جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « افغانستان » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The political turmoil of the last two centuries in Afghanistan and the unfavorable performance of the four-year Mujahideen government (1371-1975), which resulted in insecurity, corruption and severe cultural and economic poverty, created a suitable environment for the emergence of Taliban in the political scene of Afghanistan. Historically, culturally, and territorially, Afghanistan has a lot in common with Iran. But despite these many commonalities, there are various challenges in the path of convergence of these two countries. purpose of this article is the challenges and opportunities of Iran's foreign policy towards Afghanistan (case study: Taliban government), which is done using the descriptive-analytical method. main question of the research is about the challenges and opportunities of Iran's foreign policy towards Afghanistan in the government. What is Taliban? How is role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the process of war and peace in Afghanistan evaluated? To what extent can history of relations between Islamic Republic of Iran and Afghanistan affect foreign policy of two countries, considering the rule of Taliban? results of research show that challenges such as unclear future of how Taliban will deal with Shiites of Afghanistan and tension over Harivard, as well as Islamic Republic of Iran due to its confrontation with America and presence of this country in Afghanistan, play a role in continuation of war in Afghanistan, and history of relations Islamic Republic of Afghanistan can be influential in foreign policy of two countries due to the Taliban's rule in future in relations between two countries.

Badakhshan region, located in the northeast of Afghanistan, has a complex geology. A catalog from 2011-2021 was prepared using the data of the Middle Asia seismic catalog with updates (1909-2011) from the website of the American Geological Survey. Considering the last earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 in 2015, the coefficients of b were calculated to the maximum value of 1.0 and the value of 7.9 on the surface and in the depth, the increase in the numerical values of a and b in the central half has been completely evident. The results indicated that the current trend is opposite to the direction of the main fault in North Badakhshan (north-south direction). The most frequent earthquakes M≥4 occurs at a depth of 150-70 km, earthquakes M≥5 at a depth of 150-300 km, and earthquakes ≥6 at a depth of 150-300 km occur in the east-west direction. This area is exactly where the Pamir Corridor plate meets the center of Badakhshan. This shows that at the end of the Pamir Corridor from east to west, ruptures are being created at depths of 0-150 km. Two east-west and east-south trends are evident. Regarding the shallow earthquakes related to the upper 50 km of the crust, the dominant mechanism is of the normal type, which indicates the stretching of the crust in this section. According to the deep mechanism of earthquakes, the direction of the tensile force is in the east-west direction. This issue further confirms the issue of continental collision and then subduction towards the south of Badakhshan. The innovation of this research is the identification of seismic trends that have rarely been researched in the studied area, and its application is identifying high-risk areas for construction.

Geography is one of the most important determinants of stability or instability in countries. geography is the basis of many social and political developments within countries, even the relations between them and their neighbors. One of the clear examples of this is Afghanistan. This country is known as a crisis-prone country in terms of human geography. War and insecurity, political instability, poverty, extensive internal disputes have plagued the people and this geography for years. The purpose of the current research is to explain the foundations of human geography in the crises of this country. This research is of a descriptive type, whose theoretical framework is obtained from the combination of Hoggett's theory and Cohen's theory, and based on it, the bases and contexts of the crisis in Afghanistan have been explained from a human geographical perspective. According to the findings of the research, all the crises in Afghanistan are affected by human geography and caused by human heterogeneity, the interventions of the powers, as a result of which this country has been in a fragile and unstable situation for years and has remained a crisis maker. Border disputes with neighbors, being landlocked, being a barrier, being located in a fragile region, multiple neighbors, disputes over common border rivers and changing their course are some of the most stable issues of Afghanistan's geography. Ethnicism, linguistic and religious prejudices, extreme fundamentalism, illiteracy, drug cultivation and trafficking, migration, poverty and deprivation, and nomads are among the controversial issues in strengthening humanitarian crises...

