جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « waste management » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Accelerated growth of urban population, environmental pollution has been challenging for many managers and urban planners. Among these, how to collect and transport waste and recycle it in suburban areas calls for special attention. Public participation as a solution can have many positive economic and environmental effects. Participation in the waste management process by reducing the production and waste segregation as one of the most efficient and economical processing methods today in most countries around the world. Residents have a very influential role in the success of this approach. In this regard, the aim of the present study is analysis of the role of participation in waste management in urban peripheral areas of Zahedan. 

This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method of research is a survey. The data required for the research were collected by documents and field study method (questionnaire and observation). The statistical population of the present study includes residents of urban peripheral (including 5 villages on the outskirts of Zahedan) (Gavadaran, Siadak, Mohammadabad Abedzadeh, Hajiabad and Mohammadabad), with a population of 2460 people. 332 people were determined for sample group using Cochran's formula and error level of 0.5. SPSS (Pearson and regression tests) and PUA model were used to analyze the obtained data. 

The results of ranking the indicators showed different aspects of participation including participation in decision-making (participation in presenting waste separation programs from the source), manual participation (participation in informing about environmental problems and preserving the environment), and financial participation (delivery of separate waste for free) are in priority. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient values between the dimensions of participation (decision-making, manual and financial) and waste management of urban peripheral areas, showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between all independent variables (participation aspects) with waste management of urban peripheral areas of Zahedan at 99% confidence level. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that participation in waste management is effective in this area. 

The results showed that urban waste management, through education, telecommunications, etc., can play an important role in the development of public participation in all dimensions (decision-making, manual and financial).

 In recent decades, with a sharp increase in population, industrialization of societies, changes in lifestyle, and increasing diversity of human needs, the amount of waste production has increased with negative effects on human health and the environment. Rural areas have also faced different types of waste and their negative consequences in parallel with global developments and thus, "waste management" would be the true response to this situation. However, the specific characteristics of the local lifestyles and socioeconomic conditions of rural areas are different from other areas, i.e., villagers act differently from people living in non-rural areas. As such,  not only their wastes, but also their managements are different. Shahin Shahr and Meymeh counties have varied types of rural and urban agricultural wastes due to their industrial densities, rapid urbanization growth, and significant numbers of villagers and thus, the importance of waste management in preserving the environment, especially the rural environment, is quite clear. The present study aimed to answer the following questions: What are the effects of rural waste management on the environments of the studied areas? Is there a significant difference between the different dimensions affected? Are there any differences between the villages based on the indicators? 

This study evaluated the effects of waste management on the environment preservations of the rural areas of Shahin Shahr and Meymeh counties. According to the Extensive Statistical Society, 4 villages of Hassan Robat, Jahad Abad, Vandadeh, and Soh were selected based on the random cluster method in a way that one village from each rural district was determined and finally, 285 samples were chosen based on Cochran’s formula. This study was a descriptive analytical and applied research in terms of objective. The data were randomly obtained from the sample villages through a survey method by designing a researcher-made questionnaire. For data analysis, one-sample T-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey test were applied in SPSS software. 

To assess the normality of the data, one-sample T-test was used to evaluate the impacts of rural waste management on the environments of the rural areas. Based on this test, the value of 3 indicated an average effect. It was a two-tailed test with 281 degrees of freedom (d.f: (n-1)=282-1=281). The villagers’ points of view showed that the P value calculated for each of the environmental indicators was less than 0.05. Therefore, based on the mentioned values and considering the average and desirable limit of 3, the effectiveness of rural waste management in improving and promoting the indicators of water, soil, air, vegetation cover, animal diversity, and human and physical environments was higher than the average. Based on the analysis of the experts’ opinions and according to the Sig. (2-tailed) level, the calculated values were less than 0.05 and the high impacts of waste management in relation to the indicators of human and physical environments, vegetation, and animal diversity with the averages of 3.665, 3.445, 3.503, and 3.538 were accepted, respectively. Then, one-way ANOVA was applied to examine the differences in the dimensions of the environmental indicators. Based on the findings, the calculated Sig. (2-tailed) levels for some environmental indicators like climate were lower than the significance level of 0.05 compared to the other indicators. Therefore, the difference between the environmental indicators was confirmed. Also, to find out the difference between the rural areas studied in Shahin Shahr County, one-sample T-test and Tukey test were utilized to classify the villages in homogeneous groups. Considering the desired value of effectiveness (3) and based on the quantitative average values of the one-sample T-test, a significant difference could be observed between the studied villages compared to other villages. The environmental indicators of improving water, soil, and air qualities in Soh Village had lower values than the desired average value. Based on the average values obtained from the one-sample T-test, Hassan Robat and Jahad Abad villages had the highest average values regarding the effects of rural waste management on improving vegetation quality, as well as the animal, human, and physical environments. Conversely, the villages of Vandadeh and Soh had a lower average. Compared to other villages, the Soh Village with the average of 2.166 had the lowest quality of human environment. After determining the significant differences between the environmental indicators on the one hand and between the studied areas on the other hand, Tukey test was used to classify the studied villages in homogeneous groups. The findings indicated the impact of difference in location on the studied indicators. 

