جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ساسانیان » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Following the gradual extinction of the Seleucid dynasty, whose territory was weakened by the Parthian powers in the east and the Romans in the west; The Parthians bordered the Romans. The common borders of the two powers led to conflicts between them; Due to the internal problems of the Parthians, the Romans were able to gain access to geopolitical regions such as Mesopotamia. After the extinction of the Parthians, their territory was transferred to the Sassanids along with the death of their conflict with Rome. The results of the research indicate that the city of Nasibin was one of the main centers of the Iran-Rome wars in the Sassanid period; As the access to it was considered to be in the possession of Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, and on the other hand, Nasibin was located on the border of Iran and Byzantium and was considered as one of the places where the transit of goods took place. Therefore, both Iran and Byzantium did not want to lose control of the city politically, economically, or even religiously. Therefore, the loss of such a city was considered as a major change in the balance of power in the Miyanrodan, As Iran and Byzantium were not willing to lose this city, and because of this, there were continuous conflicts between them, which gradually led to the weakening of the power of the two empires.

Cultural Landscape are known as mirrors and books whose observation and study can help us reach invaluable information about social, historical, geographical, linguistic, political, cultural, architectural, and artistic issues dominating the historical period through which the authors have lived. The major question posed here is that how successfully has Khaghani, as aLandscape survived throughout Sasani era? The present study has been carried out using a documentaryanalytic method and using the library study method. Findings in this research showed that Khaghani has revealed some invaluable information for the audience of his poetry through reviewing this "reflexive mirror" and through statement of the observable and unobservable aspects and untold stories of history about this cultural Landscape. This study can introduce Khaghani as a cultural geography scholar and can represent "Eyvan-e-Madaen" as a cultural Landscape and can introduce the epic of "Eyvan-e-Madaen" as a very important historical document regarding cultural Landscape and can reflect literature as a sensitive phenomenon to realize geography.

Geography is like a bridge between the past and the future, as a crossroads between the natural and social sciences. In recent years, geographers have become increasingly interested in literary texts as a means of exploring the concept of landscapes. The study of a landscape as a text places the interpretation of a landscape at the center of interdisciplinary studies and uses concepts such as objectification, representation, awareness and ideology, and the interrelationships between these concepts.
Data and

Dynamic and timeless interpretation of visible and invisible aspects as well as forgotten and overlooked aspects of a perspective can show changes and developments in social, political, intellectual, architectural, as well as choices, behaviors, and attitudes of a human group in different periods and its impact on the place, environment and geography.By case studying the ode "Ivan Madain", several dynamic and interpretable images of this cultural landscape are presented instead of a fixed and stereotypical image, and many facts from the interpretation of this cultural perspective are obtained. In the present study, the research method was documentary-analytical in terms of purpose and nature.

The components of the cultural landscape can be divided into two categories: the visible components and the invisible components. Some of the components of cultural landscapes leftover from this magnificent building of the Sassanid period can be seen and reported for Khaghani Shervani; such as the iron ring that existed inside the porch roof until 1812, and this ring was taken out of the roof by the local Bedouins, thinking that it was a precious metal. Invisible aspects of these cultural landscapes are linguistic species that can identify the geographical area of the language of the peoples who spoke it. Khaghani mentioned the name "Tigris" several times in this poem. Tigris is an ancient Persian word that was originallly "Tighreh" and due to linguistic changes, has become the modern form of the Tigris.

In describing Iwan-e Kasrā, Khaghani did not limit himself to cultural concepts. In addition to ecological interpretation, he has studied the elements of indigenous architecture, historical past, cultural entanglement, culture, and conditions of different eras. As a cultural geographer, he has pointed out both the visible aspects of this magnificent Sassanid building and the invisible aspects of this cultural landscape. Throughout his poems, he has presented a different way of looking at the world that is not limited to a tasteful, empirical, and emotional perspective. Thus, it can be argued that literature has more to do with providing an emotional counterpart to the objective knowledge of geography, and the cultural perspectives described in the literature, which have emerged from the combination of literature and geography, are the best place and possibility for thinking.

 Introduction

Geopolitics (a special method) that uncovers and analyzes critical phenomena and defines aggressive or defensive strategies for a territorial boundary in terms of human and natural geography. (Loro and Toval 1961:34) thus it can be said that geopolitics, as government and political groups (knowledge of competition and the expansion of the sphere of influence) to seek and seize power, tools, levers and geographic opportunities which gives them power and the ability to overcome the rival. they compete to capture opportunities and geographic opportunities in location and spaces and try to further expand they influence in geographic area and add then to their activities .on the other hand drive out rivals from disputed spaces. (Hafez nia,1965:17)in this historical and traditional sense geopolitics in traditional and historical conceptions is the power opposition to become landowner and control the territory in which the political force of each confliction side use different representation to achieve their goals. Therefore the issue of historical geopolitics is the study of the place affection on history and civilization fate whose is its discourse is on the new research method in the geographic approach (historical geography) on historical political system. (Bay, 1968:11) in this regard this research tries to process the geopolitical, political, and military functions of this city, it wants to analyze the historical and geography position of Martyropolis city.  