Afghanistan's attitude towards dam construction and water infrastructure projects is from two aspects: First, compensating for the deficiencies in the development of water, agricultural and economic infrastructures that have suffered stagnation and backwardness during the years of war, occupation and destruction, and Second, the application of hydro hegemony policy (instrumental role of water) as a part of hydro political, geopolitical policy (water against immigrants and water against oil) and Afghanistan's foreign policy in political and diplomatic exchanges with two neighboring countries, Iran and Pakistan; As a landlocked country. The main source of water supply in Mashhad is mainly underground sources. The main source of water supply in Mashhad is mainly underground sources, however, climatic changes (drought), the state of internal resources, and on the other hand, the continuous growth of the population (and in proportion to the growth of demand), have made water supply dependent on external sources. With the construction of Selma Dam on the main branch of Harirud, the water flow to Dosti Dam has decreased by 40%. The investigations of this article show that the water shortage crisis in Northeast Iran, It has geopolitical, social, political-security, economic, environmental and etc. consequences.

This research is taken into account as descriptive – analytical based on nature and method. Information on the research has been gathered in the attributive method and by referring to valid sources.

General view of the hydrology of Mashhad In total, there are more than 736,000 agricultural wells in the country, and 320,000 of them are illegal. Of this amount, 4144 wells belong to the Mashhad plain, most of which are in a supercritical condition. Part of Mashhad's surface water supply is provided by 24 rivers. There are four rivers in Ahmadabad sector, six rivers in Torgabeh sector, four rivers in Razavieh sector, six rivers in Central sector and four rivers belonging to Kalat sector. Most of these rivers are in critical condition. According to the agreements made between the governments of Iran and Turkmenistan, the manner and extent of using the water of Harirrud River and Dosti Dam have been determined. However, there is no agreement with the Afghan government in this regard. Undoubtedly, the construction and completion of water structures on Harirrud, despite a legal vacuum, regardless of the water share and the understanding of the water bottlenecks of the three countries in the common catchment area, will bring water tensions in the future. In total, the tensions caused by water shortage and dehydration in Mashhad metropolis are as follows:-Today, water has emerged as a geopolitical issue, and it affects state relations. Afghanistan's rulers of all orientations know that through water control, they will be able to control their neighbors; in this case, Afghanistan looks at Hirmand and Harirrud rivers as a political tool, and it has based foreign policy doctrine towards Iran and Pakistan on this basis.
-Water, as a rare and non-renewable resource, is the main factor of life and development and the possibility of collision of groups; it increases people and population centers together.
-The security-political tensions of water shortage in Mashhad metropolis are caused by two factors: the high rate of Mashhad's urban population, the reverse migration of villagers and suburban towns to Mashhad metropolis, and unforeseen expenses caused by the rate of the pilgrim population.
-Environmental stresses caused by water shortage in various ways, such as climate change in the region (such as the Hamon area), storms, intensification of fine dust, subsidence, emptying of underground aquifers, intensification of diseases, etc. The climate of Khorasan Razavi, according to the condition of underground water and superficial and in spite of Afghanistan's continuous dam constructions, is susceptible to very acute and severe environmental crises.
- The agricultural sector, as the largest consumer of water in the world, provides food security. Moreover, any change in climatic conditions and access to the required water and threats to the water security of the countries will also be threatened. In general, due to the lack of water, the amount of production of some products will decrease, and that is why we are facing food security.

Problems related to access and lack of water include a wide range of environmental, social, security, political and economic issues such as climate change, migration from the village to the city and the depopulation of border areas, competition and conflict between different social groups, problems related to the field of health is like all kinds of diseases, food insecurity, reduction of quality of life, mental and psychological problems, etc. The water crisis in Mashhad metropolis is a smaller picture of the big picture of the water crisis in Iran. To advance water goals, the Islamic Republic of Iran, in common water areas, while adopting active water diplomacy with its neighbors and establishing an agreement, should give legal and international legitimacy to this issue. However, this research believes that due to the inherent nature of competition over vital resources and the selfish views of upstream countries, expecting water supply from outside the basin is somewhat unrealistic. In general, the focus should be on low-cost and possible methods, for example, reforming the agricultural model within the framework of the principle of sustainable development, collection of runoff water, and utilization and recovery of wastewater and greywater. With these methods, spending less on the coast (compared to sea transfer plans, inter-regional transfer, importation, etc.), it is possible to compensate for part of the country's water tensions.