According to the results, the total average value of the indicators in the studied areas was higher than 3 with the values of 3.419, 3.414, 3.330, 3.538, 3.476, 3.425, and 3.400 for water, soil, air, human environment, physical environment, animal environment, and vegetation, respectively. Also, the results of one-sample T-test showed that from the experts and people’s viewpoints, waste management had a positive effect on the various environmental dimensions of the rural areas with a value of higher than average. The results of one-way ANOVA revealed the difference between the studied indicators and those of T- and Tukey tests displayed the difference between the rural areas (difference in location). Consequently, the Hassan Robat and Soh villages were found to have the best and worst conditions, especially in terms of soil, air, animal environment, and human life, respectively. 

In this article, the principles of waste management in oil (drilling) industries are discussed first, which are divided into two general principles of studying and investigating the existing conditions and performing various operations based on the studies. In the first stage, three important factors in the drilling operation, which include the source, volume and type of waste, are examined and according to the results, the type and manner of waste management operations are selected, which is divided into seven stages: reduction, replacement, reuse, reconstruction, recycling, treatment and burial. In the end, this result was obtained by examining the amount of production waste in drilling one of the wells in the south of the country and considering the high cost of drilling fluids, it was concluded that by implementing waste management in the field of drilling fluids, not only can many costs be reduced rather, this work can be very useful in preventing irreparable damage to the environment.

Planning the proper management of waste and considering its harmful effects on the environment in each country is one of the important principles to provide long - term benefits and move on the path of sustainable development. In this regard, waste management is considered as one of the major axes of development in rural areas. Due to the importance of the problem, the present descriptive-analytical study was conducted to identify the factors affecting rural waste management in Shirin Dareh village, Quchan city. The statistical population of this study includes the heads of rural households of Shirin Darreh village (3560) in which 347 were selected applying Cochran formula. The method of Attributive-Survey was applied to collect data. A documentary method is used to examine the record and explain the problem. Furthermore, a survey method was used to collect the data by observation, interview and completion of the questionnaire among the residents. The data were also analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software packages. Exploratory factor analysis was used in order to identify the factors associated with the structure “factor affecting of Rural Waste Management in Shirin Dareh Village”. Besides, confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the goodness of fit index of the research model. The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that ten factors of ultimate disposal management, education and information, cultural, health, knowledge and awareness, inter-sectoral, financial, executive organization, planned and social programs, explains approximately 67.51% of total variance of waste management factors affecting rural areas of Shirin Darreh. The findings of confirmatory factor analysis also showed that those ten mentioned factors, to a large extent, measure the independent and discrete dimensions of "waste management factors affecting" within the study area.

Today, protecting the environment and nature (both urban and rural areas) has become one of    the most important human concerns. Since the beginning of human life, waste production has been an integral part of his life, in various sectors of home, agriculture, health, etc. Population growth, economic growth, increasing urbanization, and essentially a new way of life for humans have changed the pattern of consumption and increased production waste, resulting in numerous environmental problems. Environmental pollution and consequently the risk of rural health and health risks require a proper model of waste management based on existing conditions. Therefore, the management of rural waste is one of the most important issues which requires to be considered. The current study aims to identify the status of rural waste management in Quchan city investigating the factors which affect rural waste management by rural households in order to obtain a realistic picture of rural waste management situation in Quchan city.

