جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « sprawl » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Today’s urban sprawl is a more challenging issue because urban physical development planning is a basic necessity of urban development plans. This phenomenon is caused by different factors that interact, and one of the strategies of management, control, and decreasing adverse effects is identifying these influencing factors in the emergence of urban sprawl. Therefore, recognizing the effective factors in the formation and expansion of cities can be helpful in the suitable selection decisions for their future. As the country's capital in the past years, Tehran experienced physical growth. Because sprawl benefits and encroachment around land caused some crudity in the city's physical growth, understanding this city's mechanisms of physical expansion is the critical goal of this research.

This research is a descriptive analytic one. In this regard, summative data of smart growth include average floor, compression ratio, residential average occupancy level, residential net density (persons per hectare), average residential area (square meters), residential land area (thousand square meters), gross population density (persons per hectare) have been analyzed. Also, the number of residential plots in 14 neighborhoods of district 2 of Tehran municipality using ELECTRE and ENTROPY has been assessed.

The research showed the ranking of 14 neighborhoods in the 2nd district of Tehran from the view of density indicators based on the Elector model. So that the first to fourth neighborhoods, located in the northern part of the region, with a number of 10 to 12 predominance, have a better situation in terms of density indicators.

The increase in density in the 2nd district of Tehran has been associated with negative consequences instead of positive results, regardless of the network structures of roads, accesses, and development of public transportation. Although policies to increase density have been taken in recent years, the lack of establishment of appropriate structures, especially in user distribution areas and the transportation system's defects, have caused severe disturbances. So, in this situation, the intensive growth of the city can be called a weak and incomplete approach.

Many experts and regional planners believe that multicenter development can create a balance between growth, dispersion, and compression, and while protecting land, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reducing motor vehicle trips. Based on this, this article seeks to strengthen the decision makers' understanding of its application by examining the relationship between polycentricity or monocentricity in 31 country provinces, the travel pattern and scattered behaviour. Thus, the logic of the current research is comparative and based on descriptive and correlational methods. First, using two criteria of city size distribution and spatial distribution of centres, the degree of polycentricity of the country's provinces was determined. Then, using Pearson's correlation, the relationship between the spatial structure indicators and topographically dispersed variables and travel patterns at the level of the country's provinces was investigated. The results show that more polycentric provinces generate more trips per person (personal and public). Also, there is a positive and significant link (0.825) between the spatial distribution of cities, the degree of polycentricity of provinces and energy consumption caused by transportation. Although, at first glance, the increase in the share of trips by private car can appear as a threat in multi-centred areas, but according to the travel demand, it can be an economic justification for strengthening public transportation and an opportunity to reduce pollution, especially in multi-centred metropolitan areas. In addition, there is an inverse relationship between the size distribution of cities, and the number and area of building permits (respectively, -0.37 and -0.36), which can indicate the weakening of economic incentives for urban sprawl. Finally, it seems that the polycentric-intensive model can be a more suitable structure for sustainable development.

The city and urbanization, although not a new phenomenon in human history, but "urbanization of communities" (in the sense of the majority of the population living in cities), a new trend and the product of the widespread redistribution of population in favor of urban settlements after the Industrial Revolution. Therefore, Physical expansion and increase in density and accumulation within cities will be Inevitable. Horizontal expansion of cities to the suburbs and the periphery, in addition to the financial costs of development for governments, from social aspects, it also causes the destruction of social justice. "Infill development or the increase" Politics," is one of the city's physical development and growth policies, that use of existing capacity within cities and revitalize declining areas of focus for future growth. In this way, we can develop the inner tissue of the city, Rehabilitation of abandoned and unused spaces, Revival of worn tissues and increase of dense balance, Achieved, to sustainable urban development Which is the most important challenge facing humanity in the 21st century. Infill development approach in direct contact with the idea of smart growth city and it is part of the guidelines. Infill development has many features that the sustainable development of the city that is very important. so, Infill development It is one of the fundamental solutions for the sustainable development of cities. It can be prefabricated, In small or high units and in a reconstructed form, Revitalization of (Historical) and etc.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Research data collection is based on documentary-library and field methods. The study area is the city of Miandoab. Shannon and Holdern entropy models have been used to analyze the shape of the city. Also, the hierarchical analysis process was used to compare the binary criteria and the final weight of these criteria was calculated using Expert choice11 software.