There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

What is the election campaign and how does it acquire the nature of tourism and is it tourism itself is the question of the story of the current article? The election campaign is the shining arena of virtuous political people who respectfully gain power through political dynamics and are proud of the electoral behavior of their base. election behavior of any kind; If the author is released from prison, it will be sticky, civil and geographical. Political marketing is rooted in geographical differences, democracy, this is where the election campaign takes on the nature of tourism. The findings say that the only solution for world peace is tourism and music, in the case that tourism is becoming more important day by day and it even causes the formation of the metaphor of the geography of the body of the election campaign so that the body is a happy form. And it has been created and smooth in the idea of immortality and survival. Let it be said openly that this article says; Election campaign in democracies is tourism in the same way that in non-democracies it is participation and political work. According to a report, among 137 countries, according to six variables of GDP per capita, social support, healthy life expectancy, freedom to choose life, generosity, perception of corruption and "Dystopia", which is a measure for countries that are from the most to the least have the level of happiness, Finland is the happiest country in the world and Afghanistan is the unhappiest country in the world. Therefore, it can be said that the Finnish election campaign is tourism to Afghanistan, where non-participatory non-government and unacceptable political activities are held in the name of elections.

Although the world's fresh water resources are limited, they are constantly facing more demands. Population growth, urbanization and the effort to industrialization have caused more requests for fresh water. Meanwhile, more than 2 billion people in the world are facing water stress. Countries, especially in dry regions, have turned their attention to common basins in order to meet their needs. Iran has different common basins. The Hirmand Basin, which is known as the Helmand Sea in Afghanistan, is one of these common basins. Despite the bilateral agreements between Iran and Afghanistan in recent decades, Hirmand has become an issue of tension between the two countries, and its governing characteristics indicate the change of its status from hydro-politics to geopolitics of water; Because, in a continuous historical effort, Afghans have constructed various dams and diversion channels on the Hirmand and have imposed the price of their agricultural development in that basin on Iran.

This article, which was done with an inductive approach and with the strategy of historical-geographical studies, is of an analytical type and was done in a library method. Due to nature of the subject of the research, which is an international issue between Iran and Afghanistan, therefore, the study has been carried out considering the sources, documents, bilateral agreements of the two countries and international sources and conventions.

The negotiations between Iran and Afghanistan on Hirmand can be analyzed in three political phases: the Qajar period, the Pahlavi period, and the Islamic Republic period. The tension over water share began with the separation of Afghanistan from Iran. During the Qajar era, negotiations were held to determine the border, but no action was taken regarding the determination of the Iran’s share from Hirmand water flow. Due to Reza Shah de-escalation policy, in June 1921 a friendship agreement was signed between the two countries. In 1938 an agreement was signed between the two countries that the Hirmand water in the Kamal Khan area would be halved between the two countries. Afghanistan refused to ratify this agreement. The intensification of tension and occurrence of water shortage caused the issue to be seriously pursued during the period of Mohammad Reza Shah. After the mediation of the United States, an agreement was signed in 1973, which was approved in Iran but not approved by Afghan parliament. During the period of the Islamic Republic, Hirmand water flow continuously decreased and it was completely cut off in some cases mainly during the rule of the Taliban.Over several decades, ignoring Iran's water share, Afghans have built many dams and diversion dams on the Hirmand and its tributaries and have caused water flow reduced. Afghanistan's performance in this regard has been in contradiction with all international conventions and regulations.

Preventing Iran's water share flow is enough to turn Hirmand's situation into a geopolitical issue; meanwhile Afghanistan's actions have challenged international standards. Afghanistan's behavior in Hirmand case and the termination of Iran's concession is in contradiction with paragraph 1 of Article 5 of the United Nations Watercourse Convention, which emphasizes the fair and responsible use of water resources. Also, it is in contradiction with paragraph 1 of article 7 of the same convention and paragraph 1 of article 10 of the Berlin Water Treaty and against the document of the United Nations Environment Program which approved in 1978. The former mentioned document emphasizes the countries' behavior based on good neighborhood and respect for the rights and interests of others. According to the principle of historical exploitation, cutting off Hirmand water means ignoring Iran's natural right and right to the Hirmand stream.