Descriptive-analytical method and quantitative method has been applied in current study since it aims to identify of factors affecting of rural waste management. Attributive-Survey is applied to collect data through questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. 40 items were used to assess the factors affecting of rural waste management in the study area. Respondents were asked to rate each item on their scale in a five-point Likert scale for their village. A panel of experts confirmed the content validity of the questionnaire. Pilot study was conducted in the same region with a population of 30 questionnaires and the reliability was 0.832 using Cronbach's alpha formula. The statistical population of the study includes the villages of Shirin Dareh village in Quchan city. According to the census of 1395, there were 15435 people in 4718 households scattered in 30 rural areas. According to the frequency of the villages under study, 10 villages were selected to distribute and complete the questionnaire, which includes 3560 households; thus, using Cochran formula, 347 households were selected as sample size. The study area is divided into two groups (lowland and mountainous) in terms of location and topography, for this purpose, the abundance of villages in these two groups was determined by classified probability sampling. Applying simple sampling, four lowland villages and six mountainous villages were randomly selected. A quota sampling method was used to select the sample size within each village showing that each village was categorized according to a number of households residing.

The findings from ranking the items of rural waste management factors revealed that the first factor of rural waste management in the study area is to separate the origin and not mix wet, dry and special (hazardous) household waste. Exploratory factor analysis was used to categorize "rural waste management problems within the study area" and determine the amount of variance explained by each of the variables in the form of categorized factors.
Based on the results of the research, the significance of Bartlett test at 99% level and the KMO value indicated correlation and the fact that it was proper for the intended variables to perform factor analysis. Eigenvalue criterion was applied to extract the factors considering the factors greater than one. As the findings revealed, generally, ten extracted factors could explain approximately 67.51% of the total variance of the structure (factors affecting of Rural Waste Management in Shirin Dare). In the meantime, the first factor, "Disposal Management", with a specific value of 4.39, has the most variance (19.88%). In order to investigate the structural validity of the questionnaire and the fitting of the measurement pattern related to the structure of "factors affecting of Rural Waste Management in Shirin Dareh Village of Quchan", the collected data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL software. The obtained fit indices indicate the appropriate fit of the studied model with the observed data. According to the fitted model of rural waste management factors affecting of Shirin Dareh district of Quchan, standardized factor loadings show that the measuring instruments have appropriate structural validity. The results of the significant coefficients indicated that the obtained t values were greater than 1.96 for all the studied variables and the relationships between these variables with the relevant factors have been significant. Accordingly, it can be stated that the factors of final disposal management, education and information, cultural, health, knowledge and awareness, inter-sectoral coordination, financial, executive, lack of planned and social program, to a large extent, measure the independent dimensions of the structure of "factors affecting of Waste management in rural areas of Shirin Dare". These ten factors prioritized from first to tenth, respectively, in explaining factors affecting rural waste management. 

Rural Waste management is an important issue due to the changes in lifestyles, environmental pollutions which endangers the villager health. Achieving an appropriate model of waste management requires identifying and evaluating the existing conditions in the region and analyzing the factors affecting waste management.

One of the most important strategies for proper waste management, which is currently the first priority in urban waste management in many countries, is cost management and waste segregation to generate revenue. The present study, using statistics related to resident population, waste generation and segregation and with the help of quantum algorithm, has provided a model for waste management in different areas of Tehran Region 4 during different months of 1996. District 7 with more than 182,000 people and District 8 with more than 52,000 people are the most populous and least populated areas in Region 4, respectively. District 7 in 1996, with a waste production of more than 4 tons, had the highest amount of waste production among the nine districts of Region 4, so that it alone has produced more than 3 times more waste than District 9. On average, it can be said that in 1996, approximately 23.15% of the total waste in District 4 of Tehran was collected separately. In the same year, District 7 with 23.73% was the best district and District 6 with 15.34% was the least efficient district in this field.