Analysis of internal development indicators in the city of Miandoab The results of the Holdern model for the city of Miandoab show that, about 33% of the physical growth of the city was related to population growth and 67% was related to the horizontal and spiral growth of the city, which led to a decrease in gross population density and an increase in gross per capita urban land, resulting in horizontal urban sprawl.Physical-spatial indexThe entropy value (G) of Miandoab city has been calculated for the years 2006, which is equal to 0.933. The fact that the entropy value is close to 1 indicates the scattered growth of the city and the spiral phenomenon that has occurred in the city of Miandoab during these years. Also, the proximity of the total entropy frequency (H), 1.672, to the maximum value of LN (n), 1.792, indicates the scattered growth of this city. In the building density index, about 70% of residential license plates in Miandoab are one-floor, 25% are two-floor and 5% are 2-floor and more. Study areas No. 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, which mainly include the areas around the city and the villages integrated into the city, have a low building density (up to 60%). Therefore, these areas have great potential for internal development in terms of building density index. The highest population density, which is over 100 people and more per hectare, is in the central areas of the city. Open and barren lands in Miandoab city include 13.9%, 4913,620 square meters of the area. These lands have different areas from 50 square meters to 3 hectares. Given that barren and abandoned lands are the main potential for internal development, the first priority for internal development is the same barren and abandoned lands. In the city of Miandoab, about 70% of residential license plates can be used in terms of the type of building materials used, 20% of residential license plates are repaired and 10% are destroyed. Most of the residential buildings in the suburbs that are within the city limits are destroyed and repaired. study conducted in the city of Miandoab indicate the dominance of buildings with load-bearing wall structures. These buildings make up 46% of the existing buildings in the city. Based on this, half of the buildings in Miandoab can be considered low-strength. Steel-framed buildings with a 32% share are in the second level. The lowest type of building skeleton is related to clay and mud buildings. Also, more than 75% of the buildings in Miandoab are less than 25 years old, which shows the greatest development of the city since the 60th decade. In the city of Miandoab, about 70% of the residential license plates of a one-floor city, 25% two floors and 5% of the plots are 2 floors up.

The results of the research indicate that, Number areas 4, 10, 19, 20, 21 with the first priority of development and areas 2, 11, 17 with the second priority of internal development, Areas 1,15 with the third priority of development, Area 18 with low internal development potential and the rest of the constituencies, which are north of the 7, 8, 12, 13, 16 constituencies, have very low internal development potential. It can be acknowledged that the neighborhoods with the highest development potential have a relatively high value in most of the criteria and the neighborhoods with low development potential have the lowest value. In general, due to the large area of barren lands within the legal boundaries of the city and the capacity to increase building density, especially in the eastern parts of the city, Existence of gross residential per capita, Existence of land uses and old buildings in Miandoab city has a high potential for endogenous development and there is no need to increase the city limits and construction around the city and it is better to develop endogenously to reduce the dispersion.

Urban sprawl is a process in which extensive urban areas are spread in surrounding lands and nearby rural and agricultural lands, and the city's physical expansion takes on a speed greater than population growth. The accelerated and uneven physical spatial development of Iranian cities in the last few decades has brought adverse social, economic, and physical effects and consequences. The exorbitant costs of city transportation and services, energy waste, waste of material, and social capital in the city are among the most important problems of cities in the discussion of unfavorable development of physical space and low density of cities. The current research aims to investigate the phenomenon of urban sprawl and measure the amount of sprawl in Sari city. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and practice in applying the results. Also, in terms of the type of method, it has a quantitative methodology of the factor analysis type. The research results showed that 16 effective indicators in urban sprawl in Sari city could be categorized into six factors: density, accessibility, net density, irregularity of built areas, activity space, and construction parts. Also, the results of the investigation of these factors and the overall dispersion index in the regions of Sari city showed that 176.60 hectares of the area and 18124 people of the population of Sari city are in the very low dispersion area, as well as 598.31 hectares of the area and 74540 The population of Sari city is located in a very scattered area.

