognition, evaluation and sense of place in urban public spaces have been empirical-environmental, socio-cultural and subjective factors. And in the process of creating a sense of place, the sense of place has a greater impact than the other identified factors. In addition, the results of the Attraction Level Model showed that in Niavaran Cultural Museum and Museum of Contemporary Art according to the identified factors, one creates a complex emotional relationship with space And the person gives meaning to the place and the place means to him, Place means to him, But at City Theater, the pepole, despite knowing he is in a distinct place It recognizes the symbols of the place, but no emotion is attached to it.

Individual and social happiness and well-being have been one of the most important and prominent human aspirations in all previous periods. Also, creating a mental image of an ideal society may be one of the general concerns of all philosophers and social scientists, especially first philosophers; a society that promises an end to human suffering and paves the way for paradise on earth. Veenhoven gives the most comprehensive definition of happiness; in that happiness refers to the degree to which a person judges the quality of his or her overall quality of life; in other words, happiness means how much a person loves life. Thus, happiness, although defined to a generally mental and individual feeling, its fluctuations are strongly influenced by direct and indirect external factors and cannot be imagined apart from them. According to the Global Happiness Report in 2019, Iran is ranked 118th out of 153 countries. In the present study, the aim is to investigate and explain the criteria affecting the happiness and social vitality of citizens in the public spaces of Tabriz. In order to meet this goal, it was emphasized in the theoretical foundations section that in general, happiness and urban public spaces affect each other.

The present study is a practical one in order to achieve a comprehensive analysis of the components affecting happiness in public spaces of Tabriz. The approach in this study is quantitative. To evaluate the developed components in the conceptual model, survey research and descriptive-analytical methods have been used. In this context, a large share of data is collected in the form of surveys and questionnaires. In this regard, a questionnaire of 87 questions was developed based on effective identified components on the happiness. The five selected urban spaces were examined stand on quantitative questions from the questionnaire. The results are included in SPSS19 software and to analyze and explain the components that affect the happiness of citizens, factor analysis, regression, Pearson and Enova tests have been used.

The aim of this study is to investigate and explain the effective criteria on the happiness and social vitality of citizens. In order to reach this goal, it was emphasized in the theoretical foundations section that in general, happiness and urban public spaces affect each other. Accordingly, in this paper and in the data analysis section, the suitability of the proposed model was investigated to evaluate the criteria affecting people's happiness and social vitality. Initially, based on factor analysis, 87 effective components were divided into 8 classes. After ensuring the validity of the model and recognizing the main factors affecting the level of social happiness and vitality in the selected urban public spaces with regression test and the relationship of these dimensions with each other, Pearson correlation test was performed. The research findings indicate that based on the results obtained from statistical studies, all conceptual variables of research, including dimensions of urban public space quality, physical-ecological dimensions, perceptual-semantic dimensions, cultural-economic dimensions, social dimensions, mental dimensions, political-managerial dimensions, individual-personality dimensions have a significant relationship with the concept of happiness and social vitality. The results show that in view point of the citizens, the quality of urban space is the most important dimension that has a more specific role in promoting the happiness and social vitality of citizens and also has the greatest impact on citizens’ happiness so that should be prioritize in urban space planning.

The results of the study of the average rank of the components affecting the level of happiness and social vitality of citizens show that satisfaction with family relations has the highest average rank and the level of satisfaction with government subsidies and government services has the lowest average rank. Components related to the environment and urban space also have the lowest average rating of bicycle infrastructure, climate comfort and environmental furniture, which need planning. And the memorable, readability and adaptability of spaces and spatial desirability are the highest average. An examination of the level of happiness in selected urban public spaces shows that there is a significant difference between the dimensions of urban space quality, physical-ecological dimensions and perceptual-semantic dimensions. In terms of urban space quality, Laleh Park Complex and Tabriz Grand Bazaar have the highest score. The most important strategies to improve the quality of happiness in urban public spaces are to focus on the dimensions of urban space quality, physical-ecological dimensions and semantic perceptual dimensions. Security is the most significant way to improve the quality of urban space and thus promote happiness. In the physical-ecological field, access to the park and green spaces is the most considerable solution. In the perceptual-semantic field, promoting the vitality of urban space and encouraging activity, presence and communication with space are the most important and efficient strategy. In the cultural-economic field, creating various cultural programs can be the most effective way to promote happiness in public urban spaces.

Nowadays, spaces of cities have been shaped based on the principles of adult usage; that is, urban spaces mostly lack the quality for children usage or the characteristics of a child loving city. Considering the sensitivity of the teenage class, it is necessary to use the participation of adolescents in improving the quality of urban spaces for the presence of children. The main question raised in this study is what factors affect the participation of teenagers in the public spaces of the city of Abadeh. The survey is based on a statistical population consisting of all the teenagers aged 12 to 18 in that city. As many as 150 subjects were selected through systematic random sampling according to the Cochran formula. The research data were collected from expert opinions and a questionnaire. The research methodology was descriptive-analytical based on library studies, documents and field studies. The research is applied in terms of purpose. The results of the data analysis by the SWOT technique and the SPSS statistical software showed that the rate of the social participation of teenagers in public spaces is low. Also, the results of Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed that creating urban special facilities in Abadeh can be effective in increasing the sense of safety in public spaces, and paying attention to child-loving city approaches is effective in decreasing social crimes among teenagers. To promote the participation in public spaces of Abadeh, suggestions are made for such measures as improving means of access and their security as well as increasing sport places and enhancing services and facilities.

The first criterion of judgment about city is quality of their public spaces. Therefore, understanding and conception of their users is important. The public spaces are important part of cities because of more interactions between people occurs in there and it consistent of parts that people have physical and visual access to them. There are great indices to measure the quality of urban public spaces. Project of public spaces (PPS) is a non-profit organization that its purpose is planning and programming to create and maintain the public spaces and to construct cities with appropriate structure. According to this, it can evaluate a place to four criteria: sociability, availability and integration, use and activities and finally, comfort and perspective. The present paper seeks to measure the desirability of the urban public spaces from perspective of young people toward it. In this research, the methodology was survey and questionnaire as instrument for data collection was used. Multistage cluster sampling was sampling method. A sample of 376 young people between the ages of 29- 15 years was determined according to the last census in Ghaemshahr. The analysis of information did by SPSS. The results showed that sociability, the availability and integration, user, activities and finally perspective evaluated in moderate level by young people. There were significant differences between respondents to assessment of desirability of space by gender. In fact, female have more negative perspective toward desirability of urban public space.