Today, with the increase in population and consequent increase in consumption, waste production in various dimensions of household, urban, industrial and hospital has expanded rapidly and reducing waste production is essential.One of the main parts of urban management is urban waste management, which in all its stages, is one of the keys to success, awareness and citizen participation. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to analyze the dimensions of citizen participation in waste management in urban areas of Zahedan.The present research is a developmental research based on its purpose, in terms of nature, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, and according to the method of survey type and descriptive-analytical implementation.For data analysis, descriptive and inferential software environment(SPSS)and model(ARAS-G)were used.The statistical population of the present study is the population of citizens of the five regions of Zahedan(672589 people),the sample size was determined to be 384 people using the Cochran's formula. The results of the study showed the relationship between descriptive variables (occupation, gender, age and education) and social acceptance of waste management, Women accepted far more waste management than men in Zahedan. Also, the higher the level of education, the higher the level of acceptance of waste management. The highest correlation is in the age group of 35-36 years and the lowest is in the age of 46 and above.The results of the model(ARAS-G)showed that among the five districts of Zahedan, District Five with a value of k(0.9324)has the highest rank in citizen participation in waste management.

Waste management policy is a system that policies and manages the flow and methods of waste collection, recycling and disposal in interaction with each other, so that the desired environmental, social and economic goals are achieved in a specific area. . The purpose of this study is to investigate the effective components on waste management policy in rural areas of Kan Bakhsh in Tehran province. The present research is of strategic type in terms of applied development goal and is of survey type in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study includes 1590 heads of families living in the villages of Kan district and the sample size was determined to be 202 using Cochran's formula. The method of this research is survey and semi-structured interviews with respondents and completing questionnaires. The Delphi technique (expert survey) was used to determine the validity and to validate the content of the research questionnaires. Also, the reliability or reliability of the questionnaire was measured by comparing the two ratios. In this study, in order to study waste management in the studied rural areas, three components of leadership combined with innovation, correct use of resources and planning and organization have been used and their impact on policy-making in this field of study has been investigated. The results of this study using Chi-square test showed that the three components of leadership combined with innovation, proper use of resources and planning and organizing with waste management policy

Waste management is the management applied of production waste with human activities and Its purpose is to stop or reduce their adverse effects on human health. The main goal that the researcher follows in this research, This is how the appropriate model of waste management in Tehran should be, emphasizing the strategic role of the media? And What are the components and indicators of this model? Research is purposeful, developmental, and applied, It is mixed in nature and method. It was done in two stages, qualitative and quantitative, Statistical sample in the qualitative section including university experts and Waste specialists consisted of 21 people, and in quantitative section, The citizens of Tehran were determined with a sample size of 387 people. The library method and the researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect information. The validity of the questions was confirmed by the experts and Combined reliability method was used to determine reliability, To determine the adequacy of the samples from the fitness test Kaizer Mayer and Bartlet and the Varimax rotation test was used to match the questions. Also to identify the structural factors of the model from the method of exploratory factor analysis and And to fit the pattern of structural equation modeling was done with SMART PLS software, Based on the conceptual research model ,The media can be through awareness strategie, culture building, education and information be effective in implementing the waste management process.

Solid waste management includes various methods to reduce the volume of waste, including reuse and recycling of materials, reduction of production source and also composting. This study evaluates waste management in schools in Shahroud. . Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and statistical methods of T and AHP tests. The statistical population is 46051 male students in Shahroud and the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 381. The findings show that the hypothesis was confirmed with an average of 4.23. The results of AHP model show that the factor of "attention to staff training and updating" with an average weight of 0.162 was the first and most important factor affecting school waste management. The overall result was that students and teachers had relatively healthy knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. However, it should be said that waste management not only in schools but in all departments needs more attention and the attitude of people present in these places, especially principals and the service sector should be changed to waste, especially paper as a matter of Consider the value of waste management in the country should develop instructions for the collection and recycling of waste for schools to act in accordance with all schools.

One of the most important strategies for proper waste management, which is currently the first priority in urban waste management in many countries, is cost management and waste segregation in order to generate revenue. Leading research using statistics related to resident population, waste generation and segregation and with the help of quantum algorithm, has provided a model for waste management in different areas of Tehran's 4th district during different months of 1996.District 7 with more than 182,000 people and District 8 with more than 52,000 people are the most populous and least populated areas in Region 4, respectively. District 7 in 1996, with a waste production of more than 4 tons, had the highest amount of waste production among the nine districts of Region 4, so that it alone produced more than 3 times more waste than District 9.On average, it can be said that in 1996, approximately 23.15% of the total waste in District 4 of Tehran was collected separately. In the same year, District 7 with 23.73% was the best district and District 6 with 15.34% was the least efficient district in this field.