Afghanistan is a country located in the east of Iran and has had ups and downs with Iran throughout its history. An examination of Afghanistan's relations with Iran at a time when the Taliban have taken control of the country has shown strained relations and tensions between the two countries. Given the Taliban's dominance of most of Afghanistan, it is important to identify areas that could lead to conflict in Iran's relations with the country. Therefore, this descriptive-analytical study seeks to identify areas of conflict between Iran and Afghanistan at present using the theory of Jeffrey Camp and Robert Harkawy. The results of the study show that the most important areas of conflict in Iran-Afghanistan relations are currently in four dimensions: demographic trends and illegal migration from Afghanistan to Iran (more than two million illegal immigrants), religious conflicts and Ethnicity between the two countries (conflict between pro-Sunni terrorist groups in Afghanistan and Iranian Shiites), territorial disputes and the resulting disputes (dispute between the two countries over the Helmand River and the two countries' non-compliance with the 1973 agreement on it and differences between the two countries The country is about Islam Qala) and the dependence of Sistan and Baluchestan water on Afghan water (destructive economic, social and environmental consequences such as migration, rising unemployment and environmental degradation in Sistan and Baluchestan province due to water shortages).

The creation of countries based on borders is the product of the second half of the nineteenth century, and Afghanistan is one of the first countries to be established on this basis. Afghanistan's current political borders are imposed, largely influenced by the political struggles and rivalries of British and British power in Tsarist Russia in the 19th century and during the Great Game to prevent a direct confrontation between the two powers in Central Asia. They set up a barrier between themselves and established the country's political borders through several treaties. Meanwhile, the Durand Line and the issue of Pashtunistan are very important because the developments in Afghanistan after the signing of the Durand Line entered a new phase that over time and major changes such as Britain's withdrawal from the subcontinent and India's independence not only failed. With the advent of Pakistan and the conflict of interest between the two neighboring countries, the complexity of events has increased and continues to this day. The present study, using descriptive-analytical methods and citing reliable library sources, seeks to examine the role of major powers such as Britain and Russia in shaping Afghanistan's political borders, especially the Durand Line, and its negative consequences for Afghanistan and its role in creating differences between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The results show that regional and supra-regional powers, especially Britain, played a role in shaping Afghanistan's borders, and Durand's mystery is one of the leftovers of British-Indian colonialism, which has now become a source of discord between Afghanistan and Pakistan and its negative consequences. To Afghanistan has included land closures and lack of access to open waters, support and rise of political instability in Afghanistan, global insecurity, the collapse of the social system, and so on.

Development and security for the border areas of Iran is one of the main and important issues that should be seriously considered by officials. This has made security concerns in the east one of Iran's main problems. Because Iran's eastern borders, which are very long, deal with issues such as drugs, water geopolitics, ethnic and religious issues, and the presence of foreign countries in neighboring countries. Iran is bordered by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east; Countries that, due to long periods of tension and instability, play a major role in creating insecurity in their neighboring regions, including Iran. The present paper tries to analyze the roots of insecurity and threats to development and security in the border region of South Khorasan in a descriptive-analytical manner. The main question is what are the foreign threats to the development and security of South Khorasan province as a border region in the east of the country? Findings of the study show that drugs, evils and insecurity, terrorism, the presence of foreign forces in Afghanistan, ethnic and religious issues and political instability in Afghanistan are the most important threats to development and security in the border areas of Iran and Afghanistan, especially in South Khorasan province to be. Inevitably, land management in South Khorasan province faces many issues and challenges, and development and security in this province require special attention and attention of the government and local officials.