Analysis of Urban Sprawl of Sirjan and future growth using Remote Sensing DataExtended AbstractIntroductionLike a living creature, a city develops because of various factors such as population growth and the expanding scope of human activities. As a result, the city's physical range also increases in different vertical and horizontal directions. Cities can't accommodate the increased population; thus, a part of the population is driven around the city searching for better living spaces. In this case, rural districts near the city are the most likely to attract this kind of population. It then becomes a question of what must be done. That is, what is the solution? Studying urban development and determining its causes and factors may be helpful. In the province of Kerman, there is an important and more significant city named Sirjan, which is characterized by relatively flat terrain, and the slope is from northeast to southwest, and therefore general directions for building the body and textures of the city are northwest-southeast and northwest-southwest. A fragmented development has come about due to the city combining several villages nearby as it expanded and developed. This research seeks to answer the following question: how has Sirjan become more urbanized over the last few decades? What will Sirjan's future look like in the next 30 years? This study aims to examine Sirjan's urban sprawl during 20 years from 1990 to 2020. The sprawl directions and rates will also be examined to understand the city's urban growth balance better.MethodologyThe types of applied research and the methods used to conduct it are descriptive-inferential and analytical-combined. According to the proposed hypotheses, the current study aims to assess historical physical development and forecast future physical growth till 2050, and how the surrounding villages of Sirjan city will change. The method has been deductive and inductive in using theoretical foundations, models, and methods, and generalizing results and suggestions, respectively. Because of the interaction of human and economic issues, the research took a systemic-structural approach. The Landsat satellite photos from the period (1985-2020), with a 5-year interval, were initially employed in this study to meet the research aims and to answer the research questions. The photos were then corrected for atmospheric and radiometric effects, and the results were derived using a supervised classification approach of changes in Sirjan over the statistical period under consideration. The results were validated using the Kappa coefficient. The satellite photos used in the study came from the Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellites, as well as the TM, ETM, and OLI sensors. Also, in this study, the entropy model has been used to determine the urban misery and sprawl of Sirjan.Result and Discussions The photographs associated with each statistical period have also been processed. In this part of the report, the number of land uses (constructs) has been described by geographical directions separately. To determine the area of structures in each geographic direction, first satellite images in SAGA software are cut according to the study area and then processed based on samples taken from Google Earth. ENVI is used to classify the output of this software. Then, the output from the GIS program is called, and the area of Sirjan's constructions is determined in terms of each geographical direction. The Markov chain model was used to assess changes in building in the study region during the next 30 years leading up to 2050, as well as to demonstrate which settlements in Sirjan will be integrated with the city's progress. The Markov chain model utilizes cover classes as state or chain states. According to projections, the city of Sirjan will have a total area of 90.84 square kilometers in 2050, thanks to the expansion and integration of Najaf. The above is also supported by the statistical period's entropy results in terms of eight geographical directions. According to the findings, the entropy value for the eight directions of Sirjan city buildings is 2.0258, which is lower than the standard and final value of 8, which is 2.0794, indicating the accuracy of the technique results. Secondly, the calculation value, equivalent to 2.0258 and is extremely close to the standard and final levels indicates that urban sprawl in Sirjan has been confirmed in terms of geography and intensity.ConclusionThe study of the progress of Sirjan city during the statistical period of 2020-1990 showed that the most construction was done in the east at the beginning of the period. However, toward the end of the period, the northwest had the most significant number of constructions. In the northwest direction, the percentage was more than in other directions. It is estimated that the area of this geographical direction at the beginning of the period was 0.875 square kilometers, while at the end of the period, it was 6.513 square kilometers. Since the beginning o

Sprawl is the process of rapid population growth and spreading of urban developments on undeveloped land near a city with a direct impact on the spatial development which in recent years has become one of the major challenges of cities around the world. Growing population trend and substantial changes in land use have made scientific and accurate planning a vital requirement for the management of this phenomenon. Accurate planning can help managers and spatial planners achieve sustainable urban and rural development. The present study seeks to enhance understanding about spatio-temporal processes of urban growth and development in Babolsar, identify general factors affecting the formation and spatio-temporal changes of the city and also inform managers and decision makers of the trends and growth patterns to help them in accurate planning, designing and managing. In order to achieve these goals, detailed information about the physical structure of the region in different time periods are collected, changes and spatial dispersion of the study area are observed, and information about the physical growth of the city is also obtained.

The present study applies descriptive-analytical method to examine population growth and physical expansion of the city. After selecting the geographical area, satellite images captured in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 were obtained from the US Geological Survey (USGS) web site. To calculate Shannon's entropy, the study area was divided into 25 regions based on the distance from central core of the city. Then, total area of each region and each zone (marked in each region for each period) were calculated. Thus, the necessary information was prepared to determine the trend of physical expansion and development of Babolsar city from 1990 to 2020. Shannon's entropy model not only has no limitation regarding the number of areas, but also has a high level of flexibility regarding the types of divisions used for the study area.

These maps show that Babolsar has always grown both spatially and demographically from 1990 to 2020. The relative entropy of Shannon was calculated for each period and each region, and resulting coefficients show that not only is the rate of sprawl high in Babolsar, but it has always exhibited a sharply increasing trend during the last three decades especially from 2010 to 2020. Since examining expansion and dispersion require a careful consideration of population changes and trends, population of the study area was calculated for each year and its relationship with sprawl was examined. Findings indicate that sprawl has increased along with population increase. According to Holdern model and results obtained in the present study, population is the most important factor affecting physical growth of Babolsar city. It has played an especially powerful role from 1990 to 2000. Three main patterns of spatial development and sprawl can be identified in Babolsar: 1) strip or linear growth pattern spreading the city along the main transportation artery further away from the urban core. 2) Leapfrog development pattern which occurs when developers skip over land to obtain cheaper land further away from cities and thus create separately, singularly, discontinuously developed settlements. 3) Continuous low-density pattern developed due to excessive use of land for urban purposes along the outskirts surrounding the city. Gradual development in this pattern support infrastructure such as water, and energy and road network.