Today the environmental hazards caused by mismanagement of waste to be one of the major problems the country and this problem is higher in rural areas than cities. In rural areas, despite the differences between the regions in terms of the lifestyle with urban environments, Due to changes in the lifestyle of people, Waste Management is considered as a very important. Environmental pollution and thereby endanger the health of villagers require of appropriate waste management based on existing conditions. The main purpose of this research is Assessment and evaluation of the optimal waste management in rural areas Abadan city this research done by the descriptive - analytical Method and in processing is used from the Topsis Fuzzy AHP model. And is used from the Excel software to perform analyzes in this paper. The results of fuzzy TOPSIS model based on the calculated weights shows That in the index studied, the index of the waste master plan studies (With similarity index0/755 The most important thing for waste management in rural areas is the city of Abadan Also the index of the culture and education programs(With similarity index0/643 gathering and transportation(With similarity index0/626), final disposal(With similarity index0/612), public participation and private sector(With similarity index0/607), breakdown by origin of production(With similarity index0/592), skilled manpower (With similarity index0/586) and creating data bases are located(With similarity index0/561), respectively, in the next rankings.

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) power plants often have negative, positive and environmental effects. Based on the sustainable development approach, assessing the environmental impact is one of the requirements for the construction of MSWI power plants which can lead to more use of its benefits, lower costs, and frustrate community discontent. In this research, separating the construction and operation phases, the desired and undesirable effects of municipal solid waste incineration power plant in the environment are predicted. Then, the studies on the environmental effects of MSWI based on two selected areas in Rasht County (Lakan and Pasiyekhan districts) were performed using the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). The findings revealed that the first priority is allocated Lakan district with a score of -142 in the construction phase and a score of -340 at the operation phase. Pasiyekhan district with a score of -146 in the construction phase and a score of   -496 in the operation phase is not a priority. Based on the results, the construction of MSWI power plant in Rasht decreases the need for landfill which can not only have a positive effect on improving the social conditions and the satisfaction of local communities but also prevent Saravan environmental degradation process in Rasht County. Comparing the negative effects of the project implementation and activities indicate that the most negative effect in both phases is related to the physical-chemical environment. This impacts are caused by the severity of construction activities emissions of gases, dioxin and furans, unpleasant smell and MSWI ash. The interactions of environmental parameters affect the intensity and radius of their propagation. Therefore, if environmental management practices are applied, incineration can be a good way to manage waste. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction  Nowadays, the amount of waste has increased due to population growth, rapid urbanization and changes in patterns of consumption. In the solid waste management system, there are various options for managing waste according to the amount of waste produced and its composition. The waste incineration process aimed at reducing waste landfilling and energy recovery is one of the most common methods for waste disposal in some countries. The reasons such as the value of habitat, the lack of suitable lands in terms of meeting the environmental requirements, high level of groundwater and short distances of cities from each other has made the northern provinces of Iran have lots of limitation for sanitary landfilling. One of the proposed waste disposal options is the implementation and operation of the Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) power plants. MSWI power plants often have environmental impacts and potential mismatches. Impact assessment of MSWI power plant based on a sustainable development approach, as one of the requirements for the construction of MSWI power plant, will lead to more advantages including reducing costs and eliminating community dissatisfaction. The purpose of this research is to provide an optimal option for managers and planners to construct MSWI power plants in Rasht, in order to minimize the environmental impacts of this development. 2-Materials and Methods This descriptive-analytic study is based on expert opinions, field and library studies. In this regard, the environmental impact assessment of MSWI power plant in Rasht has been carried out for two proposed options in Rasht (Lakan and Pasiyekhan districts) using Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). At first, the environmental status of the study area is described. The negative and positive impacts of MSWI power plant will be predicted during construction and operation. Then, they have been given a score by separating the environments (physical, chemical, biological, biological, social, cultural, economic, and technical). Being able to convert qualitative features to quantitative ones, RIAM method can evaluate and compares the options in a short time and illustrates the results in charts and tables. 3-Results and Discussion  Based on the results of this study, the first priority is assigned to Lakan district with a score of -142 in the construction phase and a score of -340 at the operation phase, and the second priority to Pasiyekhan district with a score of -146 in the construction phase and a score of - 496 in the operation phase. Comparison of the effects shows that the most negative effect in both phases is related to the physical-chemical components. Pasiyekhan District has more negative effects than Lakan District due to some reasons such as the remoteness of the city of Rasht and the depth of underground water. The proper utilization of MSWI power plants due to the reduction of waste landfill and energy recovery improves environmental conditions and the quality of life satisfying people in the indirect district of the present study. In addition, the results indicate that the activities of the construction and operation of MSWI power plants have adverse environmental effects on air quality in the area of deployment, soil, plants, and water resources. The major environmental hazards come from this development including the emissions of gases, dioxins, and furans, unpleasant smell and ash which are intensified, in term of parameters the intensity and radius, by  the Interactions of environmental 4-Conclusion  Regarding the environmental characteristics of Rasht County, and the findings from the evaluation of the effects of the rapid impact matrix, there are slight differences in the degree of the influence of some parameters in the studied areas. Therefore, it is imperative that management and planners in the field of waste management take the necessary precautions to comply with the required laws and policies. Therefore, compliance with environmental laws and control measures, such as the construction of airborne pollution control systems (Acid scrubbers, Bag filters, Activated carbon systems, etc.), can greatly reduce the severity and risk of hazard occurrence. Designing corrective actions through engineering operations and management plans are effective in reducing the adverse environmental impacts at each stage. If, from the outset, by doing EIA, environmental considerations are taken into account in the development plans by doing EIA and making an integration between the environmental policies and development plans, ay harmful effects will be prevented. Also, in order to understand the environmental performance of waste disposal methods better, it is suggested not only to use other quantitative-maker tools of environmental impact minimization but also to apply far more areas beyond the local scale of projects such as stain methods and environmental risk assessment in future studies.