Hydro geomorphology is the study of earth-shaped forms that are influenced by aquatic processes as their deforming factors and the relationship between the two. Previous studies in other parts of the world use morphotectonic indices. It has been done on the basins and the network of waterways, indicating their efficiency in identifying active areas. To investigate the topographic criteria for the discovery of the structural model and morphotectonic evolution of the central Himalayas, Nepal. Afghanistan, especially its northeast (Badakhshan), is one of the earthquake-prone countries, which also has several faults due to the structural zone of the continental collision with Eurasia, Hindu Kush, and the high Pamirs.

The following elements are used to prepare the hazard map: Hydro-morphological, Landsat 8 and Quick-bird satellite images, waterways and faults lines identified from Global Mapper, digital elevation model of 12.5 meters, and morphotectonic field of geomorphic indicators from the field of index Morphotectonics and seismicity catalog (1900-2011) EMME with updates from 2011-2021.

Results show that based on hydro-morphological, rectangular drainage network and based on the morphotectonic index, the eastern and northern regions of Badakhshan mountainous region and V-shaped and active valleys with evidence of triangular shapes in the conic line and East and North areas with the most tectonic activity and tilt to the west, Badakhshan seismic catalog with high seismicity, as a result of Badakhshan region has a high-risk potential.  

Results show that eastern, northeastern and southeastern parts of the region are in high-risk class. Evidence of landforms and linear trends show that the east-west movement of the Badakhshan region is accompanied by a pressure component in the continent-to-continent collision zone and exactly the opposite point of the North Badakhshan fault shows seismic trends. Therefore, the risk situation in the region is very high. In Badakhshan, the network of waterways is in line with the direction of faults. Based on these data, further innovation of the research explanation is to identify the danger zone with high potential. According to the application of the obtained results can be for urban and civil development and data source of seismic information and geomorphology of the region.

One of the basic issues of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the geopolitical field is related to security and its security environment. The fragile situation of some countries around Iran such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, etc. In recent years has increased the presence of Trans-regional powers, especially the United States in these areas. Therefore, can be the study and analysis of the presence of Trans-regional powers in these countries and its impact on Iran's national security doubly important. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is the effect of the performance of Trans-regional forces on the border security of Southern Khorasan province. The present research is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Information collection is library and survey. In the present study, 158 questionnaires have been completed. This questionnaire has four components and 30 questions, which are: 1- Social Security Indicators 2- Economic Security Indicators 3- Military Security Indicators 4- Border Guards Performance Indicators. The results of statistical studies showed that the presence of trans-regional forces had the greatest impact on increasing the number of armed forces on the eastern borders and the least impact on the transformation of elements of national identity of border residents. Also, based on a single-sample t-test, found that the effect of the presence of trans-regional forces was in the border areas of eastern Iran on border security moderate and its effect was on the performance of border forces above average.

The emergence of industrial hubs with oil and gas energy substrates has built economic structures which are in conjunction with energy production, transit and energy consumption centers, lt is referred to as geo-economic .The Greater Near East strategic region is in the spotlight due to the existence of large hydrocarbon reservoirs, that dominate and control it. Territories called bases and operational centers have been considered to advance the political-military and economic-commercial goals of the great powers. Afghanistan is one of the centers of operations due to its special topographical-geopolitical position .it is connected to world powers (Russia and China) and regional powers (Iran, Pakistan and India).This article uses analytical-descriptive method and using scientific and research resources while examining the geo-economic issues of Afghanistan and raises the hypothesis of creating insecurity and continuing instability in Afghanistan in order to ensure the economic-energetic benefits of industrial powers and pressure on actors. The competitor is evaluated on this basis, it is concluded that the systemic crisis resulting from the exploitation of energy resources under the name of geo-economic crisis will face major obstacles to the development of peace and stability processes in Afghanistan and will make the spread of insecurity for its surroundings inevitable.