Studies indicate that sprawl in Babolsar city has had destructive effects on the environment and high quality agricultural lands around urban and rural settlements. Especial attention of Iranian society to its northern culture and the concept of "pleasure utopia" which has been assigned to the Southern Coast of the Caspian Sea are considered to be the most important reasons for urban sprawl in this city and other similar cities. Rapid increase in the number of villas built by indigenous and non-indigenous people has resulted in the destruction of high quality agricultural land and irreparable socio-economic damages. Currently, real estate trading, even in the villages of northern region, has not only intensified the sprawl, but also has changed and dissolved the traditional land use systems turning previous land owners into janitors. Other influential factors affecting sprawl in Babolsar and similar cities in the northern region of Iran include inefficient government policies in land and housing section, failure to meet the goals of urban and rural projects, population growth, real estate trade, development and construction codes incompatible with the realities of society, ambiguity in the laws and regulations governing construction within the legal limits of cities, lack of protection for government-owned land and properties, lack of proper supervision in construction projects.

There are many ambiguities in determining the shape of a sustainable city and obtaining its indicators. Researchers can choose their desired indicators from a wide range to measure the urban form quantitatively. One of the types of urban forms that has been studied a lot is sprawl. Urban sprawl is in opposition to the Smart Growth Movement, with the aim of guiding urban development towards compactness. The difference of opinions on the two main and conflicting debates about the sustainability of the urban form (compression and sprawl) shows that although the compact city idea has been criticized in some cases, it has finally attracted many ideas. Certainly, in order to achieve sustainability, the future urban form should not act against the principles and rules of the compact city. In this research, by reviewing previous studies regarding different definitions of compactness and urban sprawl, without giving superiority to one of these forms, each of the urban forms and their effects on different aspects has been examined. The research method is analytical and finally, it comes to the conclusion that according to the physical, economic and social conditions of each city, urban compaction should be considered only as a solution to achieve urban sustainability instead of focusing on a specific urban form.

The spatial structure of cities has changed a lot after technological changes and population growth and they have shifted from a monocentric compact city structure to an extended and scattered structure that poses many challenges and they have made human life and well-being difficult. Efforts to achieve a sustainable urban structure and form intensified after the second half of the twentieth century and solutions such as smart growth, urbanism, infill development, and a compact city are offered. Following the process of changing the structure of cities, the structure of polycentric city has become apparent in large cities. The formation of a polycentric structure in large cities is inevitable. Therefore, in order to increase sustainability in the urban form and achieve sustainable urban development, it is necessary to combine the polycentric city structure with previous approaches such as the compact city. The main purpose of the research is to explain theoretically the approach of polycentric compact city structure within the framework of urban planning theories. In this study, using the review method of studies related to urban sprawl, compact city and polycentric structure, the theoretical framework of combining compact and polycentric structures was explained. The research results suggest that a compact city with several indicators such as increasing density, strengthening public transport, increasing mixed land use, facilitating service delivery, reducing the distance between home and work, intensification and infill are proposed as the last structure to achieve sustainable urban development. Polycentric compact city approach takes advantage from the three structures of sprawl, compact city and polycentric city to achieve a sustainable city form

Saeedabad Shahryar sub-district has witnessed rural industrial development (Golgun town) during the last two decades. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Tehran sprawl on economic indicators from the perspective of rural industrial development. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and follows a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population includes residents of the old texture of Saeedabad village and its surroundings who have experienced the effects of urban sprawl and industry development. The impact of industry development in the region was measured based on two indicators of increasing the local labor market and increasing the added value of industrial products to the region in the form of 6 items. Using the sample estimation method in the regression technique (thumb rule) N≥8k + 50, the sample size of 98 people was determined. The samples were selected by random sampling method and saturated with 85 samples and the completed questionnaires were analyzed in SPSS software. The results showed that the business boom is mainly for the specialized group in Golgun town and to some extent for the villagers and the durability of the population. The industrial development of the village has not had a significant effect on reducing the unemployment rate of the villagers and has only increased the non-native population. The present study proposes strategies for conservation and protection of natural resources, implementation of optimal land use model and support of human resources to balance the effects of rural development from the perspective of industry.

Statement of the Problem: 

Many cities around the world are misusing their natural resources due to their spawl growth. A few approaches have been proposed to prevent such a situation and achieve a form of urban growth that meets the needs of today's urban society while preserving the environment and natural resources. The most acceptable one is smart growth.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the indicators of smart urban growth in District 1 of Karaj municipality.

The data of this descriptive-analytical study were gathered from both documents and a survey. First, the 18 indicators were calculated and analyzed separately. Then, the AHP method in Expert Choice software was used to assign a coefficient for each indicator by 3 sample experts. The urban growth situation is being determined using an invented model. The study area locates in the northeast of Karaj city and it has an area of 859.4 hectares and a population of more than 120 thousand people.