The overwhelming population growth in Peripheral villages on the one hand and subsequent mass production of Rural waste on the other hand has led to a serious crisis in these Settlements. On the other hand, one of the causes of environmental instability in Rural settlements is the failure of waste management status which can disrupt the Peripheral and Social Development path of countries; Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and determine the status of waste management in Rural settlements around Yasuj city. The information required in this study was collected through field (questionnaire and observation), documentary and library methods. The statistical population of the study is rural households living in villages around Yasuj city. 384 households in 10 rural settlements were selected by random sampling. The results of the study showed that waste management in the studied villages with an average of 2.21 is in an unstable situation. There is also a 99% correlation between distance from Yasuj city and waste management. The correlation coefficient of this factor with the distance factor is -0.222, which means that with increasing distance from Yasuj city the waste management decreases and with decreasing distance from the city of waste management.

Urban modernity and urbanization, and the growing consumerism, have resulted in the production of waste materials and the production of urban waste, which has prevented the health and environmental viability of human settlements, which highlights the importance and necessity of urban studies. The purpose of this study was to assess the status of urban waste management components in Shahrekord. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 311 questionnaires. The reliability of the research tool was estimated using Cronbach's alpha of 1.712, which indicates the utility of the questionnaire. For descriptive and inferential statistics analysis, t-test was used in SPSS software. Structural equation modeling in AMOS software was used to explain the effects modeling. Initially, the status of municipal waste management with single sample T test was investigated, the results of the T-test showed that most of the urban waste management indicators in the study area are not in a satisfactory condition and the total indexes are 2.49 lower than average Which expresses a weak state. Analysis of the results of structural equation modeling suggests that among the indexed indicators of knowledge in waste management and participation in waste management has the highest factor load with the total regression weight (1.42) and the value of P-value (1.111). And then the waste recycling training was done by citizens with factor weight (1.41) and P-value (1.111). Finally, due to the poor management of waste management in Shahrekord, practical and practical suggestions for improvement of the city situation have been presented.

management of municipal solid waste is one of the most important environmental issues at worldwide. Environmental and health problems caused by inadequate waste management include increase of disease and stray animals, pollution of air, water, land and more. Therefore, identifying the indicators and improving the efficiency of the waste management system is very important. In the present study,With a descriptive-analytical approach has been attempted to identify and evaluate the effective indicators in two aspects of production-separation and collecting-transportation for improving waste management system. The statistical population of questions related to citizens, all women in Yazd city and the statistical population is related to experts, experts of waste management, municipal services and environmental organizations. 70 questionnaires were completed by experts and 70 questionnaires were completed by household women.The results show that social awareness has an effect on the waste production in Yazd city, but it has not been effective on waste separation. In addition, the amount of income and the number of family members influenced the amount of waste production in Yazd City. The use of appropriate technology and the use of the private sector have had an impact on performance of system. The frequency and time of waste collection did not affect the collection and transportation dimension. The reason for the lack of impact can be due to the lack of frequency and inappropriate dry waste collection time (one day per week), as well as collecting wet waste as a couple or individual days per month is a reason for citizens' dissatisfaction.