Water is the origin of life on earth and there is no replacement for it. Unfortunately, transfer and desalination of seawater have a lot of costs. By increase in demands for water resource, and by contamination of surface and underground water, it is considered as important factor in political relations between countries. This may lead to many conflict and dispute over water resource. Inconsistency between Political and natural boundaries caused that more than 40 percent of the world population living in areas that watershed areas are common with other countries. Since the water consumption in upstream of rivers has an increasing trend, subsequently, hydro politic conflicts between societies that living in the upstream and downstream of water resource is increasing, as well as. The Helmand river is a good example for above-mentioned problem. The mean annual Helmand river discharge decreased significantly due to drought events and dam construction in Afghanistan. These factors, result in many Economic, political, social effects. This study aims to investigate the consequences of conflicts over water in Sistan region and spatial reflections of this conflict using descriptive-analytical approach. The results showed that the hydro politic confliction of Helmand river have an important reflection in water crisis in Sistan region and have an important effect in political relations between Iran and Afghanistan. In addition, in inside of Iran have a spatial reflects in economic, social and political dimensions.

Prelude:

 Due to the special characteristics and conditions of Security of the border, deployment of security in such areas is important.any form of insecurity in a border zone can seriously threaten different aspects of security in the country. Deployment of security along the border and in the border zone requires in the first place, investigation, and identification of natural and human-made features within the border zone. identification of natural and geographic features of a border zone is of paramount importance owing to the crucial role played by such bio-foundations in the social life and development of the border zone. They further contribute largely to borderline monitoring, management, and control systems.

Goal: 

The present research seeks to investigate the states of natural features, including the border stream, topography, and vegetation, in the Iran-Afghanistan border zone in Khorasan Razavi and further evaluates their impact on borderline and border zone security. materials and ways: the required data was extracted from the OLI sensor on the Landsat Satellite(2018), with the data then analyzed using GIS and remote sensing techniques in the ENVI  5.3 .

The findings showed that water scarcity and insufficient depth of Harirood River in most parts of the year set the scene for illegal trafficking of goods and drugs across the border, negatively impacting the border zone security. This further holds true for the seasonal lake of Namakar in the border zone between the two countries. Considering the topography, existing maps indicate that the presence of highlands in the vicinity of the Iran-Afghanistan borderline and extension of particular highlands into the mainland of Afghanistan have negatively influenced the border security.

Undoubtedly, one of the dimensions of geopolitical competition between geographical units is competition over common water resources. This has created political, economic and, in some cases, military tensions. But one of the most important effects of this crisis is the challenge of livability of geographical areas. Because the element of water, along with other components, plays a vital role in the sustainability of human and environmental biogeographical areas. The Iran-Afghanistan border is one of the areas facing a hydropolitical crisis? The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of hydropolitical crisis on the viability of geographical areas with emphasis on the border geography of Iran and Afghanistan. The main question of the article is how the hydropolitical crisis challenges the viability of geographical areas with emphasis on the border geography of Iran and Afghanistan? The method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The results of the article show that due to the fragility of the geography of the border region of Iran and Afghanistan, any interference in the natural ecosystem of the region will lead to major impacts on the living elements of the region and weaken the economic and social potential of the region.

The world’s population has been growing rapidly in recent decades, and statistics show that most of the added population belongs to development countries. The majority of this population live in rural areas which has an unfavorable standard of living and livelihood compared to international standard. The basis of human and economic development is based on livelihood; livelihoods include all the things that people do to make a living. In addition, livelihoods are sustainable when they can adapt to pressures and shocks, improve and strengthen or maintain capabilities and assets in the present and future, while not destroying natural resources. Sustainable livelihood is a way to think about rural development, which for rural people it leads to higher incomes, increased welfare, reduced vulnerability, improved food security and more sustainable use of basic natural resources. According to statistics, 71% of Afghanistan’s population lives in rural areas and the livelihood of rural households in this country depends on agriculture, livestock and handicrafts. A large part of the country’s economy depends on rural products, and the products of farmers and ranchers make up most of the country’s export. It is worth noting that in rural areas of Afghanistan, few studies have been conducted on sustainable rural livelihoods, and accordingly the present study is one of the most innovative and leading researchers for this area.