Findings indicated a large gap between urban growth characteristics of the study area and smart growth indicators. The value of sprawl growth was 2.63 and it was close to Ln15 (Number of the neighborhoods). The result of the land use mixing formula was 0.6 which is closer to 1 (maximum land use mixing) than to 0 (uniform land use). The figures of building density indicator were between 70% to 210%. However, the figures for most indicators showed that totally, the study area was in a moderate state of urban smart growth criteria.

Innovation: 

Combining objective and subjective data with a syntactic approach that pays attention not only to physical growth but also to social and economic aspects is the innovation of this study.

The change in the way cities operate and benefit from ICTs, etc., has led to population dispersal, activity, and housing. This trend, along with the devastating social and environmental impacts, has had quite visible and measurable economic consequences. A comparative study would be very helpful to avoid the implications of measuring the occurrence of this process and the impact of national and local factors on it. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to compare the dispersal trend of the two cities of Esfarain and Bojnourd. In this regard, the present study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-comparative in terms of research method. Required data were collected from documentary library studies and Heldern, Shannon entropy and Gini coefficients were used to analyze the data. The results showed that according to Helderenchr('39')s model, 84% of physical growth in Esfarain between 1345 and 1345 was related to population growth and about 16% to horizontal and spherical growth. For Bojnourd, this was also about 88% of the population growth and about 12% of the horizontal and spiral growth, which is slightly different from that of Esfarain. The Shannon entropy model also shows the sparse growth of physical expansion in the two cities of Esfarain and Bojnourd. The Gini coefficient calculated for Esfarain city is 0.096 and for Bojnourd city is 0.054 which indicates that population growth (Espalier) of Esfarain city is 0.015% more than Bojnourd city. Since the continuation of such conditions has numerous environmental, social and economic consequences for the residents of the cities concerned, it is advisable to strategically research, control and manage the physical development of the city and utilize the interpersonal development policy.

Cities are growing rapidly, and the ecological reflection of cities, especially large ones, and their growing population is primarily due to the spatial expansion or physical development of cities and the encroachment on agriculture and natural resources. This expansion, on the one hand, has caused urban evasion and, on the other hand, has increased the desire for second homes and rest in places far from cities. This is especially serious for the neighboring villages of metropolitan areas, especially Tehran and major cities. Therefore, every rural settlement located on the outskirts and around these urban centers has been exposed to attention. This has had different effects in the villages. The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental, physical-spatial, social and economic effects of urban creep in Mehrabad village. The research method in this article is a qualitative method based on interviews. The statistical population of the study consisted of two groups of managers, officials and rural households living in the village. The interviews were conducted by snowball method and saturated. The results showed that in the social dimension, the growth of urbanism and change of attitude of the villagers is the most important effect that urban growth has left in Mehrabad village and in the economic dimension, the imbalance in employment and reduction of income and savings of the villagers. Livestock farming has occurred. The most important physical effect of urban landslides in Mehrabad village has been lawlessness and increasing illegal construction, and in the environmental dimension, it has led to the destruction of natural resources and the increase in environmental pollution.

The way of our development affects people's daily lives; how much families pay for housing and transportation, how long workers spend commuting home, the economic opportunities in communities and even personal health are all connected to how neighborhoods and surrounding areas are built (Ewing & Hamidi, 2014).The biggest problem in understanding the question of where the city ends and countryside begins is the result of current ways of living where physical boundaries are becoming increasingly less clear. Nowadays we observe new categories like urbanized countryside (rural-type cities) on the periphery of the city. These in-between spaces are the mixing of various mechanisms and natures.Although the changes that occurred in the last half of the twentieth century has made the boundary (difference) between urban and rural less visible (or even erased it), people still perceive the difference in their perceptions of space. In other words, the boundary will become more a part of mental perception rather than a function of exterior physical indicators. Nowadays, suburbs are provided as the new in-between areas for city residents that wish to live in nature and yet close to the city and its facilities (Scott et al., 2007). On the other hand, a driving force for the expansion of urban spaces, especially residential land use, isa critical need for habitation. It is alsoa desire for security through the acquisition of property and private activities aimed at searching for additional benefit via the additional value of urban land. The allocation of appropriate land around the cities for urban development provides a basis for competing among different actors that follow their benefits and strategies; this benefit determines if development begins to take shape or isstopped (Bastye & Deezer, 1999). This phenomenon and the economic and regulatory systems which create it not only produce an inefficient and unpleasant environment on the urban fringe but also adversely affect the inner city and the rural areas as well (Bosselman, 1968).Although the expansion of city at outskirt can be cited as a general and extensible characteristic of urban sprawl problem, in a detailed explanation of why it occurs we have to say that if one block group or a group of them has a significantly higher density than those surrounding it. We can say the former serves as a center for the block groups surrounding it; therefore, sprawl does not always occur at the periphery of urbanized areas moving outward based on this definition, (Ewing & Hamidi, 2010).Due to the above-mentioned definition of sprawl, this article intends to organize the texts and data of other studies and extract their main message. Then, with the help of summarization and evaluation methods, it draws out and applies the practical knowledge lies in them. Based on this method, this studyaims to explore the measurement of urban sprawl in the areas of the Mashhad Metropolitan region as a preferred statistical measurement scale.