Effects of socioeconomic factors on the civil cooperation especially for managing of household sewages (Case study: Gorgan city) Nowadays, mass production of the municipal solid waste is one of the major bioenvironmental problems. Millions of tons of waste are generated in Iran due to the population growth, increase in the number of various products and consumer goods and consumerism among citizens. Therefore, the household waste per capita in Iran and notably in Gorgan is increasing. This is a descriptive – analytical study in terms of the subject and factors, and is applied-developmental study in terms of the purpose and nature. The statistical population consisted of three districts of triad regions of Gorgan with a population of 165752 people and 48751 households of whom 382 people were selected using the Cluster sampling method. This study aimed to investigate the different factors affecting the citizens' participation in waste management. Results showed that the citizens' participation of the different districts of Gorgan is significantly different in managing the household waste and district 2 is different from districts 3 and 1 in terms of the citizens' participation in managing the household waste. Moreover, there is a relationship between the variables of the social and economic bases and household waste management. Furthermore, sex, age and literacy rate contributed to the citizens' participation rate. Keywords: Waste Management, Participation, Social and Economic Base, Gorgan, Amos Keywords: Waste Management, Participation, Social and Economic Base, Gorgan, Amos Keywords: Waste Management, Participation, Social and Economic Base, Gorgan, Amos Keywords: Waste Management, Participation, Social and Economic Base, Gorgan, Amos

In recent years, the rates of the natural areas visitors to unique territories are increased. As a result, it has been created a lot of negative effects on entertainment areas .one of the most common of these effects is collection of visitor's trash. One of these places is the Golestan national park as one of the most prominent tourism resources with a lot of request for visiting to use and the garbage on the earth faces. Overall they have no efficiency .At present inadequate trash can place at improper location collection and of role of management for this purpose following the initial assessment in shahrivar of 1391 according to the terms of most players to maximum of the garbage to main road distance up to 200meters at 2 side of golestan road 200 sampling unit in places in 1 square meter area inside of park and in different distances of road along of road path is considered. Any of imagines and the average height of rubbish were measured. Finally analyzing 1000 pictures show a volume of 140000 cubic meters rubbish in the park. Simply was calculated which the cost of collecting the same volume of garbage exist on the ground- even if non added by new visitors- Is More than the cost of new dustbin established of collecting their garbage. As a result, the cost of garbage collecting will be reduced by better performance management of waste and adding new dustbin in suggested places.

The increasing population on one hand, and producing large amounts of scattered waste on the other hand,caused rural a serious and new crisis in rural settlements. This is necessary to preservethe environment of rural settlements through effective waste management system. The aim of the research is implement a new approach which is different from the rest of the researches, to investigate the role of waste management and the factors that influence the development of rural settlements in all aspects of environmental, social and economical in South-East of the country (located in the Sistan and Baluchestan province, Sarbok village). To achieve the above objectives, this descriptive – analytical study collect its data from survey documents and library methods based on its nature and goal. Considering the coefficient of the standard error (0.065), 226 parents of the rural families in 15 villages ,with village administrators were chosen as samples. The samples were Random (the rural of households). The sample size was estimated by Cochran formula. Data were collected through a questionnaire the research and statistical methods (mean, factor analysis and Pearson correlation test) in SPSS was used. So, the results of the analysis of eleven indicators of habitat and biodiversity in villages in rural areas showed that the index of satisfaction waste management, with values of 10.73, 12.09 and 8.60 percent, The highest impact and lowest impact indicators related to the growth of crops, the production of domestic and production of electricity with mean values of 5.62, 5.78 and -0.098 percent, respectively. The results related to 0.999 eleven indicators showed a significant relationship between waste management and rural settlement development in Sarbvk village. According to the findings of the research, prevention of pollution in rural settlements as well as accelerating the development of new perspectives and restoring and creating of an integrated, and safe programmed management system to manage the production of waste material in case study region is necessary. In addition, to inform and empower people through information, education, use of local skills and can help management of waste.