Martyropolis is a city on the borders of Iran and Byzantine which according to the most historians and researcher was established in the city of Tigrankerta the former Armenia capital founded by Tigran in the 1st century BC (markoat, 1944: 63; shipman, 1964: 68: Diakonf, 1964: 231; Dernarsian, 2537:21; Avdoyan, 2006: 97). When Armenia was divided between Iran and Rome in 387 AD it was the capital of sufen. It was in the midst of great Armenia which Farat and Degle headwater was in the west and east of it (Jones, 2012: 481-507) the ancient regimes built cities in the geopolitical region such as the major point of the border. The construction of this cities brought political and military function.  

The border towns and conflict Iran and Byzantine over their domination include the bulk of the relation between these two powers during the Sassanid era, as the center of the confluence of these two powers in the cities of Minor Asia, Syria, Caucasus and Mesopotamia. Ancient regimes started to build cities in the geopolitical regions such as the border point. The construction has brought them political and military functions. Among these cities one can mention is Martyropolis which has been created in Minor Asia, due to the geopolitical significance for the Byzantine state. the Minor Asia peninsula has always been like the bridge between Asia and Europe and has been considered as the east and west confliction ground from the beginning of history .Regarding the geographic location of the Martyropolis city current sylvan in southeastern turkey it should be said that this city stated in the Degleh river headwater in the north (Diyarbakir) and in the southeast of Van lake in the way which connected Armenia to Mesopotamia. As the most historian and researchers said Martyropolis has been built in the place of Tigrankerta (the former capital of Armenia) that was founded by Tigran in the first century BC.  There are many different view about constructor of Martyropolis, for instance individuals like Maya, Farigin, Marosa, Helena, Constantine, Khosro Anoshirvan, Khosro Parviz and some of these sources go further and claimed that Miafarghin is one of the tree cities which made after Noah storm .Byzantine empire created city to prevent or at least hindered the progress of Iranians in Armenia, Mesopotamia, Minor Asia, Syria and then the Roman territories. Therefore it should be said that Miafarghin by its geopolitical position played an important role in Byzantine defense system. As its fortress were strengthened at different time and during the region of roman emperors, such as Arkadios, Second Teodosios, Mastazius and Jostinin to defense Iranian attacks. Regarding the importance of this city it should be acknowledged that the loss of such cities in the ancient time led to a major change in the power balanced in the region; for this reason the Byzantine not willing to lose this cities, and this caused continuing conflicts between them and the Sassanians emperors which little by little reduced the power of both empires.

It is widely believed that a combination of ancient Greco-Roman and Persian civilizations is a major contributor to what culturally constitutes ‘West”. Later in the Sassanid period, the inter-linked notions of state, territory, and boundary developed substantially, coming quite close to their contemporary forms. On the other hand, considering that 'justice' was the corner stone of ancient Persian political philosophy, the idea that the ancient Persian spatial arrangement might have contributed to the evolution of the concept of democracy in the West may not be too difficult to contemplate. The term Iran has constituted the official name of the country or state known by that name at least since the emergence of the Achaemenid federative state in the 6th century BCE. The West came to know this country as Persia through the Greeks of the city-states, which in the 6th century BCE, were not as yet familiar with the concept of state–cum–country. They named Iran Persia in accordance with their on-going tradition of naming places after the name of the dynasties or the ethnicities ruling them, in much the same way that Iranians – and through them, the entire Muslim world - named Greece Yunan in their historiography of that entity, simply because in antiquity, the Iranians first came into contact with the Ionian ethnicity of Greece. Thus, it is obvious why the Greeks named Iran Persia, which originally was and still is but a province in southern Iran where the ancient Achaemenid and Sassanid dynasties had emerged. The term Persia, however, became more solidly founded in Western culture when it entered biblical texts and became somewhat sanctified. Nevertheless, the term Iran maintained its place in Western cultural thinking in more obscure forms such as a feminine name; i.e. Iran in the Persian language; Irene in Latin, Germanic, Armenian, and other Western languages, while its prefix ‘ir’ representing the mysticism of the land of Aryans, is to be seen in country names like Ireland, which comes from Éire of Proto-Celtic origin, reflecting its Proto-Indo-European roots. In today’s common and official usage of the variation, it is worth noting that while the language and literature, art and culture are all Persian, the civilization and the name of the country are attributed to the term Iran.