From the earliest writings on sprawl, sprawl has been assumed to occur primarily at the periphery of urbanized areas moving outward. An individual street or block may contribute to sprawl, but we would not called it sprawl. This distinction seems particularly poignant when we talk about population and employment centers, which is defined by the interrelationships among block groups (Ewing &Hamidi, 2010).A unique and specific definition of the so-called Iranian sprawl phenomenon includes planned and unplanned automobile-oriented urban growth with lack of local public facilities and uses, public social open spaces, and relatively low-population density caused by fast urbanization and poor growth control and automobile-oriented planning. In this sense, it can be argued that the form of the fast and dispersed developments in the periphery of the Iranian cities has little in common with suburban development. In fact, the urban sprawl of the country can hardly be called suburban or development (Ebrahimpour, 2012).

As an organized, controlled, experimental and critical action about a usual phenomenon, the present paper intends to benefit from two joint methods for achieving objective knowledge and practical results through resources-data and identify theirrelationship with people's lives and control it, if necessary. The first methodology is applied at the same time with codification of the research theoretical framework. Thus, using documentary method and the utilization of related references, the results of studies, viewpoints and intellectual evolutions are compared, summarized and combined until a unit estimation begins to take shape and moderator variables areextracted for explaining the effects of the intended phenomenon. In the next step, these variables are adjusted according to the conditions of the country-study area in terms of economic, social and physical general conditions and available-accessible data in order to provide the basis for the second type of methodology at the level of quantitative measurement of the problem. Atthis level, the data are extracted from the available statistical sources and an organized geographical information system. The data are then analyzed and evaluated through the factor analysis to provide the necessary preparations for the production of maps.

Global urbanization and rapid population growth have made sprawl a common form of development at the international level. Even with consideration of this fact that the nature of suburbanization and sprawl may not be the same, nowadays, however, in many American and world cities, suburbanization often has taken the scattered form and pattern. In Iran, today's massive sprawl is also only a part of the urban transformation process aimed at preparing the urban form of the cities for car usage.It is obvious that the current condition is seeking multi-dimensional spatial planning interference to ensure wise distribution-management of goals, infrastructures, land uses and essential services at city scale on one hand, while proper implementation of plans contains these distributions on the other hand. However, all these ideals could not be practically achieved as they should be. As a result, the ground for the appearance of urban sprawl begins to take shape in illegal or unplanned conditions, generally on the periphery of cities.As a debatable issue, this part of research attempts to rebuild the imperfect or incorrect intellectual assumptions of its audience on the pillars of the problem literature and undermine the accuracy of compound words such as "urban sprawl" and "suburban sprawl" that have been the default assumption of the present researchers'intellectual foundations. Therefore, the authors of this research attemptto explain the following points to readers:Firstly, the common title of this phenomenon misleads the mind in recognition of its true nature and origin of formation. In other words, the prefix "urban" in the compound word "urban sprawl" not only could not describe the true nature of settlements formed based on this development pattern but also could not necessarily be their only formation source.Secondly, if the urban sprawl pattern generally begins to take shape on the periphery of citiesdespite the generalization, we should not overlook the possibility of its occurrence within the city. That is, the prefix "periphery" could not necessarily be the only place that this phenomenon appears.Thirdly, although we may enumerate various causes and mechanisms for the problem of urban sprawl from one city to another,it must be understood that most of them are influenced by a major cause called the value of land and estates.Fourthly, the so-called Iranian sprawl is a compound that nowadays has been forgotten in domestic research, while it is compatible with western sprawl only in generality (some general traits) and fundamental differences are also found in details.Due to various issues arising out of scattered growth pattern, an urgent need is felt for research on the difference between scattered and normal growth. Understanding the obstacles of development management in both developed and developing nations and offering effective approaches are the most important part of the process of solvingthis problem. There are different capabilities to establish theoretical and practical frameworks. Some are not in the scope of this study such asan intellectually-authoritative monitoring and intervention on urban sprawl aligned with the requirements-offers of comprehensive plan, compacting inner city and offering urban gentrification plans, revitalization of historic centers, controlling urban growth through monitoring public transportation networks expansion (especially railway networks) and monitoring the distribution of services outside city limits. On the other hand, because of differing cities' growth and transformation nature, the proposed solutions must be obtained from native urbanization. That is why an attempt was made during this study to offer a unique definition of Iranian-style sprawl.