This qualitative study sought to investigate the improved animal waste management strategies among farmers in Kermanshah province. Using purposeful and snowball sampling, farmers with extensive experience who owned a large number of livestock participated in the study. Data was collected using focus group interview and direct observation. Grounded theory approach was used to analyze data. Results revealed that animal waste in the study region is mainly caused by inappropriate herd production, poor nutritional programming, weak maintenance, and nature of animal species. Overall, herdsmen used animal waste as a source of soil nutrient, handicraft, animal bedding, selling, propelling insects, and dumping. It is recommended that instead of dumping, farmers can use biological modification in waste products in order to produce biogas and compost.

The occurrence of factors such as population growth، economic development، welfare، changing consumption patterns and etc. The Produce massive amounts of waste unbridled rural، it’s led to creation of serious and newly crisis in the rural settlements. The Necessity to protect the environment of rural settlements (environmental، social and economic) through structural factors (local institutions managers) requires an influence. The aim of the research، Emphasize a new approach to evaluate and prioritize Dhyary performance and the factors that affect the development of waste management in the South East of the country''s rural settlements. Change of life style and consumption pattern and population increasing in urban and rural community had been caused to produce of massive amount of waste and Garbage. This trend، change rural waste nature from perishable material to imperishable such as paper، Plastic، mental and …. From other side، municipal waste transition and Increase in per capita output had waste quantity issues that create significant amount of perishable and imperishable waste Distribution and increasing around streets and rural settlements. The continuation of this process in the future could be result in great environmental pollution of rural regions. Therefore، rural Waste Management is one of the most important activities for prevention of damages and hazards related to human and his living environment especially in rural area. Dehyar، as a one of the rural managers، is bounded to supervision and assessing of garbage gathering and exclusion، positive interaction and participation with health officials and health care centers، and the other rural institutions. This study is objective based and has descriptive- analyzing methodology، by using of questionnaire that designed through of theorical literature and field study. Finally، after primary study، measures and indexes of study had been extracted and applied for questionnaire designing. In next stage، 452 people as Households selected for community samples in 15 rural points. The sampling way was Targeted and based on existence of rural managers (Dehyars) in rural points. Data gathering and analyzing had been done in Sarbook rural district through of statistical methods، too. The gained result of study show that there is direct and meaningful relation (confidence: 0. 73) between waste management and local managers duties and turnovers that contain separation and recycling، gathering and maintaining، transport، final disposal and participation. These findings show that increasing of efficiency and enhance the quality of local managers (Council and Dhyars) of tasks and roles could increase waste management in rural settlement around their sphere of influence and adverse، too. Also، Dehyars performance efficiency on waste management in rural settlements based on regressions models is 0. 533 that show significant and high efficiency in case study area. Gained result from Pierson correlation statistical confidence show that from 15 case study rural points، only 7 rural points had a strong and meaningful correlation. Among them، Sarbook، Hamiri and Hajiabad with 0. 946، 0. 789 and 0. 716 had stronger and more correlation confidence rather than other rural points. With regard to gained result، must be emphasis on this fact that local manageress performance in case study area (all of them، with strong or weak correlation)، in relation to waste management is unmeaning full in separation and recycling، and transport. It result from so many reasons as like as: weakness of local managers performance in some aspect like awareness، informing of rural community، lack of local training، inappropriate site selecting for garbage disposal and its neighboring to geographical phenomena، non-distributing trash bags to separate them، lack of temporary site for garbage collecting and fast disposal of them، low capacity of waste disposal sites، lack of appropriate financial resource، Final disposal of waste by combustion or incineration in rural environment and out of that، waste and garbage releasing in natural resources and forests، waters resource and rivers، lack of attention to environmental issues of rural area، in compare to other tasks of rural managers، lack of garbage trash in rural spaces for gathering and Separation (except some of rural like as sarbook and …)، lack of sufficient and appropriate transporting vehicle، lack of enough and needed workers for waste management، lack of healthy awareness billboard and training tools in rural area، lack of rural councils participation in waste management and est. According to the findings of the investigation and prevention of pollution in rural settlements and as well as accelerating the development of new perspectives and restoring and creating of an integrated management system، targeted and safe programmed to improve the production waste material in case study region is necessary. In addition، to inform and empower the local performance of manager’s information، education، and use of local skills and can help waste management، applications and operations.