This is a qualitative study of the grounded theory type with the approach of Strauss and Corbin. The grounded theory method is commonly used to achieve theory, but it also has the ability to use its techniques in the form of other qualitative methods. Methods used to collect data include observation, Interviews, field notes and written and audio recordings made during the interviews. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to collect data. The current research integrated purposive and snowball samplings were used to collect data. Purposive sampling (also known as judgment, selective or subjective sampling) is a sampling technique in which researchers rely on their own judgment when choosing members of population to participate in the study. Snowball sampling method, initial subjects with the desired characteristics are identified using purposeful sampling technique. In this study, data analysis was performed simultaneously with data collection and the researcher reached the theoretical saturation stage with 23 interviews.

Based on the analysis, 220 codes were extracted from 23 interviews in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Code analysis led to the identification of 27 subcategories. Finally, 19 main categories were extracted from their classification. Showed relationships between categories formed in the data that the pattern formed corresponds to the original shape of the paradigm pattern (Pattern or model) of Strauss and Corbin, that is the core category (access to sustainable livelihood) is affected by causal conditions and it influences the strategies themselves. Strategies in turn shape the consequences of the phenomenon under the influence of contextual and interventionist condition.The causal categories of the paradigm are more dependent on agriculture, war and security challenges and the poor performance of the livestock and poultry sectors. According to the causal categories of the paradigm designed in the studied area, rural industries, rural services, livestock and poultry are very backward compared to the agriculture sector. This does not mean that the agriculture of the northern villages of Andar district is in a good condition. Rather, the monoculture of the rural economy (the majority of vineyards) with low productivity and efficiency in a traditional way has led the villages to an unfavorable living situation. In addition, due to various natural factors the risk of agricultural products is very high and has forced families to multiply their sources of incomes. But unfortunately, the increase in income depends on a particular sector (traditional agriculture). Therefore, in order to meet the economic needs of rural residents through the diversification of activities and income-generating methods, and to provide various job opportunities in this area, further encouragement should be provided.The war and security challenges in Afghanistan have overshadowed every manufacturing and service sector and prevent any progress and it has caused the villagers to have no connection with the government and rural development department and to live in more deprivation. Rural areas have been severely damaged by war and security challenges, which have weakened the agricultural sector, demolished homes, disabled rural people and lacked investment. The population of the villages has multiplied compared to previous years, but no attention is paid to creating new job opportunities, which has led to rising unemployment, poverty and many livelihood challenges. One of the way to create new job opportunities in the studied villages is the multi-functional approach and abandoning single-function approach.

Assessing the Position of the Pakistani Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Stabilizing the Region’s Security Crisis Pakistani tribal areas is an effective security vacuum for extra-regional industry in the East-West trade route to monitor the performance of china, Russia and Southeast Asia as trade –industrial giants, as well as control over mineral reserves and transit routes. Also energy is known there. In this article, using descriptive –analytical method, while answering the question of how the position of Pakistan Federal Tribal Areas in the spread of security crisis in the region is evaluated, we conclude that federal tribal areas due to legal gaps, lack of central government supervision and the full authority of tribal leaders in legal processes has created a favorable environment for the maintenance, growth, upbringing and training of Islamic radical groups as highly effective arms of the industrial powers implement economic-security plans, which can lead to insecurity and insecurity. They created stability and expanded the security crisis in the region.

As a buffer between Central Asia and South Asia, Afghanistan has effective transit advantages for advancing the economic goals of its surrounding countries. Among these countries, China, due to its international economic potential (the world's second largest economic power), seeks to monitor and trade with South Asia, West Asia and Europe through a One Belt- One Road, as well as controlling India because it is in regional rival. Therefore, Afghanistan Wakhan Corridor, considering its territorial proximity and relative security to the peripheral territories of China in its western regions, is considered a desirable solution for the implementation and consolidation of a One Belt- One Road economic strategy. Asking how the Wakhan Corridor plays a role in China's economic considerations, this article uses a descriptive-analytical hypothesis that China, given the security climate in Pakistani Kashmir and the insecurity of Central Asian countries due to the movements of extremist groups. , The Wakhan Corridor option, despite being influenced by geographical factors and elements, especially its rough topography in order to be close to the Greater Middle East (the Center of world energy) and Europe, as well as open water, is included in the long-term planning of its economic strategy.