The theoretical and practical findings of this study proved that nowadays sprawl is considered the leading edge of city growth and reflects the effects of slight oversight of the development planning process on the land subdivision. To be more precise, it is necessary to admit this existing reality in Iranian cities that planned or unplanned growth of cities in suburb, illegal change of land use inside and outside of public service boundaries, concentration of residential, commercial and industrial activities outside of city service area along with the intercity roads and many similar cases are not due to the lack of law but are outputs of monitoring weakness and more importantly, non-enforcement of law.These two are the most important issues intensifying urban sprawl in Iranian cities, solving them could become one of the best strategies inhibiting the formation of scattered areas in cities.Urban sprawl has extensive literature, andpaying attention only to its measurement aspect (especially in domestic studies) and the lack of detailed studies in other parts like the causes, consequences and the proposed solutions is a considerable problem and an excuse for future research. The aim of this study was to measure urban sprawl in the metropolitan region of Mashhad, which could consequently determine a likely picture of its compaction amount. The extracted findings and variables from this study are provided for other researchers who desire to study causes, costs, benefits and coping solutions with this phenomenon in separate, in-depth and detailed studies or who aim to assess social success in dealing with it.

Sprawl is the result of rapid population growth and sprawling expansion in the periphery of the city and has a direct impact on the spatial development of cities, which has become a major challenge in the world in recent years. In the same vein, this research aims to explain the dispersed urban space and its environmental impacts in Qaemshahr

The present study aims to describe descriptive-analytic methods to explain the spatial effects of Ghaemshahr on urban areas using Landsat multistory satellite imagery. The required information was collected through library and field studies from the scope of the study. Land use was adapted from the fuzzy supervised classification based on the severity of the stress, and the geographic information system and model Holdren were used to measure the scattered forms.

The results of the model Holdren indicate that the agent has the greatest impact in 22 years, the sprawl of the city with different patterns and, as a result of the growth of orchard land use by 43 percent is most predictions made based on cells automatically land area made It will reach 8833 hectares by 1402. The results of the GIS shows that sprawl space in this period forms such as linear growth pattern, individual pattern, the pattern of growth, expansion, intensification cluster pattern that adverse environmental consequences associated with.

Therefore, what emerges from this study is the development of spatial urban sprawl, which has devastating effects on the environment and land-friendly agricultural lands of the perimeter of the periphery and the form of space in the city. In order to achieve a sustainable urban form, the compact city growth model is proposed as the future development of Qaemshahr.

One of the most important forthcoming problems and challenges of the cities is the urban unbalanced horizontalexpansion(urban sprawl) whichhappens influenced by different factors and increasingly develops.Factors affecting urban sprawl may differ from city to city.Yasuj is one of the cities rapidly expanded in the recent years. The present study investigates the effective factors on Yasuj urban sprawl according to the sprawl indices and criteria. This study uses an analytical-descriptive method to determine the nature and status of Yasuj urban sprawl by using the indices of population, area, and gross urban density as well as the multi-criteria analysis method whose characteristics include simplicity, flexibility, and simultaneous utilization of quantitative and qualitative criteria having the capability of investigating judgment adjustment. The results indicated that the following criteria are the most effective ones on Yasuj urban sprawl, respectively: weakness in mixed land uses, urban land prices, urban open spaces, migration, and weak and inefficient accessibility; furthermore, there are some criteria like population density, distance from CBD (Central Business District), building density, the average size of lots, physical continuity, and the percentage of buildings without construction permitthat somehow affect urban sprawl. Some recommendations are offered so as to prevent urban sprawl in Yasuj city with an emphasis on eliminating the weakness in mixed land uses, utilizing the capacity of open urban spaces, land price control, and eliminating weaknesses in accessibility network and irregularity in the constructed areas.

Urbanization is one of the main consequences of the Industrial Revolution, which has transformed the process of urbanization and expanded immigration to cities. One of the main results of the urbanization development in recent decades is land use change in cities and urban size growth, which has caused urban sprawl growth to be one of the most important challenges of spatial planning and has resulted in social and environmental damages. In recent years, planners, economists, ecologists and urban managers have used a variety of models to assess changes in user behavior and to examine the outcomes of these changes in the future, and these models are being developed day by day. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the past development of Tabriz and predict these changes in the future. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which is applied to the evaluation and modeling of a specific area using satellite imagery and other data and factors influencing past development and the future of the city. The LTM model, which combines the capabilities of artificial neural networks and geographic information systems, has been used in this research. At first, the data were prepared as raster and then in Acsi format. After evaluating the past changes in neural networks, the results were prepared as raster maps. By selecting the learning pattern and network structure and the results of the urban development process, a possible development of the city of Tabriz for 2024 was prepared. The results of the evaluation a 10-year period (2006-2016) indicated the development of the periphery and sprawl of the city in Tabriz, which most of the surrounding Lands of the city have become urban structure, and with the continuation of this trend for the future development, most of the agricultural land and the periphery will change. The results of the possible development of the city in 2024 indicated that more than 3600 hectares of peripheral lands will be allocated to urban development, which will complicate Tabriz's urban problems and challenges, and continuing of the development of Urban Sprawl, not only increases environmental problems, but also increases the cost of development and management.

The scattered growth of cities, besides the negative environmental and economic impacts, has high societal costs, with expanding and distancing urban neighborhoods from the city center and the formation of urban suburbs more and more. The first goal of this study is to analyze the urban dispersal effect on social capital of Maragheh township. The second goal is to compare the results of multivariate regression with geographical weight regression. The present study consists of three stages: urban dispersion, social capital survey of neighborhoods, and finally, measuring the impact of dispersed indicators on the amount of social capital in urban areas. The number of urban dispersal indicators was 6, and the number of social capital indicators in 5 main factors and 39 sub-indicators. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which has been used for surveying and documentary methods. Data gathering of dispersed indicators by studying the comprehensive city-specific layout developed using ArcGIS software. Social capital information was collected through 383 questionnaires. For data analysis, multivariate regression and geographic weight regression have been used. The results of the study show that the results of multivariate regression are less reliable than geographic weight regression considering the nature of spatial data.

At present, one of the issues of all cities is the urbanization and, consequently, the development of urban reptile tentacles on parakeet lands, the consequences of which are: Marginalization, destruction of agricultural lands, population growth of cities, failure to respond to certain services and utilities in the city, physical tissue fractures, environmental problems, especially pollution and urban disruption. In recent years, urban sprawl in many cities of Iran particularly, the boundaries of cities are affected by the urbanization process and the need of citizens. New housing has been transformed into user data and land. Considering that the city of Rasht is similar to other cities in recent years, there has been an increase in population, and has made significant changes in the use of urban land in this city. The present study seeks to evaluate the landslide changes in Rasht city during the years 1998-2016, using different patterns. Hence, to find out the type and extent of changes in the data and the factors influencing urban growth in the above area from the available AutoCAD files, detailed plan of Rasht city and also from Landsat TM imagery to measure urban growth in different directions from the hot spot of all urban users based on the proximity and the area, the results are shown Which has the user density to different levels and the breadth of applications in development and urban growth has played a significant role. Also for horizontal expansion of the city Fuzzy and Cause pattern and Markov chain network in Edrisi software is evaluated and shows that over the course of 18 years Rasht area was 4941.76 hectares It reaches 6202 hectares and represents 1260.243 hectares.

Fast and uncontrollable growing of urbanization causes loss of lands and its recourse, leads to decrease of green areas, open spaces and serious environmental and social problems. So, an essential step to urban planning, management and evaluation of its effects is to simulate physical development of the city. The aim of this study is to understand parameters of physical development at Ilkhichi city with regard to sustainable spatial development of urban issues from ecological and environmental viewpoint in the next two decades. Using Landsat 5 multi temporal satellite images and object oriented techniques, application changes of the lands in 1984-2011 period has been evaluated with emphasis on Sprawl expansion of ilkhichi city. Based on the results, urban area of Bonab which was 94.59 hectares in 1984, has reached to 438.57 ha in 2011.195.84 hectares of mentioned lands has developed on the Garden and agricultural land, which demands management of future development based on the principles of sustainable development.
Therefore, effective factors of physical development in urban area of Ilkhichi city is classified within 12 layers, and by using LTM method, the possibility of urban development map was prepared. After predicting the future pattern of urban development in Ilkhichi city, the protection of gardens and green spaces strategy in the urban development process was operated using hexagonal layout of possibility of urban development map, giving the necessary space for the development, Extraction of natural green belt with the length of 5 km applying the ban of urban development in the around of proposed green belt, maintaining the ecological reserves of Ilkhichi city by reducing agricultural and garden lands, degradation and control of sprawl expansion

By increasing speedy population on third word cities emerge of lack of planning in suit exploit to land use,and lack of planning in suit exploit to land use,and lack of pay attention in basic land use make to damages for general health and life invironment, In which most of advocators in general health, recommended, smarth growth as a power key for solving sprawl land use,that have common aims on land use method,that means to create sustainable form and city activities.
The research basic aims,to study sprawl methods,smart growth , and choice of sustainable pattern of land use.
Research method use in this search, according to aim of application opration, and based on quiddity with type of descriptive and analyzing by using Anthropy model and Heldern method.
Result of this project shows smart growth method has efficeny than sprawl, and Isfahan eleven's zone hasnt smart growth method.physical growth on sustainable development crossing to sprawl growth and continue to smart growth.